This study has cross checked the change of internal sludge-recycle in Anaerobic-Digestion, and researched about not only the improvement of Bio-gas production from the digested sludge but also the efficient method of sludge minimization. Ultimate object of the study is to reduce the amount of sludge by the improved efficiency of contact with the organic-matter and the microbes in Anaerobic-Digestion. The sludge-recycle fluidized sludge layer and raised the activity of the sludge, the optimal sludge-recycle ratio, VS and COD removal ratio were 1,000%, 28.2% and 27.7%, respectively. Through these results of this study, it may be of use to treat waste sludge by the sludge-recycle ratio in terms of minimization and circulation of resources.

The productivity decrease in environment-friendly farming is the biggest obstacle for the development of environment-friendly food market. This paper aimed to analyze the productivity change in environment-friendly farming of fruit vegetables (oriental melon, watermelon, and strawberry). Box-Cox transformation model was used to infer the functional form of productivity change. The results showed that the periods of productivity restoration to 90% level in oriental melon, strawberry, and watermelon were 14.1 years, 11.4 years, and 6.0 years, respectively. The forms of productivity restoration of fruit vegetables showed differences due to their growth characteristics, incidences of crop pests, preference for the environment- friendly agricultural products, cultivation period and so on. Because the form and period of productivity restoration were different depending on kinds of fruit vegetable, the government policy should be established considering this point of view.

전국 시군별 마늘 생산성에 관한 취약성 평가를 위한 기후 노출지수, 기후 변화 민감도 지수, 기후 변화 적응 능력 지수를 가중치와 함께 도출하였으며, 각 지수 도출을 위한 변수들도 가중치별로 산정하여 최종적으로 평가하였다. 마늘 생산성의 취약성 지수는 제주시, 고흥군, 창녕군, 서귀포시, 신안군이 각각 취약성 0.92826, 0.92374, 0.85635, 0.82150, 0.81360으로 높았다. 기후변화 민감도 평균지수는 제주도가 가장 높았고, 기후변화 적응능력 평균지수는 경기도, 경상남도, 경상북도, 충청남도 순으로 높았고, 제주도와 강원도가 낮았다. 기후변화 적응능력 지수에 대한 기여도는 GRDP농림어업, 지역내 총생산(GRDP)이 가장 높게 나타났고, 농경지 면적당 농업인구수, 경지면적당 정비사업 관계직원이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 기후노출 변수와 기후노출 지수와의 상관계수를 분석한 결과 파종 및 정식기 마늘이 저온에 의한 피해정도가 심각할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 민감도 변수와 민감도 지수에서는 재배면적과 생산량이 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 적응능력 변수와 적응능력 지수의 상관관계에서는 재정자립도(%)와 농경지 면적당 농업인구수(명/ha)가 각각 r2 = 0.610과 0.511로 적응능력 지수와 가장 높은 연관성을 지닌 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 취약성 지수는 적응능력 지수가 가장 높은 연관성을 보였고(r2 = 0.424), 그 다음이 민감도 지수(r2 = 0.333), 기후노출 지수(r2 = 0.225) 순으로 높은 상관관계를 보여 지자체의 기후변화 적응능력 구비는 취약성을 극복하는 중요한 지수임을 알 수 있었다.

Recently, cave candidates have been discovered on other planets besides the Earth, such as the Moon and Mars. When we go to other planets, caves could be possible human habitats providing natural protection from cosmic threats. In this study, seven cave candidates have been found on Pavonis Mons and Ascraeus Mons in Tharsis Montes on Mars. The cave candidates were selected using the images of the Context Camera (CTX) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The Context Camera could provide images with the high resolution of 6 meter per pixel. The diameter of the candidates ranges from 50 to 100m. Cushing et al. (2007) have analyzed the temperature change at daytime and nighttime using the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) for the sites of potential cave candidates. Similarly, we have examined the temperature change at daytime and at nighttime for seven cave candidates using the method of Cushing et al. (2007). Among those, only one candidate showed a distinct temperature change. However, we cannot verify a cave based on the temperature change only and further study is required for the improvement of this method to identify caves more clearly.

Long-term change in sea level along the eastern coast of Korea was illustrated using four tide-gauge station (Pohang, Mukho, Sokcho, Ulleung) data, water temperature and salinity. Seasonal variation in the sea level change was dominant. The sea level change by steric height derived from water temperature and salinity was relatively lower than that measured from the tide-gauge stations. Sea level rising rate per year by steric height increased with latitude. The effect of salinity(water temperature) on the sea level change is greater in winter(in summer).

Spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation and temperature occur with regard to aspect and elevation of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island. Therefore, there is a need to predict regional drought associate with them to mitigate of impacts of drought. In this study, regional drought is predicted based on Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI) using future (2015~2044) climate change scenario RCP (representative concentration pathways) 4.5 classified as 24 regions according to aspect and elevation. The results show that number and duration of drought will be decrease in Jeju Island. However, severity of severe drought will be increase in western and northern aspect with under 200 meters above mean sea level. These findings provide primary information for developing the proactive strategies to mitigate impacts of drought by future climate change in Jeju Island.

Recently, there are comprehensive efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a global community. CO2 reduction effect can be expected when admixture contents improved with the use of limestone power, instead of clinker which is a main factor of CO2 gases. In this study, elapsed time change of concrete using limestone power was evaluated.

This paper is the result of analysing the Building Register. It describes the ebb and flow about small-scale buildings for 5years. Major cities are rapidly decreasing small-scale buildings. On the other hands, Small and medium-sized cities are monotonic. Currently, All of the Korea buildings are occupied by small-scale buildings up to 82%. So, This researcher suggest that these buildings need to standardized design of structure for preparing earthquake and abnormal climate.

본 연구에서는 기상청에서 제공하는 RCP 기후변화시나리오를 이용하여 기후변화와 유역유출특성에 따른 환경영향을 평가하였다. SWAT모형을 이용한 미래 댐 유입량 평가, HEC-ResSim 모형을 이용한 댐 안전성 평가 및 하류 유황분석을 수행하였다. 또한, 기존 수질관측자료를 이용하여 Seasonal-Kendall Test를 통해 수질변화 추세에 대해 분석하였고, SWAT과 HEC-ResSim 모형으로 도출된 방류량 및 지류유출량을 Qual2E모형에 적용하여 미래 수질변화 추세에 대해 분석하였다. 다음과 같은 유역 통합환경검토 기법은 하천환경에 대한 과학적 물환경 관리 체계를 확보하고, 기후변화 등 새로운 환경문제에 선제적으로 대응하기 위한 지침을 마련할 수 있을 것이다.

기후변화에 따른 기온과 강수량의 변화가 지표수자원에 미치는 영향은 수문기상학 연구에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화가 우리나라 5대강 유역의 유출량에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 Catchment Modeling Toolkit의 네 가지 수문기상 모형을 사용하였다. 세 가지 RCP 시나리오에 대하여 12개 GCM 모형으로부터 미래 2021에서 2040까지(2030s), 2051에서 2070까지(2060s) 및 2081에서 2099까지(2090s) 기간에 대한 기후자료를 추출하였다. 이들 자료는 LARS-WG 방법으로 상세화하였으며, 수문기상 모형들은 1999부터 2009까지의 관측자료를 이용하여 보정 및 검정하였다. 본 연구에서 미래의 유출량은 사분위 범위, 전체 범위 및 변동계수 값이 시공간적으로 및 수문기상 모형에 따라서 큰 불확실성을 나타내었다. 종합적으로 볼 때 미래의 유출량은 기준년도에 비하여 RCP2.6, RCP4.5 및 RCP8.5 시나리오에 대하여 10～24%, 7～30% 및 11～30% 증가할 것으로 예상되었다. 본 연구는 수분기상모형과 기후변화 예측의 불확실성을 고려한 미래의 유출량을 모의할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

Climate change is not only abnormal condition of climate systems but also the perplexities of socio-economic system including agriculture, ocean, energy supply plans and ecosystem. As the frequency and magnitude of the extreme weather related natural disasters are increasing, the losses of lives and economic damages are getting huge. For the adequate response of climate change, more comprehensive reviews of research results about observation, projection and monitoring of climate change are essential. The purpose of this study is to frame, to structure and to prepare writing strategies the 2nd Korea Climate Change Assessment Report(the Physical Science Basis). ‘Korea Climate Change Assessment Report 2010’ was prepared using 1,003 references by 46 climate change scientists with seven chapters and 328 pages. Ten chapters and more detailed sections for the 2nd Korea Climate Change Assessment Report have been suggested based on IPCC 5th Climate Change Assessment Report. Chapters cannot be changed while sections can be combined, deleted, and altered with admissions from consultation committees. Committees consist of climate change experts from government organization, universities and institution.

With the changing lifestyle in the so-called IT era, smart phone era and aging society, there have been growing interestsin new types of waste. Under these circumstances, we conducted a survey on discharge of waste, focusing on smallelectrical and electronic waste (e-waste), packaging products, and lifestyle. The survey was carried out on 1,000 ordinarypeople of 19 to 60-something years old in 16 regions by the Random Digit Dialing (RDD) method. For the purchase ofsmall electrical and electronic devices, 42.4% of the respondents answered the most recent product they had bought wasa cell-phone and the most recently discarded item was also cell-phones (17.4%). In general, purchased and discarded smallelectrical and electronic items showed a similar trend. To the question on how to discard their small electrical and electronicdevices, the largest number of respondents (29.3%) answered that they return them to the store where they bought theproduct, and younger generations in their 20s and 30s, unmarried people, and students preferred to throw them intostandard plastic garbage bags. It was found that most frequently used disposable packaging products were in the orderof paper, plastic bags, paper cups, and wooden chopsticks, and take-out food containers were used on average 2.03 timesper month. Also, take-out food containers were more used by men over women, cities over rural areas, and families withthree or more members. In addition, most frequently purchased items via the internet or home shopping were found tobe in the order of clothes, food, cosmetics, and electrical and electronic devices. It is estimated that the wide use of internetis boosting purchase of a variety of items like food and cosmetics as well as clothes.

Purpose: Postural stability has an important role for developing locomotion skills, especially in childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental change of postural stability with respect to locomotor skills. Methods: Thirty-five participants aged between five to seven year-old whom differentiated by pre examination were divided into Jumping, Hopping, Galloping and Skipping group, respectively. They were asked to perform quiet standing and leaning voluntarily forward, backward, left and right as far as possible on a force plate. A vector of center of pressure was measured to calculate postural stability and one-way ANOVA was performed. Results: Jumping group showed significant low postural stability than the others and there is no significant difference among Hopping, Galloping, and Skipping group who can perform advanced locomotor skills. Conclusion: Postural stability seems to increase when children acquire advance locomotor skills and this result might reflect nonlinear characteristic of human motor development.

In the current study, a temporal downscaling model that combines a nonparametric stochastic simulation approach with a genetic algorithm is proposed. The proposed model was applied to Jinju station in South Korea for a historical time period to validate the model performance. The results revealed that the proposed model preserves the key statistics (i.e., the mean, standard deviation, skewness, lag-1 correlation, and maximum) of the historical hourly precipitation data. In addition, the occurrence and transition probabilities are well preserved in the downscaled hourly precipitation data. Furthermore, the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios for the Jinju station were also analyzed, revealing that the mean and the wet-hour probability significantly increased and the standard deviation and maximum slightly increased in these scenarios. The magnitude of the increase was greater in RCP8.5 than RCP4.5.

This study estimates the non-stationary design flow in the Upper Green River Basin (UGRB), WYby applying a moving window with the streamflow projections under A2, A1B, and B1 scenarios.The reliable estimates of design flow are necessary for the water management and planning andthe operation of infrastructure to reduce the risk of economic loss, the environmental damage,and the loss of life.The design flow is generally estimated by the flood frequency analysis under the stationaryassumption, which the historical flood distribution is similar to the future flooddistribution. However, nature is not stationary. This study considers the non-stationarity ofthe future streamflow in determining the design flow.To estimate the design flow, this study uses the 112 bias-corrected spatially downscaled(BCSD) precipitation and temperature projections of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) datasets. Furthermore, this study usesthe Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to simulate the streamflow projections underthree climate scenarios (A2, A1B, and B1). The non-stationary design flows for each year usinga moving window are estimated for 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 year return periods using theGeneral Extreme values distribution.The proposed method is applied to the Upper Green River Basin in Wyoming. Moreover, thisstudy presents the climate change impacts on the design flow.

최근 기후변화로 인해 기온, 강수, 증발산 등의 수문순환 요소들이 과거와는 다르게 빠른 속도로 변하고 있다. 이러한 기후변화는 기온과 수온의 상승으로 인해 수자원 및 수질분야에 긍정적인 영향보다는 부정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기후변화가 미래 댐유역의 수질에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 기후변화 시나리오를 적용, 강우-유출모형인 SWAT 모형을 이용하여 장기유출량을 산정하고, 유출량을 EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code)모형에 적용하여 기후변화에 따른 호소 내 시공간적 수질 거동을 파악하고자 한다. <br>본 연구의 대상지역으로는 섬진강 댐 상류유역인 운암호로 선정하였으며, 수질평가 항목으로 T-N, T-P를 선정하였다. 미래 섬진강 댐 유역의 수질변화를 살펴봄으로써, 향후 상수원의 취수 및 수질관리대책 수립 등을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

우리나라는 지형적인 특성과 높은 인구밀도로 인해 1인당 수자원 부존량이 부족한 상황이다. 이에 이상 기후현상과 여름에 집중되는 호우로 인한 가뭄이나 홍수에 효율적으로 대비하기 위해 2009년 하반기부터 4대강 사업이 추진되었고 2013년 현재 공사가 끝난 상황이다. 낙동강은 4대강 사업이 진행된 우리나라 주요 하천 중 사업이 진행된 길이가 가장 길고 수공구조물(보)이 가장 많이 설치되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강에 개설된 관측소들 중 다른 곳에 비해 지류의 유입이 적어 유량의 변화가 적고 그 사이에 수공구조물이 상대적으로 많이 설치되어 있는 낙동관측소와 왜관관측소를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 보 설치 이전인 2009년 5,6,7월과 설치가 끝난 2013년 5,6,7월의 유량과 수위의 변화를 비교, 분석하여 수문변화에 대해 파악해 보았다. 수공구조물(보)가 설치되고 나서 상류(낙동관측소)와 하류(왜관관측소)간의 유량차가 감소하였고 상 하류 모두 강우량에 영향을 거의 받지 않고 낙동관측소와 왜관관측소에서 일정한 값의 수위를 유지하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 최대 수위변화폭도 보 설치 이후인 2013년에 감소하였다. 이를 토대로 보 설치 이후 강우량에 의한 유량 및 수위변화가 적은 것으로 나타났으며 이상기후로 인해 발생하는 가뭄이나 홍수의 수문학적 영향이 적을 것으로 판단된다.