본 연구는 국내 멸종위기식물인 개가시나무의 분포 범위와 국내 자생지 내에서의 생육 특성을 파악하고자 실시하였다. 개가시나무는 참나무과에 속하는 상록활엽 교목으로서 일본, 대만, 중국, 한국 등의 따뜻한 지방에 자라는 난대성 수종이다. 국내에서는 제주도의 해발 80~350 m 내에 분포하였으며, 대부분 제주도 서남부지역의 해발 100~200m에 집중 분포하였다. 개가시나무의 수고는 평균 9.8±1.9 m로 9~12 m 사이의 개체가 가장 많았으며, 흉고직경은 평균 22.6±6.8㎝로 20~30㎝의 개체가 가장 많았다. 또한 맹아지의 발생으로 다수의 분지가 형성 되었으며, 평균 3.8±2.1개의 맹아로 이루어졌다. 자생지 내에 분포하는 개가시나무의 96.2%에 덩굴식물이 부착되어있으며, 덩굴식물은 15과 18종으로 상록성 덩굴식물인 마삭줄의 비율이 가장 높았다. 덩굴식물이 개가시나무의 수관 형성에 미치는 영향의 정도를 분석한 결과, 9~12 m의 개가시나무에서 수관형성에 영향을 주어 고사된 가지가 확인된 개체가 가장 많았으며, 부착된 덩굴식물의 종 수가 많을수록 높은 영향을 주는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 자생지 내에서 개가시나무의 보존을 위해서는 이들 덩굴식물의 생육에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 관리가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

This study was conducted to monitor the growth and development of Abies koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain. Accordingly, the obtained results indicate that the number of A. koreana seedlings increased by 2.6 and 4.8 times in the Yeongsil and Jindallaebat areas, respectively, over the 10-year period. Most of these seedlings were found to be growing on moss-covered rocks. The average tree height over the last 10 years was obtained as 20.4 cm in the Yeongsil area and 3.6 cm in Jindallaebat with growths of 4.1 cm and 1.4 cm, respectively over the last 2 years. Of all the mature trees that were surviving in 2009, 6 died in Yeongsil in 2014 (with an additional 4 in 2018) and 13 in Jindallaebat in 2016. Over the 10-year period, the diameter at breast height of the trees in Yeongsil and Jindallaebat has increased by an average of 0.6 cm and 4.2 cm. Similarly, an average of 6.8 cones was found in the Yeongsil area in 2014 and 26.3 in Jindallaebat in 2016. However, in 2018, no additional cones were found in the former, although an average of 1.4 cones was observed in the latter. With respect to the average temperature and relative humidity, no significant difference could be observed between two monitored areas from 2016 to 2018. However, in July 2017 and February 2018, the average temperature was higher in the Jindallaebat area, while relative humidity was higher in Yeongsil, there by possibly affecting cone growth and flowering between areas. These results indicate the survival and growth of A. koreana seedlings in the Hallasan Mountain is sensitive to the environments of each area. Hence, continuous monitoring of the environment changes and in-depth studies on the flowering and fruiting of A. koreana seedlings needs to be carried out in order to analyze the relationship between their survival rates and changes in weather conditions.

Birds play a main role in the formation and change of forest structures as they are seed-dispersal agents. This study aims to identify birds consuming fruits and seeds of the tree and their associated fruits and seeds on Jeju Island in the context on the forest restoration in Korea. We conducted field surveys twice a month from 2013 to 2015 at nine study sites located across Jeju Island and collected available photographic and observation records. A total of 50 species of birds consuming fruits and seeds of the tree were identified and birds belonging to Bombycillidae, Pycnonotidae, Zosteropidae, Sturnidae and Fringillidae were confirmed as major birds consuming fruits and seeds of the tree. Gulping was the dominant type of feeding as well as crushing, but relationship between the size of a bird and the number of fruit and seed species used by the bird was not significant. We also documented that 118 fruit and seed species were consumed by birds and that shrubby fruits and seeds were more consumed by birds than those of other plant types. The relative consumption rate of fruits and seeds ranged from 0.02 to 0.44, but five species were the most important fruits and seeds for birds. Our finding suggest that avian frugivorous gulpers will benefit the seed dispersal, especially of five fruiting plants, providing useful baseline data for forest restoration and urban park design.

This study’s purpose was to provide basic data for the monitoring of ecological changes caused by change of vegetation structure of Abies koreana forest in a study site susceptible to climatic change in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, Jeju Island. Surveys revealed this: in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, per 1 ha of A. koreana forests, total number 1,781, and A. koreana number 989, accounting for 55.5% of the total number of trees. 190 A. koreana or 19.2% were found to be dead. For the number of individual trees by DBH, trees standing 5 ㎝ -10 ㎝ tall formed the largest portion at 39.9%, and in the case of other trees except A. koreana, the number of individual trees below 5 ㎝ accounted for 23.5% of the total number of trees. The survey of importance by height revealed this: at the top level, the importance of A. koreana was the highest at 106.23, but the sum of importance of temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees (Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and Taxus cuspidata) was higher at 142.84 than that of A. koreana. The analysis of species diversity revealed 0.645 species diversity for the tree layer and 0.817 for the shrub layer; for evenness, 0.549 for the tree layer and 0.664 for the shrub layer; for dominance value; 0.451 for the tree layer and 0.336 for the shrub layer. The analysis of tree vitality revealed that for the A. koreana forests in Yeongsil, the composition ratio of A. koreana by type is AS type>AL type>DS type >DB type, and that of the other trees is AL type>AS type>AF type>AB type. Compared with the forests in other areas, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area have a very high occurrence rate of dead trees, and a high importance of trees is shown in the deciduous broad-leaved tree forests. Compared with the A. koreana forests in the Jindallaebat area, with the same level above sea, the vegetation structures are fast changing. Also, due to dryness and other non-physical environmental changes caused by a lack of rainwater and dry winds in winter, dead trees are fast increasing in number. Environmental changes such as climate change diversely affect the maintenance of A. koreana in individual areas, and if environmental changes are fast and continue long, of the A. koreana forest areas in the Hallasan Mountain, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area will decrease fastest in number and will experience changes in the vegetation structure. Thus, it is necessary to survey the vegetation changes in A. koreana forests, which are distributed in all directions but are centered on Hallasan Mountain, and to thus conduct long-term monitoring and research.

This study surveyed Abies koreana to identify the correlation between its vegetation structure according to its slope direction and seedling establishment in a bid to build basic research data on the changes and conservation of the A. koreana in Hallasan Mountain. The findings of its vegetation structure revealed that in both areas, Importance value was given to the A. koreana for its tree layer, the Taxus cuspidata for its shrub layer, and the Sasa quelpaertensis for its herb layer. However, in the Youngsil area with the tree layer, high importance was given to deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and the young species of the A. koreana in the shrub layer that can maintain the A. koreana forest’s greater importance in the Jindallebat than in the Youngsil. Thus, the A. koreana forest in the Jindallebat is believed to lastlonger. The findings of correlation between the quantity of seedlings and their location by area revealed that in each tiny quadrat, the A. koreana seedling averaged 5.3 in the Youngsil and 2.9 in the Jindallebat. Both areas were all found to have a positive correlation in terms of rock exposure ratio and dead tree ratio as well as a negative correlation with regard to the cover degree of S. quelpaertensis, the canopy gap, the total vegetation, and the herb layer. It was found that the cover degree of the herb layer in the Youngsil and the S. quelpaertensis in the Jindallebat had the largest impact on the A. koreana seedlings.

This study surveyed the distribution and characteristics of epiphytes and host trees in Jejudo’s warm-temperate evergreen forests area. The gathered data will be used for evaluating ecological changes according to climate change. The study found 46 species of epiphytes in Jejudo; 12 of which were species of pteridophytes and 5 species of orchids, totaling 17 species of epiphytes. The appearance frequency was the greatest with Lepisorus thunbergianus, followed by Lemmaphyllum microphyllum and Lepisorus onoei. The area with the greatest diversity of epiphytes was nutmeg tree forests which have the largest number of 2.89 average species. Lemmaphyllum microphyllum had the greatest percent cover of the epiphytes whose importance was found to be the greatest. The factors involved were the epiphytes' diversity index (0.64), maximum species diversity (1.23), evenness (0.52), and dominance (0.48). The study has noted the distribution characteristics of epiphytes according to altitudes above sea level. The Lemmaphyllum microphyllum can survive at an altitude of 600 m above sea level, Lepisorus thunbergianus at 200–1,400m above sea level, Lepisorus onoei. at 400–1,000 m, and Gonocormus minutus at an altitude above 800 m. The host trees, consisting of Quercus serrata, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, and Carpinus laxiflora, stands at 2–19 m high and 2.5–120 ㎝ wide, showing diverse kinds of trees and sizes. Jejudo’s warm-temperate evergreen forests have lower epiphyte diversity compared with those of subtropical and tropical areas in Japan and China. Based on the characteristics of the host trees order, epiphytes' distribution associated with the altitude above sea level was typical.

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and their change of Pinus densiflora forests by climate change in Mt. Hallasan. The results showed that the areas of P. densiflora forests of Mt. Hallasan varied by region, with a total area of 1,324.3 ha, concentrated mostly in the region 1,000 m - 1,400 m above sea level. The temperate coniferous forest zone are distributed in the upper part of temperate forest zone composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Most of the P. densiflora forests in the lower parts were found not to be spreading because they are located close to the deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, the P. densiflora forests in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions composed of the grasslands and shrub forests were found to be spreading. In addition, the altitude of the P. densiflora forests distribution increased by about 50 m and 90 m in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions, respectively. The spread rate is expected to become faster than in the past due to the rate of climate change. The structure of the vegetation in Mt. Hallasan and the changes in the vegetation due to various factors need to be investigated from a long-term point of view.

제주고사리삼은 제주도의 동북부 지역에 매우 제한적으로 분포하였다. 이 일대는 상록활엽수림 및 관목림, 초지 등의 식생이 분포하고 있으며, 제주고사리삼 자생지는 이들 지역에 독립적인 소택지 형태로 나타났다. 자생지는 지형적으로 주변 보다 낮은 함몰구 형태로써 크기와 형태는 다양하게 나타났다. 자생지에 분포하는 관속식물은 61과 112속 147종 총 147분류군으로 조사되었으며, 이 중 피자식물이 136 분류군으로 대부분을 차지하였다. 제주고사리삼 자생지 내의 식물상에 대한 생활형 분석 결과 주변의 식생과 다른 형태를 갖고 있으며, 특히, 일년생식물과 수생식물의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 이러한 식물상의 안정적인 유지를 위해서는 자생지환경의 보존이 매우 중요하며, 이를 위해서는 자생지를 포함한 주변지역에 대한 전체적인 보호구역 설정이 절실하다고 판단된다.

This research was made to investigate the effects of burned, which is made in the early spring every year at Saebyeol-Oreum from 2003 to 2009, on changes in vegetation on the grassland. The results of analyzing the characteristics of the lay of the land showed that the proportion of the surface land that had the angle of azimuth and the angle of slope in the range of southeast 135°~180° accounting for 73.89% and 21°~30° accounting 58.33% of the entire surface land, respectively, was found to be highest. The results of the analysis showed that the relative importance value was found to be lowered from 27.07 in 2003 to 19.47 in 2009, and this can be attributable to the relative importance value of Artemisia japonica having been heightened from 7.07 in 2003 to 16.23 in 2009. The reason that the relative importance value of Artemisia japonica was found to be high is thought to be that vegetation on the surface land was removed by burned in the early spring and, due to this, the dry surface of soil and the high slope accelerated the soil erosion and could not provide proper environment of the growth and development for Imperata cylindrical and Miscanthus sinensis, so Imperata cylindrical and Miscanthus sinensis were excluded and Artemisia japonica whose importance value had been highest have flourished. Researches to maintain the current vegetation on the burned location of Saebyeol-Oreum and to adjust physical characteristics of soil to restore vegetation and the proper time and cycle of burned should be conducted.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the vegetation structure and distributional characteristics of Abies koreana forests in Mt. Halla, and to provide basicdata for an ecological study on Abies koreana in Mt. Halla. The results of the analysis showed that the mean importance percentage(M.I.P.) of Abies koreana in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and the Azalea field were 28.3%, 23.6%, and 46.4%, respectively. The ratios of DBH (diameter at breast height) to height were similar in all region, except in the Azalea field, where Abies koreana of various ages, both young and old, were found. The species diversity (H) of the upper and lower layers in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and in the Azalea field were 0.625 and 0.810, 0.731 and 0.848, and 0.342 and 0.757, respectively. A total of 52 community were distributed at locations higher than 1,300m above sea level. The proportions of each community in the whole Abies koreana forest were 56.5%(Azalea field), 11.0% (Youngsil trail at 1,550-1,650 m above sea level), and 8.1%(Janggumok and Kundurewat region). The total area of the Abies koreana forest was calculated to be 795.3ha by combining all the areas of each community. An Abies koreana forest with the largest area was found at locations 1,500-1,600 m above sea level, taking up 38.8% of the total Abies koreana forest area. For the slopes of the distributional area of Abies koreana, 46.1%(highest proportion) of the total area was 10~25°, and for the azimuth of the distributional area, 17.4%(the highest proportion) of the total area was 0-45°. The vegetation structure showed large differences between areas. It was found, however, that the distribution was mostly in the areas with a relatively gentle slope. It is suggested that research be done to forecast the possible changes in the differences in the vegetation structures between different areas caused by climate changes. In addition, there is a need to monitor the Abies koreana and alpine plants in the subalpine zones of Mt. Halla, which are sensitive to climate change, to obtain the basic data that are necessary for the protection and maintenance of the ecosystem.

This study was survey a flora and life form spectrum of 11 uninhabited islets, in jeju-do. The vascular plants of each uninhabited islets were summarized as Beomseom 159 taxa, Chagwi-do 136 taxa, Daryeo-do 81 taxa, Hyeongje-do 61 taxa, Jigwi-do 39 taxa, Munseom 147 taxa, Ran-do 58 taxa, Saeseom 65 taxa, Seogeondo 60 taxa, Seopseom 183 taxa and Wa-do 46 taxa. Floristic richness was in order analyzed to be Seogeon-do 28.62, Ran-do 19.24, Daryeo-do 18.53, Wa-do 16.42, Munseom 16.14, Hyeongje-do 14.76, Seopseom 13.32, Beomseom 13.24, Chagwi-do 6.15, Saeseom 5.86 and Jigwi-do 2.51. Life form spectrum was surveyed to H-D5-R4-e; hemieryptophyte(H) 26.8％, not production seeds(D5) 54.4％, clonal growth by stolons and struck roots(R4) 46.9％ and erect form(e) 30.3％. According to the life form spectrum hemieryptophyte dominated high portions, which suggests islet in jeju-do has hemieryptophytic climate and similar to middle parts in Korean Peninsular. However, were noticed by that it has more therophytes. As a result, Partially shows the characteristics change from the temperate climate to the warm temperate climate or a semitropical climate by a climatic change.

This study was performed to get more knowledge on the flora and their life form spectrum in the Hallasan Natural Reserve. The vascular plants include 83 species 35 genera 12 families of pteridophytes, 5 varieties 5 species 3 families of gymnosperm, 100 taxa in 2 varieties 98 species 58 genera 8 families of monocotyledon and 362 taxa in 3 forma 10 varieties 349 species 186 genera 65 families of dicotyledon in Hallasan Natural Reserve. The total of vascular plants is 550 taxa in 3 forma 11 varieties 536 species 284 genera 88 families. Among these, 204 species in total including 19 species of pteridophytes, 2 species of conifers, 45 species of monocotyledon and 138 species of dicotyledon are found only in the Hallasan Natural Reserve. The pteridophyte-quotient is 4.52 and floristic richness is 1.94. In the analysis of life form spectrum, there are 190 species (34.5%) of hemicryptophytes and 122 species (22.2%) of geophytes so that two life forms take large portions, 312 species (56.7%) of the vegetation in Hallasan Natural Reserve. Megaphanerophytes and microphanerophytes take 14.5% including 80 species followed by 83 species (15.1%) of nanophanerophytes, 42 species (7.6%) of chamaephytes, 29 species (5.3%) of therophytes, 24 species (4.4%) of hydrophytes and 18 species (3.3%) of epiphytes. According to the life form spectrum hemicryptophytes dominated high portions, which suggests Hallasan Natural Reserve has hemicryptophytic climate and similar to middle parts in the Korean Peninsular. The differences, however, were noticed by that it has more chamaephytes and less therophytes than that of the Peninsular and partially shows the characteristics of artic or subalpine climate.

본 조사는 식물상을 밝힘으로서 체계적이고 효율적인 보존관리대책을 마련하데 필요한 정보를 제공하고 우리나라 최남단에 속하는 도서에 있어서 식물자원의 분포특성을 파악하고자 수행하였다. 관속식물은 65과 140속 162종 2변종으로 총 164분류군이었는데 그 중 양치식물은 6과 13속 15종, 나자식물은 1과 1속 1종, 피자식물에 있어서는 쌍자엽식물이 49과 97속 114종 1변종으로 115분류군, 단자엽식물은 10과 29속 32종 1변종으로 33분류군이 출현하여 계 59과 126속 146종 2변종으로 계 148종이었다. 미기록 종은 양치식물 중 점고사리, 쇠고비, 큰족제비고사리, 사다리고사리 등 4종, 단자엽식물 중 강아지풀, 줄, 송이고랭이, 꽃토란, 개구리밥, 부채마 등 6종, 쌍자엽식물 중 큰사방오리, 개모시풀, 애기싱아, 미국자리공, 갯장구채, 새머루, 누리장나무, 보리장나무. 진득찰 등 9종 총 16과 19속 19종이었다. 희귀식물로서는 국내 거문도와 제주도에만 분포하는 것으로 알려진 박달목서가 자생하고 있으며, 바위연꽃의 자생지도 확인되었다. 또한 귀화식물은 총 20과 33속 34종 1변종으로 총 35분류군이었다.