중국은 8500만 명의 장애인이 있으며 세계에서 제일 장애인이 많은 국가이다. 장애인이 일반인과 동등한 사회적 권리를 누릴 수 있도록 어떻게 보장하는가는 중국정부의 중요한 과제이다. 장애인 관광권리 의 실현은 우선 국가정책 차원에서 확인과 지원이 필요하다. 따라서 중국 장애인 관광의 역사, 현황, 부 족 및 개선방안을 전반적으로 살펴보자면 정책고찰을 접점으로 삼는 것이 최선의 연구방안이라고 할 수 있다. 이는 본 연구의 출발점이기도 하다. 이를 위해서 본 연구는 다음과 같은 목적을 가지고 진행하였다. 첫째, 중국의 장애인 관광정책이 지금까지는 어떤 역사변천, 어떤 시대특징, 어떤 정책체계를 보여 준다. 수직적으로 장애인 관광정책의 역사적 변천과정 고찰을 통해 정책 논리를 정리하고자 한다. 둘째, 선진국은 장애인 관광정책에서 어떤 모색과정, 어떤 시행효과, 어떤 입법사례를 보여 준다. 수평적으로 미일 양국의 장애인 관광정책의 비교를 통해 유익한 시사점을 추출하고자 한다. 셋째, 역사적 변천과 국제적 사례를 바탕으로 어떻게 개선되어야 하는지에 대해 중국정부가 고민해야 한다. 이론적으로 검토를 통해 중국의 미래 장애인 관광정책에 대한 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 중국의 장애인 관광정책에 대해 다음과 같은 개선방안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 이념개선: 유니버설 디자인으로의 전환이다. 둘째, 입법개선: 입법선행체제로의 전환이다. 셋째, 기구개선: 비정부 기구에 대한 중시이다. 넷째, 인지개선: 사회구성원에 대한 홍보이다. 다섯째, 시설개선: 인프라와 서비스에 대한 디자인. 총체적으로 중국의 장애인 사업은 새로운 발전시대에 접어들었고 장애인의 관광권리도 정부와 사회 전체의 관심과 지지를 받아야 한다. 장애인 관광 사업의 발전을 정책적으로 추진하여 사회구성원 모두가 참여하는 평등, 융합, 공유라는 관광 환경과 사회 환경을 조성해야 한다.

대외무역은 경제성장의 엔진이라는 이 관점은 일찍이 국제무역이론이 형성되기 시작했을 때부터 이미 보편적으로 인정을 받았다. 특히 경제글로벌화의 큰 배경에서 경제발전에 대한 대외무역의 추진역할 이 갈수록 중요해지고 뚜렷해졌다. 일정한 무역규모에서 다른 상품무역구조가 경제발전에 미치는 영향의 차이는 매우 크다. 한중 양국의 상품무역구조가 양국의 경제발전에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가를 본 연구에서는 주로 논술하고 논증을 한다. 국제 경제의 흐름에 따라 한중 양국은 끊임없이 자체 무역구조를 보완하고 경제 발전을 가속화하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 각 상품의 구성과 부가가치를 보면 기술 함량과 부가가치가 낮은 일차제품은 국제 시장에서 경쟁력이 약하고 기술 함량과 부가가치가 높은 공업완제품은 가치가 높아 국제시장에서 경쟁력이 강하다. 일차제품과 공업완제품이 무역 총액에서 각각 차지하는 비율을 비교하면 국가 무역 구조의 좋고 나쁨을 알 수 있다. 상품무역구조가 국가의 경제발전에 영향을 미치는 반면 무역과 상품무역구조는 밀접한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있다. 이에 따라 일차제품과 공업완제품이 무역에서 각각 차지하는 비중을 따져 국가경제발전을 연구하고 있다.

Since the economic crisis sweeps across the world in 2008, the foreign direct investment of various countries has been greatly impacted. Therefore, this paper regards China as an example to analyze China’s outward foreign direct investment patterns in terms of Asian financial markets with a panel data over the period 2003-2017. We mainly focus on the money market oriented outward foreign direct investment and foreign exchange market oriented outward foreign direct investment. Using the individual fixed effect model to conduct empirical analyses, the empirical findings indicate that China will reduce its foreign direct investment amount to a country with large money supply and China will increase its foreign direct investment amount to a country with large foreign exchange reserves. Furthermore, when a country has signed Free Trade Agreement with China, China will increase more foreign direct investment amount to these countries than that of a country who has not signed Free Trade Agreement with China. Moreover, the empirical findings indicate that no matter what the money market oriented outward foreign direct investment or foreign market oriented outward foreign direct investment, China will reduce its foreign direct investment amount to these Asian countries due to the global economic crisis.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the determinants of foreign subsidiary’s local embeddedness because it is critically important for the subsidiary to build a variegated local network. This paper suggests that a MNC’s global capability, the degree of autonomy granted by the headquarters of the multinational corporation to its foreign subsidiary, the foreign subsidiary’s absorptive capacity based on local environment, and its level of localization will affect the subsidiary’s local network embeddedness. The empirical analysis confirmed that when the headquarters gives the foreign subsidiary more autonomy, this has a positive effect on the local embeddedness of the foreign subsidiary and when the foreign subsidiary has a strong absorptive capacity, this has a positive correlation with the local embeddedness of the foreign subsidiary. And this paper found that when the foreign subsidiary has achieved a high level of staff localization, this foreign subsidiary will have a higher level of local embeddedness. This study identified the preceding conditions necessary for a foreign subsidiary of a multinational corporation to effectively embed itself in the local network by analyzing factors related to the multinational corporation’s headquarters and subsidiaries, and thus contributes significantly to continued research on the local embeddedness of subsidiaries.

At present, under the background of the information age, the new forms of media are becoming ever more abundant. These forms include: internet media, social media and more and these new media platforms provide a fast and convenient channel for the advancement of the music industry. These social media platforms play a great role in promoting the development of the music industry. This paper analyzes and discusses the development of the music industry and the related strategies in accordance with new media.

The coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is China's major national strategy. Hebei Province has become an important pole in the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism. Its star hotels have achieved considerable development in the past three decades. However, with the rapid development of non-standard accommodation industries such as budget hotels and homestays in recent years, star hotels in Hebei Province are facing a more stimulating external competition environment. A longitudinal comparative analysis of the data of star hotels in Hebei Province over the past eight years shows that the scale of star hotels in Hebei Province has been decreasing year by year. The structure features the shape of an olive. Although the operating revenue has achieved a small increase, the operating indicators such as the average daily rate and profit showed a decreasing trend year by year, net profit was in overall loss, and the number of employees decreased year by year. Through the comparative analysis of horizontal and vertical data, it is found that star hotels in Hebei Province are facing a high degree of market concentration, unbalanced regional development, high pressure of transformation, a slow brand building, high turnover rate of employees and an insufficient development of human capital. In the future, the star hotel industry in Hebei Province should continuously improve the capital operation ability of the enterprise under the new economic norm, use the innovative new engine “Internet plus”, and make full play of the functions of industry associations to guide the industry to develop in a regulative and healthy way. More importantly, more value should be attached to personnel training so as to achieve the sustainable development of the hotel industry in Hebei Province.

The paper proposes a knowledge innovation performance model by the dynamic data envelopment analysis with slacks-based measure approach for evaluating the effectiveness of 30 regional knowledge innovation activities in China from 2010 to 2016. In recent years, China has paid more attention to knowledge innovation activities, as central and local governments have pushed on with their innovation projects by lots of investment whatever the difficulties may be. Decision-maker is usually interested in judge its knowledge innovation performance relative to target benchmark by exploring whether one provincial administration region performs better among others and/or if the growth of economy will be benefited greatly by the knowledge innovation activities. To acquire the managerial insight about this issue from a comprehensively designed performance evaluation model, knowledge innovation activity is conceptualized as an intertemporal production process. Invention patent and regional gross product are imposed on desirable outputs, highlighting the need for knowledge economy. The empirical result shows that knowledge innovation has a positive effect on economic development. At the same time, decision-maker should be interest in the economic effect of patents’ type and quality. The government should then encourage new technical applications with greater commercial value from a market-oriented perspective, in order to benefit the most from the innovation process in the short-run.

This paper introduced the background of resident participation in rural tourism, analyzed in detail the concept and importance of resident participation, the content of resident participation and the safeguard measures of resident participation through literature review. This paper took Yuanjia Village in China as a case study, analyzed the practice of Yuanjia Village in system design, management division, resident education and benefit distribution, and the effect of resident participation of Yuanjia Village obtained. The results showed that resident participation reflected main body status of farmers in rural tourism. The innovation of system design, management system and benefit distribution system can guarantee resident participation right and obtain good satisfaction.

Anti-poverty is a critical issue in today's international community. China's anti-poverty work has achieved remarkable results and attracted the attention of other countries. Poverty alleviation loans have made tremendous contributions to China's anti-poverty work. Summarizing this phenomenon is of great significance to China's and even the global anti-poverty cause. Firstly, the paper reviews the research on financial poverty alleviation in the theoretical circles, and holds that poverty alleviation loans are an important means to achieve poverty alleviation, and obtains the historical experience of poverty alleviation loans from international practice, which affirms the feasibility of banking industry participating in anti-poverty work. Then, according to the author's survey on the practice of poverty alleviation in many places in China, the characteristics and experience of poverty alleviation loan practice in China are summarized. Because poverty is a relative concept, the struggle against poverty is long-term. In order to become a regular business of China's banking industry, poverty alleviation loans must continuously improve at the level of risk control and profit. The main methods to solve the problems are tightly integrated with poverty alleviation industries, change the way of financial subsidies, improve the risk-sharing mechanism, explore the host banking system for poverty alleviation, and improve supervision and assessment to improve the sustainability of poverty alleviation loans.

Purpose – As the scope of existing digital transformation expanded to various degrees, the Fourth Industrial Revolution came into being. In 2016, Klaus Schwab, Chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), said that the new technologies that lead the fourth industrial revolution are AI, Block chain, IoT, Big Data, Augmented Reality, and Virtual Reality. This technology is expected to be a full-fledged fusion of digital, biological and physical boundaries. Everything in the world is connected to the online network, and the trend of 'block chain' technology is getting attention because it is a core technology for realizing a super connective society. If the block chain is commercialized at the World Knowledge Forum (WKF), it will be a platform that can be applied to the entire industry. The block chain is rapidly evolving around the financial sector, and the impact of block chains on logistics, medical services, and public services has increased beyond the financial sector. Research design, data, and methodology – Figure analysis of data and social science analytical software of IBM SPSS AMOS 23.0 and IBM Statistics 23.0 were used for all the data researched. Data were collected from hotel employees in China from 25th March to 10th May. Results – The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the block chain characteristics of the existing hotel reservation system on the intention to use and to examine the influence of the block chain characteristics of the hotel reservation system on the intention to use, We rearranged the variables having the same or similar meaning and analyzed the effect of these factors on the intention to use the block chain characteristic of the hotel reservation system. 339 questionnaires were used for analysis. Conclusions – There are only sample hotel workers in this study, and their ages are in their 20s and 30s. In future studies, samples should be constructed in various layers and studied. In this study, the block chain characteristics are set as five variables as security, reliability, economical efficiency, availability, and diversity. Among them, Security and reliability made positive effects on the perceived usefulness. Also, security and economics did on the perceived ease. Availability and diversity did on both perceived usefulness and perceived ease. Perceived ease did on perceived usefulness. And perceived ease and perceived usefulness did on user intent. But security and economics did not on the perceived usefulness

한국에서 1970년대에 시작된 새마을운동은 국제적으로 농촌개혁의 하나의 모범으로 여겨진다. 새마을 운동이 성공한 첫 번째 중요한 원인으로는 농촌에 금융 제공을 지원했다는 점이다. 중국공산당의 19차 당 대회에서는 2050년까지 농업강화, 아름다운 농촌건설, 농민의 재산증대를 위한 농촌진흥을 전면적으로 실시하자는 의견이 나왔다. 농촌진흥전략의 성공을 위해서 한국 새마을운동의 성공적인 경험을 참고해 농촌 금융을 지원하는 정책이 룽요하다.

이 연구는 초·중등 교육 분야에서 그간 한국, 중국 등을 중심으로 이루어진 내러티브 연구 동향을 분석하여 연구의 성과를 밝히고, 향후 연구 방향을 제시하고자 한 것이다. 연구대상은 최근 10여 년간의 초·중등 교육 분야 학위, 학술지 논문으로 한국 491편, 중국 390편이며 텍스트마이닝 이후 언어네트워크 분석 방법 중 빈도, 밀도, 중심성(연결 중심성, 근접중심성, 매개중심성) 분석을 하였고, CONCOR 분석을 통해 클러스터 간 연 결성을 알아보았다. 연구결과, 빈도수를 가장 많이 차지한 주제어 3개는 한국의 경우 초등학교, 내러티브, 교사였고 중국의 경우 내러티브, 전문성 발전, 초·중등 교사였다. 밀도는 한국의 경우 0.341(SD=0.474)였고 중국의 경우 0.278(SD=0.448)이었으며, 중심성은 세 가지 모두에서 한국의 경우 내러티브, 초등학교, 교사의 순으로 높았으며 중국의 경우 내러티브, 전문성 발전, 초임교사 순이었다. CONCOR 분석결과, 한국은 예비교사, 과학과, 설계, 창의성, 체육과, 실행 경험, 교육과정 운영 등이 다른 연구 군집과 고립되어 있었고, 중국은 사제 관계, 학급경영, 학습 곤란 학생, 문제성 행동, 초등학생, 수업 관리 등이 고립되어 있었다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 양국의 내러티브 연구를 논의하고, 연구 성과의 축적과 연결, 활성화를 위한 방안, 고립된 연구 군집과의 연결 등이 필요함을 결론지었다.

IT기술의 발전 및 스마트 터미널(Smart terminal)의 보급으로 정보를 검색하고 받아들이는 과정에서 쇼트 클립의 중요성이 갈수록 커지고 있다. 관광객들의 인터넷 관심도는 관광객 유동량과 관계가 있다. 본 논문은 중국 쇼트 클립의 시장 규모와 영향력을 분석하는 기초 위에 서안시(西安市)를 중심으로 틱톡 (TikTok) 영상의 방송 전후 관광객의 인터넷 관심도가 시간적, 공간적으로 어떤 변화를 나타내는지 분석 하였다. 거시적인 측면에서의 연구 결과는 첫째, 쇼트 클립은 매우 큰 시장 규모와 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 둘째, 쇼트 클립은 인터넷 시대의 효과적인 마케팅 모델로 도시 이미지의 수립과 전달에 중요한 영향을 미치고 있다. 셋째, 쇼트 클립은 촬영지 관광객의 관심도에 시간적, 공간적인 영향을 준다. 넷째, 5G 네트워크 의 발전에 따라 쇼트 클립 플랫폼을 중심으로 광고주, 장비 벤더, 동영상 프로듀서, 동영상 사용자 그리고 전송망 사업자가 포함된 소셜 미디어 생태계가 점차 형성된다. 미시적 방면으로 보면 첫째, 쇼트 클립의 발전이 인터넷 기술에 대한 의존성이 매우 크다. 둘째, 쇼트 클립이 소비자 행위에 중요한 영향을 끼친다. 셋째, 틱톡에서의 쇼트 클립이 방송된 후 서안(西安) 영흥방 (西安永興坊), 중경(重慶) 홍애동(重慶洪崖洞), 청해(靑海) 차가염 호수(青海茶卡鹽湖)에 대한 관광객의 관심도가 크게 변화한 것에 비추어 볼 때 쇼트 클립이 관광지를 홍보하는 데 좋은 효과가 있으며 영향권도 매우 크다. 넷째, 쇼트 클립이 갈수록 더 많은 분야와 융합하여 ‘쇼트 클립+’의 패턴으로 발전할 것이다. 분석에 의하면 쇼트 클립 수색과 정보 제공이 관광객의 관심도를 높이고 특히 틱톡 영상이 방송된 후 관광객들이 촬영지에 대한 인터넷 관심도가 크게 변화될 것을 알 수 있다.

Purpose - Economic globalization provides firms with a new channel to gain benefits from foreign countries. Therefore, using the real MNEs, this paper set China’s firms as an example to explore the relationship between multinationality and performance. Research design, data, and methodology - Panel data from 2008 to 2017 was used and 390 multinational firms listed in China’s A-share market was selected. Additionally, related econometric methods were employed to analyze the relationship between multinationality and performance in this study. The return on assets was treated as a dependent variable, and the sales of a firm, the firm age, the debt asset ratio of a firm, the ratio of foreign sales to total sales and the enterprise properties were treated as independent variables. All of these factors were used to conduct an empirical analysis. Results - The empirical findings in this study revealed that there is a linear relationship between multinationality and performance, as well as that non state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) have a greater effect on the relationship between multinationality and performance than that of the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Conclusions - On the basis of evidences this paper provided, China’s government should take measures in the future to help China’s firms when they fulfil international economic activities.

국제재판에서의 ‘궐석재판(闕席裁判)’이란 ‘재판소에 출석하지 않거나 출석하지 않은 경우를 말하는데, 국제재판소의 궐석재판제도 및 궐석재판의 국제사례에서 나타난 주요한 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 궐석재판은 동 분쟁사건에 대하여 재판소가 ‘재판관할권’이 있음을 전제로 한다.1) 둘째, 강제관할권 수락선언이나 유보, 선택선언이나 배제선언은 그 자체가 지니는 법적 효력을 가지만, 그것이 본질적으로 ‘협약의 해석 및 적용에 관한 분쟁’에 해당되는 경우에는 동 협약에 의한 분쟁의 강제적 해결절차가 그대로 적용된다. 셋째, 궐석재판에서의 판결(결정 혹은 판정)은 ‘사실과 법’에 근거하여 내려져야 한다. 넷째, 궐석재판의 경우에도 재판절차는 공정성을 확보하며 비용효율적으로 재판을 진행하여야 한다. 이와 같은 국제재판의 궐석제도 및 국제판례가 지니는 주요한 법적 함의 및 독도와 관련하여 가지는 시사점은 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 국제재판의 궐석재판은 재판관할권이 성립되는 것을 전제로 하는 것이며, 재판관 할권이 인정되지 않는 경우에는 궐석재판의 재판기준 및 재판절차의 공정성 등은 이를 거론할 가치가 없을 것이다. 둘째, 독도영유권의 귀속에 관한 문제를 일본이 일방적으로 국제재판소에 제소하는 경우에도 우리나라가 그러한 제소에 응하지 않는 경우에는 어떠한 경우에도 동 제소에 관한 재판관할권이 인정되지 않을 것이다. 셋째, 일본이 일방적으로 영유권귀속의 문제를 청구하는 경우에도 강제적 관할권의 수락선언이나 배제선언의 법적 효력에 의하여 재판관할권이 성립되지 않을 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 최근 국제사회의 움직임, 남국중해 해양분쟁에 관한 국제중재재판 이 주는 시사점을 고려하여 우리나라 독도정책의 수립 및 시행을 전면적으로 새로이 검토 해야 한다고 본다.

The paper aims to investigate relationships between technology and innovation management, total factor productivity and economic growth in China. By comparing the trends in total factor productivity growth of industrialized economies (i.e. OECD), this study intends to showcase the importance of total factor productivity progress in the Chinese economy. The study employs time series data of an annual basis for the period from 1977 to 2016 retrieved from the World Development Indicator. The study employs unit root test, cointegration test, fully modified least squares estimation method, canonical cointegrating regression and dynamic least squares estimation method to test the hypotheses. The results of the cointegrating regression analysis show that manufacturing growth leads to an increase of total factor productivity in the short-run in China. The findings of the study suggest that manufacturing (i.e. technology and product innovation) is positively related to the increase of total factor productivity in the short-run and total output growth in the long-run. The findings suggest that promoting technology and innovation management and supporting R&D subsidies may reduce the marginal cost of conducting R&D and increase the rate of technology and innovation management and R&D activity and therefore, the total factor productivity growth rate.

China has become the second largest economy since 2010. China’s economy is supported by the rapid growth of its automobile industry. The rapid growth of the automobile and tire industry will increase the natural rubber (NR) demand as its primary raw materials. Although as a significant producer, China cannot fulfill the consumption by its domestic production. Thus China relies heavily on import from Southeast Asia countries as the primary producers of natural rubber in the world. China and Southeast Asia are dependent on their economy in terms of the availability of natural rubber as raw materials. But the economic slowdown in China since 2008 is expected to affect the international trading between China and Southeast Asia countries. This research aims to analyze the determinants of NR export from Southeast Asia to China using panel data analysis. The results show NR price, exchange rate, and China’s economic slowdown significantly affect NR export to China, while Southeast Asian NR production has no significant effect. China as the main importer of NR from Southeast Asia has a big role in growing NR export in Southeast Asia. If China's economy doesn’t improve soon, it will affect the economy in Southeast Asia.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to shed light on the healthcare management systems in correlation with the advancing technological world, as well as the many diversified systems in different Asian countries. Research design, data, and methodology - This is a comprehensive study on the past researches that have been conducted on the field of healthcare management in different Asian countries. The different types of healthcare coverages were examined by country. Additionally, incorporating the healthcare system with technology is also investigated in this research. Results - The results have shown that there is a rapid incorporation of the technology in today’s society with the healthcare systems. This has promising effects for the future, and for the different healthcare systems that exist within other Asian countries around the world. Conclusion - Quality healthcare for people are still elusive, and the healthcare management should improve on ways to better take care of their patients for the near future. By shedding light on the healthcare systems of Asian countries, an idea of the similarities and differences each hold can be assessed and utilized for future goals. By incorporating technology into healthcare systems, this will help in improving the overall care and quality-of-life that patients receive for the future.

최근 국경 간 전자상거래 수출은 중국 수출 비즈니스의 중요한 요인으로 성장하고 있다. 정보 기술의 발전과 함께 중국의 국경 간 전자상거래 수출은 급속하게 성장을 하고 있다. 그러나 중국의 국경 간 전자상거래 수출 기업들은 또한 몇 가지 도전에 직면하고 있다. 따라서 중국의 국경간 전자상거래 수출 기업들의 현황 및 당면한 문제들을 분석하는 것은 그 기업들이 딜레마를 벗어나는데 유용할 것이다. 본 연구는 PEST와 4P 전략을 포함한 마케팅 분석 도구를 사용하여 중국의 국경 간 전자상거래 기업들을 둘러싸는 내부 및 외부 환경을 분석하고, 그 마케팅 전략에 존재하는 문제들을 지적한다. 중국의 국경 간 전자상거래 수출 전략을 개선하기 위한 제안들이 본 연구에서 제안된다. 본 연구의 성과는 선행 연구의 갭을 채우는 것뿐만 아니라 또한 중국의 국경 간 전자상거래 수출 기업들로 하여금 그들의 시장을 보다 효과적으로 확대하는데 시사점을 주고자 한다.

Modernization is an important stage in the process of human civilization. It is believed that Industrial Revolution of 18th century occurred in UK represents the starting point of modernization. This process occurs not only in the social changes of developed countries but also in the process taken by developing countries to catch up with the advanced countries after the Second World War. Developing China's modern industrial system typified by “Made in China 2025” is in line with world’s common practice and Chinese government’s aspiration of enhancing well-beings of its people. The study of modernization goes through a theoretical development process from classical modernization to the second modernization. China's modern industrial system policy making complements and improves the classical modernization process. It is also a strategy aimed at keeping up with and leading the second modernization process. From the perspective of theoretical application, China's modern industrial system is a compound mode of industrial modernization. Based on the review of modernization theory, this paper studies the policy evolution of China's modern industrial system and comprehensively evaluates its policies. In the policy evolution part, China’s different industrial policies in the stages of planned economy and market economy are distinguished, based on an explanation to the concept description of China's "modern industrial system" proposed by the 19th National Congress of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the meaning of various policy elements. The comprehensive evaluation of China's modern industrial system includes characteristic evaluation, effect evaluation and spillover evaluation. This research aims at helping other countries to gain a better understanding of China's modern industrial system.