This contribution focuses on fitting between heuristic rules and the task environment in business to business market. The subject is about evidence-based business decision-making process in the business actors‟ perspective. The empirical setting of fashion business to business markets is considered, focusing on adaptive behavior situated in the interaction processes in customer-supplier relationships emerging from empirical researches. The paper considers two key aspects of the process: (1) the origin and diffusion of the heuristic rules adopted by the actors (adoption) and (2) the fields in which the rules can be used (scope) are discussed. The central research questions are: How heuristics are adopted and diffused in the fashion business to business environment (adoption)? How wide is the context in which the heuristic rule is applied by the actors (scope)? Fashion business to business markets is our setting of analysis. First of all we have to define what are heuristics. Studies of decision-making processes generally divide them into two, mutually exclusive types: rational decision making versus rule-based decision making (March 1994). In the case of rational decision making the approach is to evaluate the consequences of any decision in terms of either pure (maximizing) or limited rationality (satisficing). In rational decision making, consequential choices are adopted, hence an evaluation of preferences and expectations is necessary and decisive to the final outcome. Instead, in rule-based decision making, what counts most is following the rules, the aim being to satisfy and/or define an identity. In rule-based decision making, rules deemed appropriate are adopted, and what then counts are the rules and the identity, which form the basis for taking well-thought-out actions. Rationality requires less „specific‟ knowledge, since it relies on abstract rules. In this approach, following the rules may instead involve understanding them in relation to the specific context in which they are to be applied. The relations between heuristics and interaction in business networks provide a means to study other aspects of the evolution of the relationship between enterprise and business market environment (Artinger et al. 2015; Guercini et al. 2014, 2015). In fact, the network of relationships the actors adopt images of the relationships to be cultivated with the precise aim of formulating an effective representation of the market, enable other phenomena to be examined, not so much in their qualitative aspects, but rather as regards their importance as perceived by business decision-makers. In light of these relations between heuristics and setting, the essential properties of heuristics that we propose to examine herein are: (1) specificity, intended as the field of application and setting in which any heuristic rule is generated and routinely applied; (2) convergence, which concerns how widespread, at least in appearance, any given heuristic rule is amongst actors in a given market setting (Guercini 2012). In other terms, the heuristics of entrepreneurial marketing can be considered specific to this particular setting, in that they concern the degrees to which such rules are generated, are successful, and are confined to the specific setting or context. Looking more closely at the two above-mentioned properties, specificity is high when, for instance, a heuristic refers to a specific, circumscribed matter (for example assessing the opportune moment to purchase certain semi-finished goods) and finds no application in any other setting. Conversely, a rule‟s degree of specificity is low when its field of application is broad: a rule may, since its inception, be applicable to many different fields, or it may be initially applicable only to a limited range of decisions, but subsequently find fruitful application in other, broader matters (Guercini et al. 2014). The degree of convergence instead regards the frequency with which a given heuristic rule is adopted within a population, a community or, in our case, by entrepreneurs. Such adoption may only be apparent, in the sense that what seems to be a single rule may actually represent various, subtly different rules for each individual, given the supremely personal, individual nature of fine mental processes. Evaluating the degree of convergence of a given heuristic within a population obviously involves measuring its dissemination in terms that are recognized as such by the researcher. Convergence is high for rules adopted by everyone, or at least by a large segment of the population in question. Other heuristic rules are instead developed by individuals in forming their personal judgments and seem to be unique to such individuals, in that they do not arise in others. This implies that heuristic rules may be the source of a relative advantage for the entrepreneur, in so far as the heuristic in question proves itself successful, that is, an element that determines a good choice when other methods are ineffective or may even produce negative effects. Specificity and convergence are thus general properties of the heuristics adopted by entrepreneurial marketers, and are strongly tied to the interpersonal relationships and consequent interactions within business decision-makers‟ personal contact networks (Guercini et al. 2015). Heuristic procedures are easily detectable in the descriptions of enterprise top management of the processes they utilize in assessing possibilities and forming judgments. Some of these procedures are highly abstract and applicable to various different settings, for instance, regarding problems typically facing firms as well as purchase decision-makers. In the following we shall briefly present some of the heuristics encountered in our research; a more detailed description and more rigorous modeling of their characteristics will be addressed in future work. Let us consider now a fashion business to business settings, and more precisely the situation in which the decision-maker of a fashion firm is tasked with formulating a judgment regarding the best choice of colors to keep up with the fashion trends of coming seasons. From interviews with representatives of styling divisions, what repeatedly emerged was their conviction that “strong” colors periodically and forcefully come back in fashion. Some even went so far as to specify the duration of this cycle: seven years – that is, the same as the number of strong colors –, which also turns out to be coherent with long-standing observations on the limits of human cognitive function (Miller 1956). No clearly defined explanation was offered of the reasons for, or origins of, this rule, although some hypotheses were advanced: simply that a sort of “law” was first noticed and then became consolidated as its predictions were repeatedly verified over time. A second example is that of the textile firm entrepreneurial marketer called on to provide a forecast of the fabrics that will be most widely utilized in the market over the next few seasons. From the marketer‟s perspective, the price of natural fibers is one element on which to base any judgment regarding future fabric usage trends. Clearly, there are technical time constraints on the purchasing of fibers for spinning, which must naturally precede the sale of the fabric, and may even take place already in the stage of drafting the fabric sample book. Thus, a specific assessment rule is applied: those fibers whose price increases during certain periods of the year are deemed to be those that will be in most widespread use the following season. However, for some years now this rule has begun to seem less reliable than in the past. Workers in the sector speak of greater complexity in the wool market, where supply factors, such as international manufacturers‟ policy of stepping up fiber tops production, have had the effect of upsetting traditional market dynamics. The heuristic rules in these examples can be regarded in the perspective of the attributes they present, in particular, their “specificity” (or field of application) and their “convergence” (or degree of dissemination). A rule that is highly specific to a certain application setting looses much of its value when applied to judgments other than the one for which it has been developed. On the other hand, a rule that is in widespread use in many firms can hardly become a distinctive resource for entrepreneurial marketers. The widespread dissemination of a given heuristic rule amongst the rules “in stock” or the “adaptive toolbox” of firms may influence its effectiveness. Indeed, the fact that a rule is shared by many may justify its adoption in light of the validity that the decision-makers seem to attribute it, even if it is less probable that its use impart a distinctive competitive advantage. The examples of heuristic processes presented in the foregoing seem to enjoy different degrees of specificity and convergence. The association of certain heuristics to specific settings takes on the significance attributed to them by Simon (1979), as rules bound by the task environment and not clearly referable to relatively abstract mechanisms or endowed with autonomy. Mechanisms applicable to less specific settings are instead referable to the heuristics described by Tversky and Kahneman (1974), including representativeness, availability and adjustment/anchoring, identified in relation to the possible distortions and errors associated to them. The heuristics modeled by “building blocks” by Gigerenzer et al. are seemingly cannot be captured by a few categories, given the variety of formal models identified. Briefly, these include (1) recognition heuristic; (2) fluency heuristic; (3) take-the-best; (4) tallying; (5) satisficing; (6) 1/N equality heuristic; (7) default heuristic; (8) tit-for-tat; (9) imitate the majority; (10) imitate the successful; (11) hiatus heuristic; (12) fast and frugal trees; (13) mapping models; (14) averaging the judgment; (15) social circle; (16) moral behavior (Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier 2011, Gigerenzer and Brighton 2009). In the approach proposed by Gigerenzer and his “adaptive behavior and cognition program”, formal models are necessary to evaluate the real contribution of heuristics to cognition, decision-making and behavior. For details, refer to the publications of the adaptive-behavior-and-cognition program (Gigerenzer 2007; Todd and Gigerenzer 2012). Rule-based decision making implies the availability of rules to follow and consistency with an established identity as the driving factors in the decisionmaking process. If the rules satisfy an ecological rationality approach, are such rules then the result of a process of rules selection with which the decision makers are endowed innately or they are formed through a process of learning? And, if the latter is true, what are the characteristics of the decision-making process during the stage that the rules formation schemes are more open? And lastly, when the rules have already been defined, are they necessarily stable or can they be questioned and, if so, in what terms? These research questions are part of the future research stimulated by this first exploration based on case study research.

Clothing longevity supports sustainability, but the paper questions the implementation of this strategy. The research, based on industry and expert experiences, posits the technical possibility of achieving longer-lasting clothing, but identifies norms of agency and interaction within the global clothing supply chain as factors limiting the business case and processes.

Over the last decades, the global luxury business has become dominated by large conglomerates. Backed by the financial power of their parent companies, formerly small and often family-owned brands have expanded their presence around the globe. They have established themselves in some of the most expensive shopping districts, acquired illustrious testimonials, and sponsored prestigious events. Almost overwhelmed by the omnipresence of luxury, consumers are said to have begun looking for the “genuine” and “unique,” favoring smaller, less homogenized and more intimate luxury brands not necessarily known to the larger public. This study thus looks beyond the well-known players in the luxury market and explores the differentiating strategies used by independent niche luxury companies. It aims to identify factors contributing to their success in a global market otherwise dominated by ever-growing luxury giants.

This paper aims to expand our understanding on the success factors of small businesses, which comprise of more than 90 percent of all businesses in U.S. in 2016. One of the most critical issues behind small business success is the competition, which becomes increasingly intense. Not only small businesses fiercely compete with larger competitors (e.g. Emergence of mega-retailers such as Wal-Mart has intensified the competition in the grocery industry, and, as a result, many mom and pop stores have gone out of business.), but also the competition against each other (i.e. competition between small businesses) becomes increasingly aggressive. Yet, the current literature in marketing have less investigated the issue of competition between small businesses, while issues on competition between small and large businesses have been somewhat explored. Another phenomenon in small business that has not received much attention is the competition between generalist and specialist firms. This phenomenon of specialist versus generalist competition is in fact frequently observed in many industries. Therefore, we study competition between small businesses, focusing on the competition between generalist and specialist small businesses. We examine how competitive intensity, as well as market environmental factors, affect the performance of small businesses. Specifically, we decompose the competitive intensity into two types, one between generalists and the other between specialists, in order to identify the differential effects of competition between generalist and specialist, and examine their impacts on the generalist and specialist performance. Given the research questions above, we develop the following hypotheses based on the past research in marketing. First, we expect competition has a positive effect on generalist performance, while we expect the opposite effect on specialist performance. We also expect that the effect of competition becomes weaker, as the competition becomes more intense. That is, the positive (negative) impact of competition on generalist (specialist) performance becomes less significant as there are more competitors in the market. We further expect that competition between the same type of businesses (e.g. between generalists) has a positive effect on their performance, while competition between the difference types (e.g. between generalist and specialist) has a negative effect on their performance. Moreover, we expect that market environmental factors have differential effects on the performance of generalist and specialist. To test the aforementioned hypotheses on the small business competition between generalist and specialist, we collected data from the health care industry on private physician practices (offices) in Korea. Out data contain, for each practice, monthly sales, number of doctors, number of nurses, type of practice, number of beds and zip code it is located in. We also have data on average consumer spending, average medical spending, percentage of patients over sixty years old for each zip code. Moreover, we have data on competition between the same type of offices (e.g. between generalists and between specialists) and competition between different types (e.g. between generalist and specialist). Note that our data collected from the Korean health care industry fit our research questions well. First, the majority of medical service providers in Korea are small private practices with an average number of two doctors, and the share of generalist and specialist practices are about half-and-half. Second, unlike the U.S. health care industry, generalist physicians in Korea usually practice a number of different fields, while specialist physicians focus on their own specialties. Third, patients in Korea do not usually distinguish between generalist and specialist offices, and they do not usually have a primary care physician. As a result, patients can easily switch between physicians, and in fact the switching is highly likely, as all medical information is centralized by government. Our main findings are as follows. First, we find that competition has a positive effect on generalist performance, while it has a negative effect on specialist performance. Specifically, we find that generalist benefits from competition with both generalist and specialist, while specialist suffers from the competition with both specialist and generalist. As competition becomes intense, meaning the number of physician offices increases, it would attract more patients to visit the area where physician offices are clustered (clustering effect), while it becomes easier for patients to switch from one to the other nearby offices. In particular, as generalist usually treats multiple fields (specialties), generalist tends to benefit from the patients who switch from specialist. In other words, generalists benefit from competition, as they free ride on clustering of physicians including specialists, while specialists would suffer from competition. Second, our findings show that as the competition becomes more intense, its effect on business performance becomes weaker. That is, a high level of competition weakens the benefits and damages imposed on the performance of generalist and specialist, respectively. When there are more physician offices to switch, the effect of free riding becomes weaker, as patients have more options to choose from. Thus, the benefit of generalist from free riding becomes weaker, as well as the negative effect on specialist performance. Moreover, our findings suggest that market environmental factors do influence the business performance. Specifically, the performance of both generalist and specialist improves as the number of doctors increases. However, an increase in the number of nurses has a different effect on generalist and specialist. Employing a larger group of nurses has a negative effect on generalist because it might cause the operation of the office to be less efficient. However, since specialist’s practice usually involves a more technical and sophisticated processes, a larger group of nurses could make the office more efficient having a positive impact on the sales performance. Similarly, we find the effects of other environmental factors have differential impacts on the performance of specialist versus generalist.

Research on the differences in traditional business districts in China and western countries is of great guidance significance for promoting the development of our modem business landscape. Landscape layout is comprehensive planning and arrangement for landscape, which is the process of creating landscape with sc ientific method and is the final realization of world outlook, values, ethics and other objectives reflected by landscape design. It can be seen from comparisons that Chinese and western business streets affect each other in site formation, sca le change and layout development. The layout of traditional business streets in China focuses on convenient business behavior, presenting free and flexible characteristics; while the layout of traditional business streets in western countries focuses on city planning, presenting rational and orderly characteristics with perfect facil iti es.

선박급유업은 국제물류흐름의 허브인 항만의 부가가치 창출을 위한 핵심적인 사업 중의 하나이다. 선박급유업의 법 제도 적인 개선을 통하여 급유산업의 안정화를 도모하여 항만이 실질적으로 부가가치를 창출하는 기능을 수행할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 이 논문에서는 항만운송법과 해운법의 개정, 안전관리체계의 일원화, 선박유 품질관리를 위한 지침제정, 선박급유업자의 불법행위에 대한 관리 및 법 개정에 대한 대책을 제시하고 한다. 결론적으로 선박급유업의 경영 안정화 및 중장기 발전을 위하여 정부, 정유사, 급유선 선주 등이 주체별로 역할을 분담하여 할 것이며, 선진화를 위해서 단계적으로 계약체계 및 법 제도의 개선을 추진해야 할 것이다.

The objective of this study was to compare business management indicators among textiles and fashion companies. Business management indicators of 356 textiles and fashion companies for the year 2015 were analyzed, using income statements showing their management results. The results were as follows. First, there were statistically significant differences between the operating income ratios of textiles and fashion companies for the term, but there were none when it came to net income ratio. Second, the differences between cost of goods sold, cost of finished goods sold, and cost of merchandise sold to sales ratios among textiles and fashion companies were all statistically significant. The cost of goods sold, cost of finished goods sold, and cost of merchandise sold to sales ratios were higher for fiber and thread companies, fabric companies, and dyeing and finishing companies than for clothing and fashion accessories companies. Third, there were statistically significant differences between the ratio of salaries and the ratio of advertising expenses among textiles and fashion companies. The salaries ratios and advertising expenses ratios for clothing companies were higher than those of fiber and yarn companies, fabric companies, and dyeing and finishing companies. This study is meaningful as it has identified the business characteristics of textiles and fashion companies using the management indicators of those companies, which have not been sufficiently explored by previous studies. It has also helped to improve understanding of the industrial structure of the upstream and midstream sectors of the textiles and fashion industries.

The business process of global third party logistics company is defined as a network of logistics activities which involves the products that are manufactured in the developing countries, such as Vietnam, China and so on, and delivered to North or South American countries via intermediate stopover sites. The third party logistics company usually uses proprietary logistics information system to support the related logistics activities. However, each consignor sometimes may require different business process based on the customer type or characteristics of their products. Therefore, the third party logistics company need to modify their business process to reflect customer’s requirements, resulting in the modification of logistic information systems and additional costs. Therefore, a flexible mechanism is required to efficiently support the various types of requirements by the owners of the products. In this paper, first, we figured out various business rules related to third party global logistics activities. Second, we grouped the identified business rules into business processes, objects, relations, dependency, policy, representations, execution, and resources and further into precondition, postcondition, and invariant based on checking point in time. Furthermore, the categorized rules are classified into inter-activity and intra-activity rules based on the execution range. Third, we proposed a rule syntax to describe the defined rules into scripts which are understood by user and information system together. When each activity is executed, the rule manager checks whether there are rules related with the activity execution. Finally, we developed a prototype rule management system to show the feasibility of our proposed methodology and to validate it with an example.

The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between managerial system and incremental innovation, and the mediating effect of knowledge transfer in small business. In order to verify and achieve the purposes mentioned above, questionnaire data were gathered and analysed from 255 enterprise managers in western Kangwon-do province. Empirical survey's findings are as follows; First, CEO's support and education/training appeared to be positively related with knowledge transfer. Second, managerial system and knowledge transfer appeared to be positively related with incremental innovation. Third, knowledge transfer had mediating effect on the relationships of CEO's support-incremental innovation and education/training-incremental innovation.

Recently, the business discourse has constituted an important part in the CPT, especially in the Readings. The forms of business discourse includes: Advertisement discourse, reports in the Company meetings and records in interviewing. This essay studies on the Chinese about the business discourse in the reading comprehension and listening comprehension in the CPT. In this essay, advertisement, meeting reports and interviewing notes are the three genres constituting the Chinese about business discourse. The study is basing on the exam questions in the CPT, researching the text dimensions, including the knowledge, ability and the quality.

본 연구의 목적은 기업의 교육훈련 투자가 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 1인당 교육훈련비 와 경영성과 간에 상관관계를 분석하는 데에 있다. 본 연구의 목적달성을 위해 1인당 기업의 교육훈련 투자비와 경영성과 지표를 업종별·규모별로 구분하 였고, 직무수행능력, 노동생산성, 기업이미지, 근로의욕, 이직방지의 다섯 가지 변수를 경영성과 지표로 활용하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대기업이 중소기업에 비해 교육훈련 투자가 많이 이루어지 고, 금융업과 비금융 서비스업이 제조업보다 2배 이상 많은 투자를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 교육훈련 투자에 대한 경영성과는 직무수행능력 향상이 가장 높게 나타났고, 다음으로 근로의욕 향상, 노동생산성 향상, 기업이미지 향상, 이직방지 향상의 순서로 나타났다. 셋째, 상관분석 결과, 교육훈련 투자와 경영성과 간에는 낮은 양(+)의 상관관계를 보임으로써 1인당 교 육훈련비가 증가 할수록 기업의 경영성과도 증가한다고 할 수 있다. 즉, 교육훈련 투자가 경영성과에 유의 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석된다. 마지막으로, 이상과 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 이론적 및 실무적 시사점과 향후 연구 과제를 제시하였다.

This study will propose newly emerging food businesses followed by demographical changes of customers or development of internet based environment and considered food safety related laws or legal application on it. This emerging food business could not be defined as classical criteria based on the food safety laws, so that they have to be controlled by differentiated legal criteria. Total fourteen related laws which have to be applied on newly emerging food business retailing general food or packed animal products have been considered and administrative disposition criteria was also suggested in this study. This study systematically propose the legal criteria for changing or emerging food business and highlight the importance of sustainable or differentiated food safety management of possible future food business.

The company's most important goal is to generate revenue. Managers want to lower prices, improve quality, and increase productivity. So many innovative activities have been developed. Businesses must perform management innovation. But many companies fail due to the difficulties of innovation. POSCO developed QSS with advantages such as TPS(Toyota Production System), TPM(Total Quality Management), Six Sigma, and IE(Industrial Engineering). The KOREA government spread QSS activities to enterprises. QSS activities are applied to manufacturing companies through training and activities, and basic capacities, maintenance capabilities, and improvement capacities are evaluated before and after the evaluation. An empirical study on BPR of companies through QSS innovation.

This study is investigated the process of calculating the support service cost for the oversea plants which are rapidly increasing from domestic automobile companies and removing the corresponding value from the cost of the domestic production products. In order to calculate the service cost for oversea support cost, survey methods was used among various options and The rate of contribution to individual work was obtained through revision works. We conclude that about 25% of the indirect processing costs of domestic production products should be eliminated and replaced with the cost of overseas support services.

Common Words List in Business Chinese is an appendix of business Chinese test outline, which contains a total of 2457 words. Verified by the author, the number of vocabulary is in fact 2455. 1038 characters species included in Common Words List in Business Chinese. 1016 characters and 1022 words are shared with Chinese Proficiency Test and Chinese character outline. To improve Common Words List in Business Chinese must select appropriate corpus, a better algorithms and excellent expert with intervention ability on choosing words.

현행 여신전문금융업법 제19조 제1항 및 제4항은, 신용카드가맹점으 로 하여금 ‘신용카드 결제를 거절하는 행위’, ‘신용카드회원을 불리하게 대우하는 행위’, ‘가맹점수수료를 신용카드회원에게 부담시키는 행위’를 금지하고 있다. 동 조항은, 국민의 금융편의를 도모하고, 거래의 투명화 및 이를 통한 탈세방지를 위하여 도입된 것으로 그간 충분한 효과를 보 여주었으나, 동 조항의 남용을 통한 가맹점 피해, 신용카드를 발급받지 못하는 저신용자에게 비용이 전가되는 등 경제적 정의에 반한다는 점, 사회전체의 거래비용이 증가한다는 점 등의 부작용이 발생하고 있다. 이 러한 부작용을 최소화하며 입법목적을 달성할 수 있도록 입법적 보완작 업이 필요하다. 예를 들어, 거액 결제와 같은 경우에는 동 조항의 적용을 배제하는 방안, 가맹점수수료 정도의 합리적인 범위내의 차별을 허용하 는 방안, 현금결제와의 차별만 금지하고 다른 전자지급결제수단과의 차 별은 허용하는 방안 등을 논의해 볼 필요가 있다. IT산업의 발달과 더불어, 과거 전통적 결제수단이었던, 현금, 어음, 수 표, 계좌이체, 신용카드 외에, 계좌이체지급결제대행, 신용카드지급결제대 행, 직불카드(직불전자지급수단), 선불카드(선불전자지급수단), 전자화폐 의 방법이 등장하였다. 이들 결제수단 중 최근 서민을 위한 결제방식으 로 부상하고 있는 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우, 신용카드를 발급받을 수 없는 저신용자도 이용이 가능할 뿐 아니라, 탈세방지 목적에도 부합 하고, 간편결제 방식의 적용에 따라 그 이용도 매우 편리하게 되었다. 그 러나 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우에도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항을 적용 하게 되면, 신용카드(혹은 신용카드지급결제대행 방식)에 비하여 회원 유치 경쟁력이 떨어지게 되어, 그 확산에 어려움이 있다. 현금결제 고객 과는 달리 지급결제대행업체에 의한 별도의 용역제공 행위가 있음을 감 안하여 현행 여신전문금융업법 하에서도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항의 형식 적 적용을 배제하는 적극적 해석이 필요하다.

This study aims to analyze the performance of the beneficiaries of the SMEs(Small and Medium Enterprises) support project that has been handled online on the 'BizOK System', which is the integrated support system for SMEs in Incheon, by comparing before and after receiving support. Various performance indicators can be used, but this study used the rate of increase in sales, exports and employed manpower collected by the 'BizOK System'. Moreover, to analyze the trend of business performance by corporate feature, this study grouped the businesses into 7 categories including sales, business history, number of employees and capital. The results of this study are expected to be used in drawing implications for business support policies by utilizing them as basic data for enhancing efficiency of the support project and establishing corporate policies.

For the asset management of a water pipe network, it would be necessary to understand the extent of the maintenance cost required for the water pipe network for the future. This study would develop a method to draw the optimum cost required for the maintenance of the water pipe network in waterworks facilities to maintain the aim revenue water ratio and to achieve the target revenue water ratio, considering the water service providers’ waterworks condition and revenue water ratio comprehensively. This study conducted a survey with 96 water service providers as of the early 2015 and developed models to estimate the optimum maintenance cost of the water pipe network, considering the characteristics of the water service providers. Since the correlation coefficient of all the developed models was higher than 0.95, it turned out that it had significant reliability, which was statistically significant. As a result of applying the developed models to the actual water service providers, it was drawn that increasing revenue water ratio to more than a certain level can reduce the maintenance cost of the water pipe network by a great deal. In other words, it is judged that it would be the most efficient to secure the reliability of waterworks management by increasing the short-term revenue water ratio to more than a certain level and gradually increase the revenue water ratio from the long-term perspective. It is expected that the proposed methodology proposed in this study and the results of the study will be used as a basic research for planning the maintenance of water pipe network or establishing a plan for waterworks facilities asset management.

사회적 경제란 ‘민주적 의사결정구조를 갖추고, 자본에 따른 수익배분을 제한하는 원칙에 따라 운영되 는 조직들의 활동’을 의미한다. 공정무역(Fair Trade), 지역화폐(LETS), 생활협동조합, 사회적기업, 마을기업 등의 활동들이 사회적경제 활동에 속한다. 사회적경제는 고용문제의 대안적 형태의 일자리를 창출하고 우애의 원칙에 기초한 지역사회 네트워크 구축을 통한 사회적 지지망을 보다 공고하게 만들뿐 아니라 이런 사회적 네트워크 확장을 통해 다른 서비 스의 소비를 촉진하는 기능도 한다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 가진다고 할 수 있다. - 국제사회적경제포럼, http://www.gsef2013.org/ - 사회적경제라는 용어에는 ‘사회적’과 ‘경제’의 두 단어가 함께 사용되며, ‘사회적’이라는 용어는 단순히 특정분야를 뜻하는 것이 아닌 우리주변의 환경이 유기적으로 연결, 결합되어 있다는 의미를 포함하며, ‘경제’라는 용어 또한 다양한 환경과 변수에 의하여 유기적인 결과물을 내는 형태라 할 수 있다. 결국 사회적경제라는 용어의 의미는 어떠한 특정한 분야가 아닌 다양한 주체들이 얽혀 있으며, 특정한 법칙에 의해 일관성 있게 구축되는 것이 아닌 매우 다양한 요인에 집합들에 의해 결과를 예측할 수 없는, 살아있는 생명체로서 접근을 해야 한다고 생각한다. 하지만, 많은 사회복지학회, 포럼, 논문 등을 보면, 다양한 영역을 연결하고 매개하는 중개자로써의 역 할보다는 과거의 연구된 자료를 통해(그것도, 심리학, 철학, 행정학, 경영학 등 많은 분야의) 답습하는 정도의 학문으로써 연구되어지고, 사회적문제에 대한 대안을 현재의 상황보다는 과거의 연구된 근거에 의해 해결하려 한다는 점에서 결정론적인 입장을 취하고 있으며, 현실성이 부족하다는 견해이다. 우리가 살아가는 현재에서는 과거의 사회, 경제의 형태를 찾아볼 수는 있지만, 그것만으로는 충족할 수 없는 매우 많은 정보와 여러 요인에 의해 변화해가는 다양성이 보편화되어 있는 시기이다. 사회적경제란 특별한 프로그램이 되어있거나 특정한 프로세스로 정의되는 형태가 아니며, 과거의 연구 결과 등은 사례로써의 가치를 두고, 현실에서 충분한 시행과 착오를 경험하고, 개선을 통해서 완성되어야 한다. 이 발표문에서는 사회적경제의 사례들의 다양한 비즈니스모델을 컨셉을 살펴보고, 비즈니스의 아이템이나 컨텐츠를 중심적으로 연구하는 것이 아닌 성공과 실패의 사례를 통해서, 사회적경제를 위한 비즈니 스 모델의 방향과 개선점을 찾아보는 것에 의의를 두어야 할 것이다.