The IMO has established a regulation for the ECDIS installation on ships based on the IHO S-57 standards. The ECDIS supports sailors in achieving a safe voyage by using ENCs and monitoring the information of their ship. However, the S-57 standards were developed as edition 3.1 and prohibited revision for more than 20 years. So, the IHO developed a new standard as S-100 into the hydrography and maritime field instead of updating the S-57 to edition 4.0. In this study, the new S-100 ECDIS was developed and verified with ENCs and the digital maritime safety information by using a ship steering simulator and by conducting an on-board sea-trial test. It evaluated the impact on ship operations if the next-generation navigation support system is introduced. Based on this research, the S-100 ECDIS will generate improvements such as safe voyages by providing various of real-time safety information and up-to-date data to ship and sailors.

The purpose of this study is to provide benefits and ethically-rooted managerial implications based on theoretical underpinnings through an empirical study using correlation between wages, bank credit, government expenditure on economic growth, and employment via a case study in Indonesia. Besides that, managerial implications strive to provide benefits to the government regarding the importance of establishing effective and pro-development regulations to realize economic growth and employment through the efficient role of wages, bank credit, and government spending. This study uses secondary macroeconomic data from the period 2010-2019 with analysis using the correlation test with the Pearson correlation method. Out of eight hypotheses tested, two hypotheses do not have a significant correlation. The details of the statistical results obtained the following correlations: the correlation between bank credit and wages has a significant, but indirect (negative) correlation. However, the correlation between bank credit and economic growth has a direct and significant (positive) correlation. Government expenditure correlates positively with wages, but correlates negatively with bank credit. Wages are positively correlated with economic growth, but have no significant effect on employment. Finally, economic growth has a positive correlation with government expenditure, but does not have a significant correlation with employment.

This study investigates the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal, and weekly roadside and residential concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Busan, as well as relationship with meteorological phenomenon. Annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were 44.2 ㎍/m3 and 25.3 ㎍/m3, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.58. Diurnal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were categorized into three types, depending on the number of peaks and times at which the peaks occurred. Roadside PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM10 concentration was highest on Monday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM2.5 concentration was highest on Monday and Tuesday and lowest on Friday. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were highest on Asian dust and haze, respectively. The results indicate that understanding the spaciotemporal variation of fine particles could provide insights into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

본 연구는 경기도교육청의 다문화교육 정책을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 다문화교육 방향 성을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 지난 10년간 경기도교육청의 다문화교육 기본계 획을 수집․분석하였으며, 관점 및 방향성의 변화를 살펴볼 수 있는 2010, 2014, 2018, 2020 년도를 중심으로 정책을 내용 분석하였다. 그리고, Jenks, Lee, & Kanpol(2001)이 제시한 보수 적, 개방적, 비판적 다문화주의에 따라 이를 해석하여 방향성을 모색하였다. 그 결과, 2010 년부터 지금까지 경기도교육청의 다문화교육 정책은 보수적 다문화주의 관점의 다문화교육이 꾸준히 운영되고 있었다. 다문화학생 대상 한국어 교육 및 문화 적응 교육이 이 관점에 해당하는 다문화교육으로 시간이 지남에 따라 좀 더 체계적 시스템을 갖추고 있다. 2010년 부터 지금까지 점점 확대되어 운영되고 있는 다문화교육 정책은 개방적 다문화주의 관점의 교육이다. 2010년도에는 일반학생 대상으로 다문화 축제 및 문화 체험 교육을 통해 문화 다양성을 이해하고 감수성 함양을 강조하였으며, 2019년도에는 ‘상호문화이해’ 연구학교를 지정․운영함으로써 다문화교육으로 상호문화이해 교육을 보급 확산시키는 정책을 시행하 였다. 비판적 다문화주의 관점의 교육은 기본계획에서 나타난 것은 2018년도부터이다. 기본 계획에서 ‘평등한 출발선, 교육기회 보장’ 등의 용어를 통해서 비판적 다문화주의 관점이 반영되었으며, 다문화국제혁신학교 지정 및 법률 개정 등 구조 변화를 통한 다문화교육을 시도하고 있다. 시간이 흐름에 따라 경기도교육청의 다문화 정책은 비판적 다문화주의 관 점으로 이동하고 있으나, 아직은 시작 단계이다. 향후 과제는 비판적 다문화주의 관점에 부 합되는 다문화 정책 발굴과 학교 현장에 이에 대한 명확한 프로그램 제시 및 공유, 확산이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate eco-friendly measures to manage major diseases which cause heavy economic damages to ginseng. Morphological, physicochemical, and molecular biological species identification was carried out after isolating useful antagonistic bacteria from ginseng fields. In addition, optimal conditions for mass culture were established, and he efficacy of the bacteria in the prevention of the diseases was verified in the field. The results showed that about 150 bacteria were extracted from 150 ginseng fields in the whole county. Among them, B. pyrrocinia LA101 was finally selected, which had a strong antagonistic potency against Alternaria panax, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Cylindrocarpon destructans on agar media. The B. pyrrocinia LA101 is a baculiform gram-negative bacterium identified as Burkholderia pyrrocinia according to results from an API(Analytical Profile Index) kit, 16S rRNA, and gyrase gene sequencing analysis. It was donated to the microbe bank of the Agricultural Genetic Resources Center at the National Academy of Agriculture Science under the Rural Development Administration on September 28, 2011 (Donation No. KACC91663P). A patent for the mass culture technology was granted in August 2012 (Patent No. 10-1175532).

This study was conducted to monitor the growth and development of Abies koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain. Accordingly, the obtained results indicate that the number of A. koreana seedlings increased by 2.6 and 4.8 times in the Yeongsil and Jindallaebat areas, respectively, over the 10-year period. Most of these seedlings were found to be growing on moss-covered rocks. The average tree height over the last 10 years was obtained as 20.4 cm in the Yeongsil area and 3.6 cm in Jindallaebat with growths of 4.1 cm and 1.4 cm, respectively over the last 2 years. Of all the mature trees that were surviving in 2009, 6 died in Yeongsil in 2014 (with an additional 4 in 2018) and 13 in Jindallaebat in 2016. Over the 10-year period, the diameter at breast height of the trees in Yeongsil and Jindallaebat has increased by an average of 0.6 cm and 4.2 cm. Similarly, an average of 6.8 cones was found in the Yeongsil area in 2014 and 26.3 in Jindallaebat in 2016. However, in 2018, no additional cones were found in the former, although an average of 1.4 cones was observed in the latter. With respect to the average temperature and relative humidity, no significant difference could be observed between two monitored areas from 2016 to 2018. However, in July 2017 and February 2018, the average temperature was higher in the Jindallaebat area, while relative humidity was higher in Yeongsil, there by possibly affecting cone growth and flowering between areas. These results indicate the survival and growth of A. koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain is sensitive to the environments of each area. Hence, continuous monitoring of the environment changes and in-depth studies on the flowering and fruiting of A. koreana seedlings needs to be carried out in order to analyze the relationship between their survival rates and changes in weather conditions.

The study aims to provide some evidence of the effects of CSR practices on financial-based brand equity in Malaysia. Nowadays, many companies have embraced corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices because CSR is a vital component of the current competitive and complex business arena. It contributes greatly to social, environmental, and economic condition. With CSR practices, companies are able to achieve many benefits and there is evidence that CSR practices predict higher brand equity. However, little evidence has been produced concerning the effects of CSR practices on financial aspects of brand equity in developing countries such as Malaysia. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the effects of CSR practices on financial based brand equity among Malaysia Top 100 brand. A CSR checklist instrument was used in the current study to examine the extent of CSR practiced. The results indicated that PLCs that were actively involved in CSR practices such as environmental, community, workplace and marketplace, found that this involvement enhanced their brand equity. The findings provide useful support and evidence for the management of PLCs in Malaysia, as well as companies in other developing countries, to engage more in CSR practices as a core element of their strategic and brand management.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of fine dust PM10 and heavy metals in PM10 in Asian dust flowing into Gwangju from 2013 to 2018. The migration pathways of Asian dust was analyzed by backward trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, and the change of heavy metal concentration and heavy metal content per 1 μg/m3 of fine dust PM10 in Gwangju area were analyzed. Also, the characteristics of the heavy metals were analyzed using the correlation between the heavy metals in PM10. As a result of analyzing Asian dust entering the Gwangju region for 6 years, the average concentration of PM10 measured in Asian dust was 148 μg/m3, which was about 4.5 times higher than in non-Asian dust, 33 μg/m3. A total of 13 Asian dust flowed into the Gwangju during 6 years, and high concentration of PM10 and heavy metals in that were analyzed in the C path flowing through the Gobi/Loess Plateau-Korean Peninsula. As a result of the correlation analysis, in case of Asian dust, there was a high correlation between soil components in heavy metals, so Asian dust seems to have a large external inflow. On the other hand, in case of non-Asian dust, the correlation between find dust PM10 and artificial heavy metal components was high, indicating that the influence of industrial activities in Gwangju area was high.

레오폴트 모차르트는 1719년 독일 아욱스부르크에서 태어나 1789년 잘츠부르크에서 사망한 음악가이다. 그는 바이올린 연주자이며 작곡가로 잘츠부르크 궁정악단의 궁정음악부감독 (Vice-capellmeister)를 역임하고, 음악이론가이자 음악교육자로서 성공했던 인물이다. 하지만 레오폴트 모차르트는 음악사에서는 “볼프강 아마데우스 모차르트의 아버지”로 알려져 있다. 레오폴트 모차르트의 음악에 대한 전문성과 가치가 심하게 폄하되어 있고, 심지어는 몇몇 미디어와 영화 등의 비전문적 접근으로 인해 그에 대한 인간적인 평가마저 훼손되어 있다. 본 논문은 이런 문제점을 극복하기 위해, 레오폴트 모차르트가 아욱스부르크에 있는 볼프강 모차르트에게 보낸 편지 BD 346(1777년 10월 9일)과 BD 348(1777년 10월 12/13일)을 분석 연구하였다. 이 편지 속에는 레오폴트의 가족에 대한 사랑과 18세기 음악에 대한 전문적인 정보가 담겨 있다. 모차르트 가족들이 주고받은 편지에는 18세기 음악과 18세기 사회상을 이해하고, 볼프강 모차르트의 성장 과정을 이해할 수 있는 귀중한 정보가 담겨 있어 지속적인 연구와 관심이 촉구된다.

In order to analyze the sensitivity of carbon dioxide flux by soil temperature in the grassplot, carbon dioxide flux and soil temperature were observed 24 times from March, 2010 to March, 2011 at nine sites in the grassplot. The average of CO2 in the grassplot is 2.2~36.7℃, the highest in August, the lowest in January, and the average of carbon dioxide flux is 12~1479 mgCO2·m-2·hr-1, and the carbon dioxide emission from the grassplot to the atmosphere was 10 times higher in summer than in winter. The temperature response coefficient estimated by the exponential function of carbon dioxide flux according to soil temperature was ranged from 0.1065 to 0.1274, and the increase tendency of CO2 flux with soil temperature was linear at 0~2 0℃and exponential at 20~40℃. The Q10 values for each of nine observation sites on the grassplot was in the range of 2.901 ~ 3.575, and the Q10 value using the total data observed in the lawn was estimated to be 3.374. In the homogeneous grassplot area, the average of Q10 values by observation point and the Q10 value by the total data were estimated similarly.

The pathological condition of excessive melanogenesis causing freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer has a critical impact on the wellness of individuals. The mechanism of melanogenesis is related to the expression of melanogenic enzymes. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of pine cone (Pinus densiflora) extracts on melanogenesis. P. densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species in the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. P. densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones are rarely used as natural raw materials, although they contain many bioactive phytochemicals. The pine cone ethyl acetate fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to B16F10 cells at a concentration of less than 100 ㎍/mL. PEF inhibited the expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related factors in B16F10 cells treated with 3-Isobutyl- 1-methylxanthine (IBMX). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural melanogenesis inhibitory agent.

This research investigated the characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the main subway stations in Busan. Annual mean PM10 concentrations at the Seomyeon 1- waiting room and platform were 51.3 ㎍/㎥ and 47.5 ㎍/㎥ , respectively, and the annual PM2.5 concentration at the Seomyeon 1- platform was 28.8 ㎍/㎥ . PM2.5/PM10 ratio at Seomyeon 1-platform and Dongnae station were 0.58 and 0.53, respectively. Diurnal variation of PM10 concentration at subway stations in Busan was categorized into four types, depending on the number of peaks and the times at which the peaks occurred. Unlike the areas outside of the subway stations which reported maximum PM10 concentration mostly in spring across the entire locations, the interiors of the subway stations reported the maximum PM10 concentration in spring, winter, and even summer, depending on their location. PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Sunday. The numbers of days when PM10 concentration exceeded 100 ㎍/㎥ and 80 ㎍/㎥ per day over the last three years at the subway stations in Busan were 36 and 239, respectively. The findings of this research are expected to enhace the understanding of the fine particle characteristics at subway stations in Busan and be useful for developing a strategy for controlling urban indoor air quality.

직경 10 μm 미만의 대기 미립자 물질(particulate matter, PM10)은 다양한 신체기관에서 산화 스트레 스와 염증반응을 유발한다. 본 연구의 목적은 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)에서 PM10에 의해 유도되는 반응 성 산소종(ROS) 생성의 메커니즘을 알아보는 것이다. 배양된 HEK를 PM10에 노출시켰을 때 ROS가 증가하였으며, 이는 항산화제 apocynin에 의해 저해되었다. PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS 생성에서 NADPH oxidase (NOX) family의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 이들의 mRNA 발현을 분석하였다. PM10은 NOX1, NOX2, dual oxidase (DUOX)1 및 DUOX2의 mRNA 발현을 증가시켰다. 다른 NOX들에 비교하여 DUOX1 및 DUOX2의 발현 수준이 높았으며, 이들 효소의 maturation factors, 즉 DUOXA1와 DUOXA2의 mRNA 발현도 PM10에 의하여 증가하였다. 칼슘 의존성 효소인 DUOX1과 DUOX2가 PM10에 의해 유도되는 ROS의 생성을 매개하는 지 조사하였다. 선택적인 세포내 칼슘 킬레이터인 BAPTA-AM은 PM10 및 칼슘 ionophore A23187에 유도된 ROS 생성을 감소시켰다. 작은 간섭 RNA (siRNA)에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 PM10에 의해 유도된 ROS의 생성을 감소시켰고 DUOX1 siRNA는 영향이 없었다. PM10은 interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 및 interferon (IFN)-γ 등 사이토카인의 발현을 증가시켰다. siRNA에 의한 DUOX2의 하향 조절은 IFN-γ의 발현을 저해하였지만 다른 사이토카인의 발현은 저해하지 않았다. 본 연구는 PM10에 노출된 HEK의 ROS 생성 및 염증 반응에서 DUOX2가 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.

The peninsula-wide March First Movement in 1919 demonstrated the cohesiveness of the Korean people and served as the opening chapter to a new history; the entire peninsula was flooded with protests for independence, and shocked by their intensity, the Japanese colonial government engaged in indiscriminate suppression. The March First Movement propelled demonstrations to be held as well in Northern Jiāndǎo (“Puk-kando”), situated north of the Tumen River.Thousands of demonstrators gathered on March 13 in Lóngjǐng to read the Declaration of Independence as part of the demonstration. Although dozens of people were injured due to the suppression by the Chinese armed forces (seventeen were killed), numerous demonstrations (currently known are fifty-eight) took place throughout Northern Jiāndǎo. A frontier region, Northern Jiāndǎo was a unique cultural space wherein Koreans who crossed into this borderland formed their own communities; with active ethno-nationalist education and religious propaganda, the region served as a nexus of ethno-national and anti-Japanese consciousness. In addition, due to the frequent exchanges between the Korean peninsula and the Maritime Province, Lóngjǐng in particular served as the cradle of ethno-national independence movements.

2000년대 이후의 한국영화산업은 동 시대의 사회적 문화적 현상과 시대적 상황, 그리고 디자인 경향을 모두 경험 할 수 있는 대중 매체라 볼 수 있다. 이로 인해 단일 영화관객 수가 천만 영화의 탄생이 일상화된 지금 2017년 우리나라 총 영화 관객수는 2억 1,987만 명으로 전년 대비 1.3% 증가했다. 본 연구는 국내 영화제작사의 리더 필름에 관한 연구로, 역대 국내에서 개봉한 천만관객을 달성한 15개의 상업 영화 제작사의 리더 필름 영상을 대상으로 영상디자인 표현에 대해 살펴보았다. 영화 리더 필름의 특성을 반영하여 구성요소인, 이미지, 애니메이션형식, 사운드의 속도, 사운드의 형식, 브랜드 로고의 서체와 표현 형식, 영상의 길이로 구분하여 리더 필름 영상의 흥미도에 관해 분석하였다. 사례분석 결과 이미지의 경우 실사이미지와 그래픽이미지를 함께 사용하였을 경우 흥미도가 가장 높았으며, 애니메이션(2D+3D에니메이션), 사운드의 속도(빠르고 역동적인 /보통속도의 균일적인 사운드), 사운드의 형식(효과음+배경음), 브랜드로고(로고체와 고딕계열), 영상의 길이(16초~20초)가 가장 흥미도가 높게 나왔다. 본 연구의 결론에는 연구결과의 요약과 시사점 그리고 본 연구의 한계점을 논의하고 향후연구에 대한 제언을 하였다.