This study was carried out to compare the muscle activities of the shoulder stabilizers between persons with and without winging scapular during push-up plus exercise (adds the scapular protraction to the general push-up exercise). For this study, eleven males with winging scapular and eleven healthy males were recruited. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, infraspinatus, and pectoralis major while the subjects performed the push-up plus. Each push-up plus was subdivided into three phases according to the elbow position which was measured using the 3-D motion analysis system: elbow flexion (EF), elbow extension (EE), and shoulder protraction phases (SP). Two-way repeated measure ANOVA (phase group) were used for statistical analysis. There was significant phase by group interaction only on the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior (p>.05). The EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior was significantly higher in SP than in either EF or EE however, it was not different between winging scapular and normal groups. For both groups, the EMG composition ratio of upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and pectoralis major was significantly different across the phases of push-up plus, but the infraspinatus EMG composition ratio was not. For both groups, in EF and EE phases, the EMG composition ratio of both pectoralis major and serratus anterior were relatively higher than that of other muscles. However, in both groups, the EMG composition ratio of the serratus anterior became much more predominant than that of the pectoralis major. In addition, infraspinatus activated greater than pectoralis major. These results showed that the push-up plus exercise is effective to selectively strengthen the serratus anterior for both individuals with and without winging scapular, but not equally effective for other shoulder stabilizers.

Quality management has been applied to the industry for strengthening the competitiveness regardless of the size of company. However, it has been argued that the operational models for quality management used in the large-sized enterprise could not be applied to the small & medium-sized enterprise (SME) directly. This paper analyzes the states and outcomes of movements for quality innovation in the SME and tries to give some suggestions for improving and spreading the movements within the framework of the cooperation with the large sized company. Survey results show that the preferable quality movements depends on the size of company. Especially, the Single PPM movement is most preferable in the SME. It contributes th decreasing the fraction defective and to vitalizing the communication and cooperation between large-sized company and SME.

Otter boards in the trawl are the one of essential equipments for the net mouth to be spread to the horizontal direction. Its performance should be considered in the light of the spreading force to the drag and the stability of towing in the water. Up to the present, studies of the otter boards have focused mainly on the drag and lift force, but not on the stability of otter boards movement in 3 dimensional space. In this study, the otter board is regarded as a rigid body, which has six degrees of freedom motion in three dimensional coordinate system. The forces acting on the otter boards are the underwater weight, the resistance of drag and spread forces and the tension on the warps and otter pendants. The equations of forces were derived and substituted into the governing equations of 6 degrees of freedom motion, then the second order of differential equations to the otter boards were established. For the stable numerical integration of this system, Backward Euler one of implicit methods was used. From the results of the numerical calculation, graphic simulation was carried out. The simulations were conducted for 3 types of otter boards having same area with different aspect ratio(λ=0.5, 1.0, 1.5). The tested gear was mid-water trawl and the towing speed was 4k't. The length of warp was 350m and all conditions were same to each otter board. The results of this study are like this; First, the otter boards of λ=1.0 showed the longest spread distance, and the λ=0.5 showed the shorted spread distance. Second, the otter boards of λ=1.0 and 1.5 showed the upright at the towing speed of 4k't, but the one of λ=0.5 heeled outside. Third, the yawing angles of three otter boards were similar after 100 seconds with the small oscillation. Fourth, it was revealed that the net height and width are affected by the characteristics of otter boards such as the lift coefficient.

This fundamental studies on for the productivity improvement and laborsaving of purse seine fishery. Given the difficulty posed from the distortion of net shape caused by the external forces, such as tide, at the time of shooting and pursing, we set the 4 steps of 0, 2, 4 and 6cm/sec in flow velocity in the flume tank for the experiment in order to examine those characteristics. We used two model seines designed on the scale of 1 to 180 based on the power block seine, which is the mackerel purse seine generally used in the near sea of Jeju Island and triplex seine, which is the mackerel purse seine of one boat system fishing expected in the future, for the experiment, and interpreted the characteristics of several motion in water, such as the shape of seine, the change in tension and area during pursing and its the analysis results are as follows. Though the experiment could be conducted up to 6cm/sec of flow velocity that was defined, the experiment could not go on because of the severe distortion in the seine at the flow velocity in excess of 6cm/sec. As for the depth of leadline and reduction rate of side area of seine when the pursing is connected, P seine turned out to be slightly higher than T seine, and the hauling speed and reduction rate of upper area of seine were found similar to each other. The correlation between the hauling time (Ht) and depth of lead line (Dhp, Dht) of P seine and T seine can be expressed by the equation, that is, Dhp=(0.99Pt-7.63)Pt+69.01, Dht=(1.03Pt-7.73)Pt+66.74. The correlation between the hauling time and hauling velocity (Hpp, Hpt) can be expressed by the equation, that is, Hpp=-0.06Ht2+0.88Ht+0.78, Hpt=-0.05Ht2+0.81Ht+0.98 here, Pt is pursing time. And the correlation between the pursing time and the reduction rate of side area (sArp, sArt) can be expressed by the equation, that is, sArp=-0.48Pt2+14.79Pt-16.74, sArt=-0.45Pt2+14.56Pt-16.48. The reduction rate of upper area of seine (tArp, tArt) can be expressed by the equation, that is, tArp=0.34Pt2-0.66Pt-0.74, tArt=0.34Pt2-0.27Pt-1.80. In addition, the correlation between the pursing time and tension of purse line (Tep, Tet) can be expressed by the equation, that is, Tep=2.79Pt2+2.26Pt-0.60, Tet=2.14Pt2+8.08Pt-27.50.

This study was designed to examine the effects of electroacupuncture and treadmill exercise on the improvement of muscle atrophy and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) expression in an ischemic stroke model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. This study selected 120 Sprangue-Dawley rats, divided them into six groups, and assigned 5 rats to each group. Experiments were conducted for 1, 3 days and 1, 8 weeks, respectively. In each group, changes in weight of muscle and relative muscle of tibialis anterior muscle, histologic observations, and BDNF expression were observed and analyzed. For the changes in muscle weight of unaffected and affected sides of tibialis anterior, muscle atrophy was expressed in an affected side 3 days after ischemic stroke was induced. There was a statistically significant difference in Group VI 1 and 8 weeks after ischemic stroke was induced, compared to Group II (p<.05). For the changes in relative muscle weight of unaffected and affected sides of tibial anterior muscle, there was significant decrease in each group 3 days after ischemic stroke was induced, compared to Group I, while there was a statistically significant increase in Group VI 1 week after ischemic stroke was induced, compared to Group II (p<.05). For neurologic exercise behavior test, Group VI generally had the highest score, compared to other groups. The results of the behavior test suggests that 8 weeks after ischemic stroke was induced, Group VI improved in degeneration and inflammation of muscle fiber and decreased in destruction of nerve cells and cerebral infarction, thus indicating a similar state of muscle fiber and brain tissue in Group I. In immunohistochemical observations, Group 1 week showed increase in BDNF. Based on these results, electroacupuncture and treadmill exercise may improve muscle atrophy and change in BDNF expression of ischemic stroke rats and contribute to the improvement of exercise function.

金昌世(Chang-Sei Kim, 1893～1934)는 제칠일안식일예수재림 교(한국재림교회)의 의사로서 한국 최초의 보건학 박사이며 의술을 통해 독립운동을 했다. 그의 부친은 한국재림교회 초창기 출판사업(현 시조사 전신)의 지도자 중의 한 분(사장)이며 교회가 인쇄술 습득을 위해 1905년 최초로 일본으로 파송한 金承元이다. 그는 어린 시절 부친을 따라 일본 유학길에 오른다. 김창세는 도산 안창호의 동서로서 민족독립운동의 동지였다. 부인 李正實(1893～1987)3)이 李惠練 (Helen Ahn)의 동생이다.

島山安昌浩(1878.11.9∼1938.3.10)는 근대 한국 민족의 위대한 지도자이자 독립운동가이다. 그의 사상과 활동에서 나타난 탁월한 업 적은 오늘날 21세기 우리 민족을 이끌 역사의 나침반과 같다. 특별히 안창호의 위대성은 그와 함께 동고동락했던 수많은 인물들과의 관계 속에서 잘 드러난다. 본고에서 살펴볼 白一圭(호는 약산, 1880.3.11(음)∼1962.5.31, 원명은 白允祖)는 안창호가 관계했던 수많은 인물들 가운데 한 사람이다. 그의 생애와 활동 속에 맺어진 안창호는 백일규의 얼굴에 비친 안창호의 참 모습을 들여다보는 것과 같다. 이러한 고찰 방식은 안창호에 대한 다양한 이해를 불러일으키는 것으로 매우 의미있고 가치있는 일로 생각한다. 백일규에 대해선 방선주가 쓴 재미 3·1운동 총사령관 백일규의 투쟁일생 (水邨朴永錫敎授華甲紀念韓民族獨立運動史論叢, 1992)이 있다. 백일규의 일생과 활동에 대해 처음으로 밝힌 연구라는 점에서 높이 평가할 만하다. 그런데 그의 일생을 소략하게 정리하다 보니 빠진 부분이 적지 않고 부분적으로 사실과 다른 오류도 적지 않게 발견 된다. 본고는 이런 선행 연구를 기반으로 백일규의 생애와 독립운동 정리하였고, 그의 생애와 활동 속에 나타난 안창호와의 관계를 하나하나씩 적출하여 그 역사적인 의미를 되새기려 하였다.

도산 안창호는 한민족의 근대화를 지도하며 구국운동을 전개한 선구자이며, 제국주의 압제로부터 벗어나 한민족의 자유를 쟁취하고자 투쟁방략을 세워 조직적으로 지도한 독립운동가이다. 그리고 근대 민족 국가 수립의 그 날을 목표로 대립과 갈등을 통합의 논리로 풀고 조직을 활성화한 정치가였으며 민주주의 국민의식을 고취시켜 독립국가의 발전에 기여할 구성분자로서의 중견의 인물 배양에 힘쓴 교육자였다. 이처럼 다양한 삶 중에는 경제적 실력을 키워 독립운동을 지원하고자 했으며 외교활동을 통해 한국의 존재를 알려 독립할 자격이 있는 민족 임을 전세계에 알리고자 했으며 신문, 잡지 발간과 언론 홍보 활동을 통해 독립운동의 소식을 공유하고자 했다. 도산 안창호 그는 한마디로 한국 근대 민족운동의 대계를 한 몸에 짊어진 인물이다. 수난의 시대에 고단한 삶을 살았던 그 무게만큼 오늘날 도산은 한국사의 큰 인물로 기록되고 있다. 도산의 활동을 시대 구분해 보면 제1기는 1896년 독립협회 활동, 제2기 1903～1906년까지 의 미주에서의 민족운동기, 제3기는 1907년 신민회 결성과 구국운동기, 제4기 망명한 이후 재러한인사회에서의 활동기, 제5기 미주 대한인국 민회, 흥사단활동, 제6기 1919～1932년 중국에서의독립운동기, 제7기 일제에 피체된 후 국내에서의 활동 등으로 구분해 볼 수 있다. 도산의 활동은 지역 및 시기에 따라 다양한 스펙트럼을 보여주고 있어 전체적인 흐름을 조망하지 못한다면 제대로 도산을 평가할 수 없다. 도산은 광범위한 지역에서, 그리고 다양한 분야에서 구국운동과 독립운동을 전개하였다. 도산활동의 주요점은 독립운동으로 빼앗긴 나라를 되찾고 궁극적으로 근대 민주공화국을 건설하고자 했던 준비운동이 었다고 말할 수 있다. 이 과정에서 추진하였던 도산의 활동과 운동을 혁명운동이라고 명명할 수 있다. 도산을 개조론자로 명칭하고 특히나 일부 도산을 잘못 이해하는 이들에게 ‘개량주의자’로까지 폄하되어 있 는 실정에서 도산과 혁명운동을 연관 짓는다는 것은 다소 낯선 감이 있을 수 있다. 그러나 도산은 자신을 혁명가로 자처하였고 끊임없이 변혁을 추구했던 자신의 활동을 혁명운동으로 규정한 바 있다. 본 연구는 도산의 독립운동을 그의 혁명관과 연관하여 1910년대, 1920년대, 1930년대 초반으로나누어 살펴보고자 있다. 이 시기는 중국 상해에서 활동하면서 미주에서의 문화운동에서 전환하여 본격적인 독립운동에 참여했던 시기였다고 할 수 있다. 중국 상해에서의 도산의 활동은 이제까지 독립운동사상에서 볼 수 없었던 혁명적 활동이었으며 이러한 도산의 혁명운동이 우리 독립운동사에 어떠한 영향을 끼쳤나 살펴보고자 한다.

The purpose of this study was to improve the professional's development of skill in qualitative analysis of humanMovement fromthe various subdisciplines of physical education. The conclusions were as follows; First, Physical educators and coaches can impr

The fundamental aim of this study is to identify how the organization and utilization of a supplementary workout program in accordance with the physical education curriculum for fifth year elementary students influences their basic physical strength and s

Nowadays, a logistics and distribution center plays an important role in all industries. In addition to its traditional functions as a storage and unloading facility the distribution center serves as an assembly place for information, a source of information, and a turning point for the flow of information. On account of the above-mentioned reasons, each and every industry has increasing need of logistics distribution center. At this juncture, the present author thinks that it is necessary to make a study of the establishment and maximization of a ceramics logistics distribution center as a way for activating the ceramics industry.

목적 : 이 논문의 목적은 운동 실행능력과 읽기, 쓰기에 바탕을 둔 시지각과의 관계를 알아보기 위함이다.연구방법 : 경남 김해에 위치한 초등학교에 재학 중인 1학년 아동 20명, 2학년 아동 20명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 시지각 능력 평가를 위하여 K-DTVP-2를, 운동실행능력을 평가하기 위하여 COMPS와 SIPT의 하위항목인 PrVC를 사용하였다. 결과 : 시지각과 운동 실행 사이에는 유의한 차이가 있었지만, COMPS, PrVC, K-DTVP-2 평가결과는 나이와 성별에서 차이가 없었다. K-DTVP-2는 PrVC와 COMPS와 관련이 있었다. VMI 점수는 2학년이 1학년보다 더 높았으며, 여기서 시각과 운동의 통합은 연령이 높아질수록 발달된다는 것을 알 수 있었다.결론 : 초등학교 1학년과 2학년의 시지각 능력은 운동 실행과 관련이 있었다. 그러나 이 연구에서는 몇 가지 제한점이 있었다. 첫째, 대상자가 김해에 국한되어 있으며, 둘째, 1학년과 2학년 사이의 연령차이가 없다는 것이다. 마지막으로 그 수가 적어서 특별히 다른 차이점을 발견할 수 없다는 것이다. 그러므로 향후에는 평균 데이터를 보여주기 위한 일정한 평가 기준이 마련되어야 할 것이며, 장애가 있는 아동의 운동 실행과 시지각과 관련된 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and the current condition of musculoskeletal pain sufferers among fitness center users. The investigation used self-reporting questionnaire with the 797 subjects. On average, the subjects were 30.6 years old, 168.8 cm in height and 65.2 kg in weight. Among them, 423 were male (53.1%) and 374 were female (46.9%). Out of them, 276 suffered from pain, (35.2%). More men felt muscle aches than women (p<.05). In terms of pain, lower back area topped the list with 44.9%, followed by the lower extremities (30.1%), the neck (17.8%) and the upper part of the body (17.8%). Dieters suffered the most from pain (86.2%) while those exercising to build strength suffered the least with 26.8%. There was a significant relationship between the purpose for exercising and the amount of pain suffered (p<.05). By kind of exercise, pain stroke aerobic exercisers disproportionately with 42.4% while it almost steered clear of exercisers for strengthening with 26.9%. There was significant relationship between the kind of exercise and pain suffered (p<.05). The type of suffering differed by body shape. A significantly higher number of overweight people experienced pain than underweight people (p<.05). 32.8% of pain sufferers commented that the pain affects their workout, and on this issue there was no gender difference (p>.05). The pain caused more difficulties in doing activities of daily living for overweight or obese peoples than underweight peoples (p<.05). More than a third of health club and fitness center users are experiencing musculoskeletal pains. Measures such as professional training or information provision is required to prevent injury or disorder caused by improper exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of submerged relaxation therapy for the spasticity on the affected side in three subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis. A single-subject alternating design with multiple baselines across individuals was employed in this study. Each subject alternately participated in a range of motion exercises on the mat and in the pool, and relaxation exercises in the pool. The muscle tone of the affected side was measured using the tone assessment scale (TAS). Measurements were made immediately and one hour following the intervention. The findings showed a therapeutic effect of submerged relaxation exercise on reducing spasticity for all subjects. The effect of submerged relaxation exercise on decreasing muscle tone was maintained for one hour measurements after the submerged relaxation exercise, although the mean TAS score assessed one hour after intervention was higher than that assessed immediately. The results of this study suggest that submerged relaxation exercise has a positive effect on decreasing spasticity on the affected side in persons suffering from post-stroke hemiparesis. Future research on submerged relaxation exercise should focus on objective evaluation and functional the aspects relevant to activities of daily living.

Ischemic stroke results from a transient or permanent reduction in cerebral blood flow that is restricted to the territory of a major brain artery. Thus, this study was performed to examine (1) the effects of swimming exercise on the improvement of muscle atrophy, and (2) exercise and HSP 70 expression in an ischemic stroke model induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. The results of this study were as follows: One week after ischemic stroke was induced, changes appeared in the muscle weight of the gastrocnemius muscle due to muscle atrophy in the affected side. Group II showed statistically significant difference from group III eight weeks after ischemic stroke was induced. (p<.05). One week and eight weeks after ischemic stroke was induced there was significant decrease in the relative muscle weight of the gastrocnemius muscle in each group except Group IV, while there was statistically significant increase in group II eight weeks after ischemic stroke was induced, compared to group III (p<.05). For neurologic exercise behavior tests, Group II generally had the highest score, compared to other groups. In immunohistochemical observations, Group II showed a decrease in HSP 70. The above results suggest that swimming exercise improved muscle atrophy, changed the HSP 70 expression of ischemic stroke in rats, and contributed to the improvement of exercise function.

This study investigated therapeutic effects of pelvic tilt exercise (PTE) on weight bearing and body sway during sit-to-stand (STS) on 18 hemiplegic patients who had visited the Hanyang University Seoul Hospital and Injae University Sanggyebek Hospital physiotherapy rooms. The study compared the patients with 18 normal adults. The subjects were sampled out from those who could get up independently, maintain a standing posture more than 10 seconds, understand the movements of this study and have no difficulty in performing the tasks. By executing STS in a natural way with habitual movements before and after PTE, the weight bearing was measured by using Mediance II. In order to compare the difference of weight distribution, weight bearing and body sway on affected and nonaffected sides during STS before and after PTE, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used. The statistical significance level was based on p<.05. The results revealed that the difference of weight distribution in the hemiplegic group was significantly decreased (p<.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the healthy group (p>.05). Weight bearing loaded on the affected side was 42.53±7.65% and 44.20±6.32%, respectively, in the hemiplegic group during STS before and after PTE. Weight bearing during STS after PTE is increased significantly, as compared with weight bearing before PTE (p<.05). Body sway in the hemiplegic group was significantly decreased (p<.05). As mentioned, PTE proved to be effective for improvement in weight bearing on the affected side during STS of hemiplegic patients.

Theoretical framework of motor learning is used to enhance perceptual motor skill in physical therapy intervention, which can be subdivided into two main types-explicit and implicit. The purpose of this study was to examine whether stroke patients with unilateral brain damage learn implicitly a motor skill using the arm ipsilateral to the damaged hemisphere. Speculation then followed as to the formation of therapeutic plans and instructions provided to patients with stroke. 20 patients with stroke and 20 normal participants were recruited. All the subjects practiced serial reaction time tasks for 30 minutes a day and retention tests on the following day. The tasks and tests involved pressing the corresponding buttons to 4 colored circles presented on a computer screen as quickly and accurately as possible. Patients with stroke responded more slowly than controls. However, both groups showed decreased reaction time in the experimental and retention periods. Also, there was no significant difference between both groups regarding explicit knowledge of consecutive order. Therefore, patients with stoke had the ability to learn implicitly a perceptual motor skill. Prescriptive instruction using implicit and explicit feedback may be beneficial for motor skill learning in physical therapy intervention for patients with brain damage.

The limited walking ability after a stroke restricts a patient's independent mobility at home and in the community. It also brings about significant social handicaps. Therefore, it is necessary to improve walking ability in community-dwelling persons with stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gait training and muscle strengthening exercise of lower extremities in persons with chronic stroke. Nineteen community-dwelling individuals with stroke participated in this program. The exercise program lasted for seven weeks, with a 1-hour program twice per week, and it consisted of balance training, gait training, and strengthening of lower extremities. The outcome of the program was assessed by the gait speed, Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). Significant effects were found for the WGS, BBS, and mobility and hand function domain of the SIS (p<.05). It was found that short-term gait training exercise could improve quality of gait, balance, and mobility. Therefore, a more effective exercise program is required for community-based persons with stroke.

The purpose of this study was to determine the consequence of resistance strengthening exercise on the hip flexor and extensor performed to improve functional mobility in stroke patients more than six months post stroke. Seventeen patients were randomized into two groups. Both groups received conventional physical therapy for six weeks. In addition, the experimental group performed eccentric resistance strengthening exercise in the hip flexor and extensor using an isokinetic dynamometer. The hip flexor and extensor strength, stair up and down mobility, timed get up and go (TUG), 10 m gait velocity, and functional reach were repeatedly measured at baseline, three weeks, and six weeks after treatment. The results were as follows: 1. The experimental group improved more remarkably in the hip flexor and extensor strength, stair up and down mobility, and the 10 m gait velocity after three weeks and six weeks of treatment (p<.05), 2. The control group improved significantly in the hip flexor and extensor strength, and 10 m gait velocity after three weeks of treatment (p<.05), 3. At each three and six week point, the experimental group made greater gains in hip flexor and extensor strength, stair up and down mobility, and 10 m gait velocity than the control group (p<.05). In conclusion, it is desirable to perform resistance strengthening exercises combined with conventional physical therapy to improve functional mobility in chronic stroke patients.