The community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in Upo wetland was identified, and the biological water quality was evaluated. In addition, through statistical analysis of current and literature data, ecological changes over time were evaluated for each wetland. Benthos were quantitatively collected in March, June, and September of 2020 and 2021, and 4 phyla, 5 classes, 16 orders, 42 families, 81 species and 3,406 individuals were identified. In the functional feeding group of Upo wetland, predators were dominant with 34 species (45.95%) and 1,504 individuals (41.84%). In the habitual dwelling group, sprawlers and swimmers showed the highest proportion in the number of species and individuals. Average biological indices in Mokpo and Upo were the highest and lowest, respectively, and it is considered that Mokpo maintains the healthy ecosystem for benthic macroinvertebrates. Community stability was high in Upo, and other wetlands are thought to be stabilizing. The ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community is considered to be more suitable index among three biological water quality evaluation indices for the environmental evaluation of Upo wetland. The evaluation results on changes in environmental quality showed that Upo has stable ecosystem without significant change, Mokpo and Sajipo have significant increases in some indices.

Hwapocheon stream is located in Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, and a part was declared a protected wetland area in 2017. In 2020 and 2021, we investigated the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates of the Hwapocheon stream to provide ecological information for the management of the wetland. As a result, 4 phyla, 6 classes, 20 orders, 51 families, 83 species, and 2,621 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrates were identified. The average indices of diversity, richness, and evenness were the highest in the midstream area, whereas the highest average index of dominance was observed upstream. Seven biological water quality evaluations based on the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates showed that the Biological Monitoring Working Party was an extremely suitable method for environmental evaluation of the Hwapocheon stream. Regarding functional feeding groups, the number of species of predators and gathering-collectors was the highest, and considering habitual dwelling groups, the number of species of clingers and sprawlers was the highest. The species number of Odonata, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera increased toward the downstream area, whereas the community loss index was the highest upstream. We also investigated relative resistance and resilience based on the distribution of aquatic insects and found that community stability was the highest downstream, whereas the lowest upstream.

The Shinbulsan wetland, located in Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, was designated as a conservation area in 2004. The area was monitored from 2015 to 2019 to investigate the community characteristics and changes of benthic macroinvertebrates. Between 2015 and 2016, several insects of the orders Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Hemiptera were identified, but their numbers decreased significantly in 2017 and 2018 following the loss and recovery of the moor owing to drought. During this period, there were relatively more insects of the order Diptera. Within this order, three functional feeding groups, gathering-collectors, plant-piercers, and predators were investigated. Predator species were the most abundant (83.3%), whereas gathering-collectors accounted for the largest proportion of individual insects (50.5%). Between 2015 and 2016, when the moors were stable, groups I and III had the highest community stability. After 2017, when the moors had dried up, group III effectively disappeared because of its lower relative resistance and resilience, and only taxa belonging to group I remained. The results of this study indicate that benthic macroinvertebrates that adapt early during moor formation inhabit the Shinbulsan wetland.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 의식적인 체간 근육의 동시 활성화(co-activation) 조건과 1RM(repetition max)의 50%, 65%, 80%의 부하 수준에서 바벨 백 스쿼트(barbell back squat)를 수행하였을 때, 척추 분절의 자유도의 변화 양상을 관찰하는 것이다. 방법: 이를 위하여 본인 체중의 1.8∼2배 이상으로 바벨 백 스쿼트를 수행할 수 있는 4명의 연구 참여자들에게 실험 조건에 따른 운동학적 자료를 수집한 뒤 주성분 분석(principal component analysis)을 사용하여 척추의 자유도를 정량화하였다. 결과: 전체 분산의 95% 이상을 설명할 수 있는 주성분의 개수(5개)를 기준으로 백 스쿼트의 하강 구간에서 의식적인 활성에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였으며 상승 구간에서는 부하 조건에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 결론: 백 스쿼트의 하강 구간 동안 의식적인 체간 근육의 동시 활성화에 의해 척추 분절의 자유도가 제한될 수 있으며 상승 구간에서는 부하 수준에 따라 차이가 발생할 수 있다.

Spinal pain is a symptom caused by changes of the vertebral column or its adnexa. Sometimes spinal pain cannot be treated, especially in case of multiple pain lesions, because of its difficulty in evaluating original causes which contributes to the symptoms. Thus, the precise localization of the lesion causing symptoms is very important for targeted treatment. However, the diagnosis based on limited screening test including physical evaluation and radiological finding may lead to misdiagnosis of the actual lesion causing symptoms, failure of treatment, and unnecessary surgery. From this point of view, nonsurgical interventional for spinal pain can be helpful to diagnose the precise cause of spinal pain. We report several cases that nonsurgical interventional therapy which diagnosed the precise lesion that cause the spinal pain and treated successfully with nonsurgical interventional therapy for diagnostic purposes with therapeutic purpose.

Community dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrates and biological evaluation of water quality were investigated at Gigyecheon of Pohang and Gyeongju, Korea. The survey was carried out at 8 sites from May to October, 2017. As a result, total of 104 species under 54 families, 15 orders, 8 classes in 4 phyla with 5,052 individuals were revealed. The number of species was the most abundantly identified in aquatic insects, 76 species under 34 families, 6 orders. Among them, the order Odonata was the most abundant taxon as 21 species(20.2%). The most abundant individuals were collected in the phylum Mollusca as 1,453 individuals(28.8%). Various species appeared dominantly at each site by season, and the most dominant species was Caridina denticulata denticulata belonging to the class Malacostraca with 0.08 of dominance index. According to the results of community structure analyses, the diversity and richness indices were the highest at site Ⅱ, the evenness index was the highest at site Ⅰ, and the dominance index was the highest at site Ⅳ. The number of species and individuals of gathering collectors were the highest among functional feeding groups. Those of sprawlers were the highest among habitat orientation groups. The ESB showed a tendency to change according to season and site, and it was the highest in May at most surveyed sites. The KSI was also somewhat fluctuated according to season and site. From these indices, average biological water quality was evaluated as class Ⅱ.

The changes on community structures of benthic macroinvertebrates, relevance to the environment and interrelationship between benthos were studied over two years in stream with large environmental disturbance, which caused by localized heavy rain during Typhoon Chaba in October 2016. As a result, the number of species and individuals were increased after localized heavy rain, especially numbers of individuals of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera were greatly increased. On the contrary, those of Semisulcospira libertina and Semisulcospira forticosta of Mesogastropoda were greatly decreased. Dominant species was Baetis fuscatus of Ephemeroptera, numbers of species and individuals of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera(EPT group) were dramatically increased from 26 species, 110 individuals to 32 species, 365 individuals respectively. This suggests that the change of river bed and flow velocity due to heavy rain provided a suitable environment for the EPT group that preferred the rift of a stream. In the functional feeding group, only gathering collectors and filtering collectors were identified in autumn of 2017 because some functional groups preferentially adapted to the changed environment. The interspecific competition and environmental condition were the worst in autumn after heavy rain due to the increase individuals of some species. The ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community(ESB) was higher after the heavy rain than before. Results of the Group Pollution Index(GPI), Korean Saprobic Index(KSI) and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index(BMI) were similar to those before and after heavy rainfall. Therefore, ESB was the most discriminating method for estimating the biological water quality in this study. Some species that are sensitive to water quality changes still appear or increase individuals in the area under investigation after the heavy rain. On the other hand, the individuals of some pollutant species decreased. This is thought to be because the habitat fluctuation caused by heavy rainfall has improved the water environment.

In the present study, the community distribution, functional feeding groups, and habitat groups of the benthic macroinvertebrates from Gayasan National Park were investigated at eight different sites from 2015 to 2016. The correlation between habitat altitude and each group type was analyzed statistically. Biodiversity indices, including dominance, diversity, richness, and evenness indices, were calculated. The results showed a total of 4,216 individual benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 16 orders, 40 families, and 100 species. Gammarus sobaegensis was dominant with 0.141% dominance, and the subdominant species was Epeorus nipponicus with 0.088% dominance. The EPT group(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera) accounted for 71.00% of the total species and 67.69% of the total individuals. The number of scraper species was highest, and the number of gathering collector individuals was highest among functional feeding groups. The individual number of scrapers(r=-0.358, p ˂ 0.05) and gathering collectors(r=-0.343, p ˂ 0.05) decreased with increasing altitude. The numbers of species and individuals of clingers and sprawlers were highest among the habitat groups. The individual number of clingers(r=-0.547, p ˂ 0.01) and burrowers(r=-0.331, p ˂ 0.05) significantly decreased with increasing altitude. The diversity and richness indices were higher in St. 3 than in the other sites. The dominance index was highest in St. 2, and the evenness index was highest in St. 7. We evaluated the biological water quality with several known methods, and concluded that ESB(Ecological score of benthic macrovertebrates community) and GPI(Group polution index) were more suitable than KSI(Korean saprobic index) and BMI (Benthic macrovertebrate index) to assess the biological water quality of Gayasan mountain stream water.

본 논문에서는 척추측만증 환자의 진료를 위하여 필요한 Whole Spine Scanography 검사에서 촬영거리, 환자자세(전후⦁후전 방향), 흉부벽두께, 갈비뼈두께, 폐조직두께, 관전압, 고전압정류방식의 변화에 따른 유방의 입사선량의 차이에 대한 정량적인 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 환자의 자세(전후방향과 후전방향)에 따른 유방 입사선량의 저감효과를 확인하기 위하여 관전압 90 kVp, 커마 0.1 mGy, 촬영거리 260 cm, 관전압의 리플율이 0인 인버터정류방식, 필터의 두께 3.5 mm, 환자의 흉벽의 두께 120 mm를 조건으로 Simulati on of X-ray Spectra program을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 하였다. 그 결과 알루미늄 필터 두께 3.5 mm에서 2.6배, 흉벽의 두께 120 mm에서 25.7배, 고 관전압에서 1.43배, 관전압 리플율 0에서 1.14배의 선량 저감효과가 있었다. 각각의 입사 선량저감효과의 총합은 약 109배이었다. RANDO phantom의 자세(전후방향과 후전방향) 에 따른 선량 저감효과를 확인하기 위하여 촬영거리 260 cm, 관전압 90 kVp, 관전류 270 mA, 촬영시간 0.31 sec, 관전압의 리플율이 0인 인버터정류방식, 필터의 두께 3.5 mm을 조건으로 측정한 결과 유방의 입사선량은 전후 방향에 비하여 후전방향이 평균 20.56배의 선량 저감효과가 있었다.

Although some skeptical views arguing that the impact of organic farming is quite limited to sustainable biodiversity, the organic agriculture has been generally accepted to have positive effects on various properties of soils not only on biophysical and ecological properties but also on biodiversity of the field. Therefore, this field investigation has been conducted to examine the effect of organic farming, relative to conventional agriculture, through a comparative investigations of the two systems for conserving local biodiversity of invertebrate animals. For this research, organic and conventional farming locations matched with both of a paddy field and a upland fields in Goesan-gun province (Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea) were selected to compare the species richness of invertebrate biodiversity as follows: location OP (Organic Paddy field), location OU (Organic Upland field), location CP (Conventional Paddy field), and location CU (Conventional Upland field). Among 249 species collected, the numbers of species collected in the locations practicing organic farming were greater than the locations practicing conventional farming both in paddy fields (104 vs. 84 species) and upland fields (108 vs. 77 species). Changes in species richness can be shown in the selected locations depending on the agriculture system with organic (50 species) or conventional (44 species) farming systems in the paddy fields, similarly with organic (42 species) or conventional (35 species) farming in the upland fields, respectively. Our present research clearly shows that a wide range of taxa, including insects, spiders and other invertebrates, benefit from organic management through increases in abun-dance or species richness. It has been also identified that four orders (Hemiptera, Diptera, Hynemoptera, and Araneae) that are largely intrinsic to organic paddy field, and another three orders (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae) that are particularly beneficial for organic crop field regime.

Measures of radiographic pelvic and spinal parameters of sagittal balance analysis have become of considerable importance for reconstructive surgery of the spine, particularly in cases of degenerative spondylolisthesis. The authors conducted a retrospective study of clinical outcomes and a radiological review on 231 patients with one or two level degenerative spondylolisthesis. First, patients were classified using preoperative pelvic parameters and evaluations were conducted using mean values of pre- and postoperative spinopelvic parameters. Second, patients were divided into two study groups, that is, Group A (n=105; exhibited no improvement (increase or no change) in pelvic tilt postoperatively) and Group B (n=126; exhibited pelvic tilt improvement (decrease) postoperatively). Clinical outcomes in the two groups were compared using Visual Analogue Pain Scores (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI). All preoperative pelvic parameters show restoration tendency after PLIF surgery for spondylolisthesis, and greater deviations of preoperative pelvic parameters from normality showed greater recovery postoperatively. VAS and ODI improvements at follow-up were poorer in group A than in group B.

This study identified the effect of changes in the riverbed on the benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the surveyed sites belonged to 119 species, 65 families, 20 orders, and 7 classes in 4 phyla. The number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (E.P.T) species was 42, 10, and 8, respectively, in the tributary, confluence, and Nakdong River sites. Lotic species (Hydropsychidae) showed a high density at the tributary sites, whereas lentic species (Chironomidae) showed a high density at the confluence and Nakdong River sites. Community analysis showed that the Dominance Index (DI) was 0.54 in tributary sites, and dominance indices increased closer to the Nakdong River sites. The diversity index (H’) was inversely proportional to DI. The ratio of Burrowers species (BU) at the surveyed sites increased closer to the Nakdong River sites. Analysis of common species showed 37 species (34.6%) between the tributary and confluence sites and 66 species (51.5%) between the confluence and Nakdong River sites.

This study was conducted to compare the community structure and biodiversity of ground-dwelling invertebrates between conventional and organic paddy fields’s levees. Ground-dwelling invertebrates were collected using a pitfall trap every month for two years (2010-2011) in levees of conventional and organic paddy fields. The numbers of species and individuals were higher in organic paddy field than in conventional paddy field. For the pests, the treatment of insecticide and herbicide reduced the number of Delphacidae, and Chrysomelidae, but did not affect the other pests such as Chronomidae, Culicidae, Thripidae, and Aphididae. For the natural enemies, the treatment reduced the number of individuals of most of enemy's taxon (except only one taxonomic group, Ichneumonidae) in the levee of conventional paddy field.

The distribution characteristics of functional feeding groups and biological evaluation of water quality with benthic macroinvertebrates were investigated from 2013 to 2014 in the mountain streams of Jirisan National Park. Both quantitative and qualitative collection had been performed six times during study periods in twelve sites located at upstream, midstream and downstream of four valleys, Chilsungol, Baemsagol, Daesunggol and Piagol of freshwater ecosystem in Jirisan National Park. As results, the total collected benthic macroinvertebrates were 3 phyla, 4 classes, 11 orders, 37 families, 107 species and 4,028 individuals. In 2013, 3 phyla, 4 classes, 10 orders, 32 families, 89 species and 1,829 individuals were collected. And in 2014, 3 phyla, 4 classes, 9 orders, 31 families, 80 species and 2,199 individuals were identified. The total dominant species was Ecdyonurus kibumensis, and EPT groups occupied 80.39% of total species number. Biotic indices were also compared to site and to season. The dominant index (DI) was highest at the downstream of Baemsagol in the spring of 2013, and the evenness index (J') was highest at the downstream of Daesunggol in the summer of 2013. Both diversity index (H') and richness index (RI) were highest at the upstream of Baemsagol in the summer of 2014. The correlation between altitude above sea level and functional feeding groups of benthic macroinvertebrates was also researched in this study. As a result, the species number of shredders and predators have significantly increased according to the increase of the altitude of their habitat. On the other hand, individuals of gathering collectors have increased according to the increase of altitude. The biological water quality was evaluated and compared with several methods in this study, and we suggest that ESB and GPI are more appropriate than KSI and BMI to evaluate biological water quality of mountain stream water.

연구자는 부득이 임상에서 환자가 전․후 자세를 취할 수 없을 경우 후 전 뒤침(Pronation)자세로 목뼈 사위(RAO, LAO) 촬영법을 주관적, 객관적 평가 실험에 보았다. 객관적평가는 척추사이공간의 각도를 PACS 영상에서 측정한 결과 C2~C3, C3~C4, C4~C5, C5~C6, C6~C7 C7~T1에서의 각은 47.4°±3.3, 50.5°±2.3, 52.7°±4.2, 53.2°±1.9, 53.2°±2.3, 55.2°±2.3로 나타나 하부 목뼈로 갈수록 신경공과 정중 시상면이 이루는 각이 커짐을 알 수 있었다. 영상에서 측정한 추간공의 각도의 비교에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.01). 주관적평가 Recever Operation characteristic로 상부 ,하부 목뼈의 기존의 45° 촬영 각도보다는 상부목뼈 구멍(foramen) C2～C3, C3～C4, 50°에서 잘 관찰되었고 C5～C6, C6～C7, C7～T1은 55°에서 잘 관찰이 되었다 실험결과 목뼈 후·전 사위촬영에서 척추사위공간을 영상관찰은 객관적평가 , 주관적평가 후 상부 목뼈의 경우 50°에서, 하부 목뼈 55°에서 잘 관찰할 수 있었다.