The main objective of this study is to analyze the preservation and management for the city wall ruins of China, and to find out the implications. Firstly, Chinese walls have experienced a process from demolition to protection. The walls of the historical value of the site are gradually being certified, and many walls ruins were designated as a conservation unit. Secondly, China’s institutional system is based on the central government issued Cultural Relics Protection Law and combined with the actual situation of local governments to establish a special law. Management System is Cultural Relics Bureau, the planning department, the garden department and the tourism sector joint implementation. Thirdly, through the study of Nanjing, Xian, Pingyao, Suzhou city wall ruins finding that perfect legislation and unified management system to help protect city wall ruins.

This study was conducted to survey the perception and preferences of customers that have dined at Korean restaurants in China and investigate the importance and performance level of quality attributes, customer satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention. The survey was conducted January 31~March 1, 2016 in China. The 293 questionnaires (97.7%) were analyzed using SPSS(Ver. 23.0) and AMOS(Ver. 21.0). Results of this study are as follow: Customers that dined at a Korean restaurant in China were composed of 157 women and 136 men. Regarding the reason for preferring Korean cuisine, taste, hygiene and nutritional value of Korean food were the most significant quality factors. Regarding complaints about Korean food, Chinese people placed much emphasis on freshness of ingredients when dining out, based on the majority of complaints about ingredients that were not fresh. The main reason for leftover food were personal eating habits and that of customers revisiting food taste and nutrition. Path model among customer satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention revealed the factor of menus and attributes of menu items regarding customer’s age that had an impact on customers’ satisfaction, and association with customers’ satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention as well.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Chinese perceptions of quality attributes on customer’s satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention for coffee shops in Beijing, China. Subjects of this study included 200 customers who had visited a coffee shop at least once during the last year. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v23.0 and AMOS v21.0. In this study, the majority of customers visited a coffee shop once or twice a week with friends. Respondents preferred tall-sized warm coffee in the store. The coffee shop quality attributes of were derived from five exploratory factors identified upon analysis of 30 observational variables. It was important to maintain and strengthen the quality attributes of coffee shops in this area because IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) analysis showed that “Doing great, keep it well” part was a desirable area because it had high importance and performance. Finally, path analysis revealed that customer satisfaction was influenced by employee attitude and affected revisit intention and recommendation intention.

Every year, China’s air quality is reaching hazardous level. Accordingly, China is adapting stringent environmental regulations under the new 13th Five Year Plan. The noticeable developments in the new air pollution regulations include: (1) mandatory air pollutant disclosure requirement; (2) shift towards non-compliance liability rule; and (3) increased penalty for transgression against wider range of industries. This paper first explains that these developments will induce American investments in China to carefully draft investment contracts, particularly confidentiality and limited liability clauses to minimize the risk of harsher penalties. The paper then argues that China’s stringent pollution regulations will not negatively affect American investment trend in China, mainly because most American investments already adhere to the OECD standard, and disclosing environmental information will enhance entity’s good reputation and attract investors.

This article explores whether China is ready to comply with its international obligations to recognize and enforce investment arbitral awards, and if not, what remains to be done. First, for ICSID awards, China has neither enacted any implementing legislation, nor designated courts or authorities are competent at recognizing and enforcing ICSID awards. Second, it is more ambiguous and complicated to seek recognition and enforcement of non-ICSID awards, due to China’s commercial reservation to New York Convention. It is uncertain whether the current provisions in national law on the recognition and enforcement of foreign commercial arbitral awards would also apply to the recognition and enforcement of non-ICSID awards. Moreover, statutes on State immunity, the common issue while enforcing both ICSID and non-ICSID awards, are quite insufficient. Finally, beyond satisfying its international obligations, investment arbitral awards issued by Chinese arbitration institutions also face obstacles of recognition and enforcement.

The Protocol for China’s accession into the WTO stipulated certain differential treatment for China, including the determination of normal value in anti-dumping investigations for the transitional period of 15 years. This treatment was authorized by the Protocol in response to concerns raised by other WTO Members at the time of China’s entry into the WTO. Since the transitional period is over in November 2016, there is an argument supporting the grant of market economy status to China, although the Protocol does not require the automatic grant of market economy after the passage of the transitional period. However, China’s recent trade measures, which have been adopted to press another WTO Member to meet its political objective, raise a question as to whether China is indeed ready for market economy status. This article analyzes such case and offers a view on the grant of market economy status to China.

The current scale of the import trade of the US with China is significant and has the potential to be more in near future. However, patent-based disputes, especially in terms of Section 337 investigation, have also been increased in recent years. In the context of parallel development of national innovation strategies of China’s “Made in China 2025 Plan” and the American “Advanced Manufacturing Partnership,” along with the latest expanded “Information Technology Agreement” in the WTO trading system, the implications for optimally resolving patent-based disputes in the US import trade with China is highly significant for two countries. These disputes may even impact the world trade, since bilateral trade between China and the US accounts for a considerable proportion. Thus, both China and the US should take precautions and appropriate measures to guard against such potential frictions in order to attain mutually beneficial outcomes in resolving such disputes.

본 논문은 포터(Porter)가 제시한 요소조건, 수요조건, 연관·지원 산업 실태 및 기업 전략, 구조 및 경쟁관계를 토대로 중국 조선산업에 관련한 현황을 고찰하였다. 또한 중 국 정부의 조선산업에 대한 지원전략과 정책 특성을 분석하였다. 일본과 한국의 사례 와 비교하면 중국은 부실기업을 정리하고 우수기업을 더욱 지원하는 ‘선택과 집중’ 이 라는 전략으로 조선산업 지원정책을 추진하고 있다. 조선산업에 대한 한·중·일의 위기 극복 노력은 모두 정부주도로 추진되어왔으며, 조선산업의 특징을 고려하여 볼 때 정 부의 지원은 산업의 국가경쟁력을 강화하는 데에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 중국은 조 선산업의 구조조정 지원정책을 통해 동종기업 간 경쟁관계를 형성하고 전․후방 산업간 연계된 지원전략을 통한 산업의 활성화를 유도하였다. 이는 조선산업의 질적 선진화와 지속가능한 산업구조 구축으로 이어져 외부 위기에 강한 경쟁력을 갖출 수 있는 산업 으로 발전할 수 있게 할 것이다.

China’s sole nationality principle was formulated at the beginning of the People’s Republic of China. However, it was not officially adopted as a legal standard until 1980 when New China promulgated its first nationality act. Sole nationality, initiated as an expedient for foreign policy, was originally designed to help with neighbourliness. However, not only did it fail to achieve this goal, but it even resulted in more domestic institutional discrimination among Chinese people. Nowadays, in such a globalization and ‘humanrightization’ era, international law and domestic nationality laws in most countries throughout the world recognize an individual’s right to a nationality, and accept dual nationality so as to facilitate migrants’ returning to their homelands and help them reintegrate into local communities. Contemporary theory and practice of international law support the legitimacy of dual nationality. Also, China has experience in dealing with dual nationality. It would therefore be legitimate, beneficial and practical for China to restore dual nationality.

The judicial protection of IP is the most important and fundamental guarantee for the protection of IP in China. The judicial protection system of IP in China has experienced the development procedure of setting up a special pilot tribunal, "three-hearing-in-one" and a special court. The establishment and operation of IP courts in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou marks the establishment of the new hearing system for IP dispute in China. The founding and operation of IP courts have an in-depth background. With the rapid development of the economy in China, especially since the entrance of the WTO, there have been more IP cases and they constitute huge challenges for adjudication of IP disputes in China. In this regard, the IP courts is a good way to cope with. The establishment of IP courts will undoubtedly has deeper influence and significance in the judicial

본 논문에서는 동아시아 삼국의 전통지화의 기원을 고찰하고, 대표적인 사례를 통해 문화적 전승과 변용의 현상을 비교하여 그 유사성과 차이를 살 펴본다. 불교의식에서 지화를 공양하게 된 기원은 불설우란분경(佛説盂蘭盆經) 에 근거하여 돌아가신 선조의 구제를 위한 의식에서 조화(造花)를 공양했던 것에서 비롯되었을 것으로 생각된다. 현재는 지화가 장식용이나 무속의식을 위한 용도로도 제작되지만 원래는 불교의식에서 기원한 사례들이 많이 확인된다. 또한 추운 겨울이 있는 동아 시아 기후의 특성상 사시사철 꽃을 공양하기 위해서 지화가 활발하게 만들 어졌으리라는 점을 짐작해볼 수 있다. 중국의 경우에는 불교의식에서 비롯된 지화의 쓰임이 점차 민간신앙의 영 역까지 확대되면서 주술적인 의미를 담지하게 되는 것을 볼 수 있다. 또한 착지화와 전지화의 사례를 통해 기능의 확대가 종류와 형태의 다양화를 불 러오는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 방암지화의 경우에는 한국의 전통지화와 제작 기법과 형태면에서 가장 유사한 것으로 보인다. 일본의 시카바나의 경우에는 현지 민속학자들도 아직 명확한 결론을 내지 못한 상태이긴 하지만 불교의 고사를 재해석하여 장례민속에 적용하거나, 일본 특유의 ‘결계(結界)’관념을 도입한 것으로 짐작해 볼 수 있다. 한국의 전통지화는 기본적으로 굿당이나, 불당, 혹은 잔칫상을 장식하는 기능을 하고 있으며, 의식에 쓰일 때는 신앙적 의미를 갖고 있지만, 의식이 끝난 후에는 주술성을 담지하는 장식물로 사용되었다. 또한 윤회매(輪回梅) 의 경우에는 고담한 장식성이 강조된다. 이러한 장식적 기능과 신앙적 상징 성이 지화의 본질적 성격으로 생각된다.

한·중 카페리선의 경우 단순하게 국제규칙에 따라 안전관리를 시행하는 것만으로는 부족하고 한국-중국 간 항로의 특성, 투입되는 선박의 특성 및 운영선사의 특성 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 안전관리를 시행할 필요가 있다. 한·중 카페리선 안전관리 중에서 먼저 고려해야 할 부분이 바로 선령문제이다. 대다수의 선박이 선령 20년을 넘기고 있는 상황이라 선박의 노후화에 대한 관심이 지속되고 있는 상황이다. 한·중 카페리선의 안전관리 개선을 위해서는 선령제한제도를 통한 노후선박에 대한 단계적 대체를 대안 중 하나로 보고 있다. 한･중 양국의 법제 및 외국사례를 반영하여 검토한 결과 운항선박의 안전과 서비스 측면에서 한･중 카페리선의 선령을 30년 미만으로 규제하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 한･중 양국의 법제에서 여객선에 대하여 각각 30년의 운항선령 제약이 있고, EU의 30년 선령제한제도 사례를 참고할 수 있을 것이다. 현재 한･중 카페리선 중 선령 25년 이상의 선박은 대부분 신규선박을 투입을 검토 중인 것으로 파악되어 실제 선령제도 시행과도 부합할 것이다. 이와 함께 중요한 것이 신규･대체선박의 선령을 제한하는 것이다. 한·중 해운회담에서 중국 측에서는 10년을 제안하였으나 세계 중고카페리선의 거래시장을 분석한 결과 제한선령을 15년 미만으로 정할 필요가 있다. 선령 15년의 제한은 운항선박의 현대화와 선사의 경영안정화 사이의 균형점으로 판단된다. 하지만 중장기적으로는 이러한 선령제한제도가 국제표준제도를 통해 규제하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 현재 세계적으로 국제 카페리선에 대한 선령제한 제도 정책은 없으며, IMO 차원에서도 선령제한제도를 규정하고 있지 않는 점을 고려하면 중장기적으로는 선령제한제도 보다 선박검사를 통한 점검에 기반을 두는 것이 바람직 할 것이다.

It is certainly not possible to analyse the evolution of the global luxury consumers orientations for the new luxury Chinese brands without considering the essence and the impact of the “brandscape”. In the last decade, China has assisted to the surge of the “luxury lifestyle” for a multiplicity of consumer segments living in those coastal areas – and not only - filled with luxury and fashion brands, that invaded every city area from streets to airports from clinics to hotels where concept stores, luxury flagship stores, sponsorships for events and urban artefacts “add value to the symbolic production of an urban lived space” (Bellini and Pasquinelli, 2015). Luxury product brands are enriched by the synergy with the city brand and the diverse fashion and art city locations, activities and events. In the new luxury perspective that sees luxury in its experiential dimension and no longer only in desire of an exclusive object, the relation of luxury brands and city brand requires a specific focus, in particular in the new fast growing economies as China that sees the rise of the new experiential luxury lifestyle and new local luxury brands. In the fast growing luxury Chinese luxury market where new Chinese luxury brands are striving to acquire a brand identity and image first in the local market and then in the international one, city branding may be a conductive solutions for brand value and identity creation. Authentic luxury experiences in significant city contexts appear added value activities for luxury brands in particular for those with no consolidated heritage and identity as the new Chinese luxury brands. New retail formats such as pop-up stores, concept stores located in specific high value artistic or fashion related locations adds value (Bellaiche et al, 2012). For Chinese luxury brands with a very limited identity, a almost absent heritage and a ongoing value creation of the brand, in-store experience is increasingly important (Atsmon et al, 2012) and the shopping location certainly represent an important factor for the increasingly diverse and demanding luxury customers by being not only the instrument towards the desired subjects but also a value-adding experience on its own (Rintamaki et al, 2007, p. 628). The emergence of the Chinese luxury consumer did not mean the presence on a market where the consumers are gathered by the same tastes, desires and purchasing patterns. Reference to the global consumer culture and paradigm evidenced that consumers in diverse geographical contexts may have different and sometimes even conflicting opinions or shared desires and values expressed in similar behaviours or symbols towards a brand. Global brands sets the international standards and convey shared symbols (Holt, Quelch and Taylor 2004) and a myth of cosmopolitanism to which many consumers world-wide appreciate (Strizhacova, Coulter and Price 2008).Brands represent a form of culture and they relate to the way people live, think, eat and choose to wear as well, a form of seeing life and the world (Askegaard, Kjeldgaard and Arnould, 2009) . Luxury brands have become increasingly present in the Chinese consumer market and lifestyle and the role of purchasing luxury goods experiencing a luxury lifestyle has taken an unexpected importance and meaning in the Chinese social context. China has started to experience the consumer culture only after China's opening up to the market economy as a result of the economic reforms post-1979 that have given to "aspirational" consumers more freedom to develop a consumer culture partially away from political limitations but still permeated in the Chinese culture and its characteristics. Those reforms have also given rise to the private businesses and the birth of a consumer middle class, "the new rich", in China. The birth of the Chinese middle class has fuelled the emergence of a highly diversified consumer class with different purchasing attitudes (Latham, 2006) and a new way to express their taste, their motivation for purchasing (Gillette, 2000) and in particular an increasing brand awareness, mode of purchasing and conceptualisation of luxury (Rambourg, 2014; Rovai, 2016). Distinctive aspects of luxury consumer culture have started to emerge in the late years, evidencing new desires for Chinese luxury consumers with respect to luxury brands, accompanied by the entrance in the market of Chinese luxury brands aspiring the capitalise on the increasing "Chinese luxury desire" but limited by their lack of specific characteristics of authentic luxury brands - heritage, identity and prestige amongst others. As a result, this research focuses on the analysis of Chinese luxury brands presence in the local Chinese urban context; specifically, it focuses on how the Chinese urban fashion context can help to support the creation of a luxury brand value and also reinforce a luxury brand identity and image in a Chinese luxury consumer culture that does not possess a luxury heritage. An analysis of two luxury Chinese brands and a local luxury and fashion concept store has been initiated together with further evidence from the Shanghai urban context, its activities, events and cultural specifics together with the following a qualitative method and in particular Yin (1989) case study approach. A series of 15 interviews have been held in late 2016 in Shanghai with the two Chinese luxury brands creative designers, owners and staff during one month together with observation and consulting of documents. Literature review has focused on the role of individual brands that, being somehow associated with the city become a collective brand (Pasquinelli, 2014), framing "the complex network of associations, linking products, spaces, organizations and people (Bellini and Pasquinelli, 2015). Initially, an important attention has been oriented towards the geographical associations to the country-of-origin effect (Bilkey and Nes, 1982; Johansson et al, 1985) later on evidencing that a defragmentation into of smaller geographical units may be appropriate at urban level (Bellini and Pasquinelli, 2015) to highlight the relevance of the "origin" not simply in relation to a broad geographical context where the brand manufactures a product but also „the place, region or country where a brand is perceived to belong‟ (Thakor and Kohli, 1996, p. 26). The origin being not only a matter of product production but more of product conceptualisation, perception or consumption going towards the "brand product usage context" (Gerr et al, 1999). Brand product usage happen in those spatial circuits whose cities are part of and whose role may be conductive to the „local origination‟ of product brands, adding value to the birth and internationalisation of locally originated brands (Pike, 2011). Those local brands are developed from an ecosystem composed by relations and ownerships involving a multiplicity of stakeholders whose customers are an integral part (Power and Hauge, 2008). In the literature, Fashion capitals is a unique case of those ecosystems with a specific relationship between industry and spacial circuits is based on the urban context instrumental to fashion creation and also to consumption (Breward and Gilbert, 2006). The city as a part of the consumer culture and in particular as part of the brand product experience (Thrift, 2004). As a result of the literature review and the conceptualisation of fashion capitals as ecosystems conductive to the fashion creation and consumption, an exploratory study of: Which context related variables affect new Chinese luxury brands identity and value and how the China fashion capital ecosystem affects Chinese luxury consumers brand perception. The paper will show an insight of the instrumental relation of the "brandscape" Shanghai and the impact on the Chinese luxury brands value and identity acquisition with respect to Chinese consumers.

The concept of „Sustainability‟ has become as major concern and it used by consumers and corporations to convey the concept of taking care of the environment. Environmental concern has led to sustainable consumption in a variety of product categories, such as electricity, textiles, apparel, food, and grocery products (Chan, 2001; Harrison, Newholm, & Shaw, 2005; Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006a, 2006b). Interest of the negative environmental impacts are rapidly increasing in present fashion business and consumer behavior has become a rising concern of the consumption and fashion supply chain to apply sustainable consumption (Birtwistle & Moore, 2007; Fineman, 2001). The environmental and social concern recognized in fashion industry from 1990‟s. However, the complexity of conceptual definition of sustainability and ecologically responsible consumer generates different and mistaken perception to consumer. In addition, in fashion industry, the terms of „eco-fashion‟, „environmentally friendly fashion‟,„green fashion‟, „ethical fashion‟, and „sustainable fashion‟ are frequently used interchangeably to describe the same concept. These interchangeable terminology is leading to confusion of the readers by the non-unified terminology (Choi et al., 2012). Also, consumers seem to have narrow scope and little understanding of sustainable fashion. In general, consumers focuses on environmental aspect not the wide-range of complexity of environment, social, and economical concern (Cervellon, Hjerth, Ricard, & Carey, 2010). The growing number of fashion brands are leveraging on green branding initiatives. Green marketing is increasing rapidly in corporate aspects and for a consumer perspective, global consumers are recognizing a personal accountability to take responsibility for social and environmental issues. Despite the fact many of individuals‟ willingness to purchase green products has increased in the last few years, however, there is limited studies suggest that purchase of green or sustainable products. Consumer research on sustainable fashion has mainly focused on consumer behaviors towards sustainable fashion products (SFPs); however, relevant studies that examined the whole process of the predicting proenvironmental behavior cross nationally value and the eWOM are still scarce. The purposes of research model are 1) to identify the determinants of eWOM intention on consumers' purchase intentions, 2) to examine the information adoption process as precursors of purchase intention of sustainable fashion, and 3) to testify different message types effects to information adoption process.