To establish a protocol of estrus induction and synchronization in European mouflon, we performed artificial insemination using frozen-thawed semen and exogenous hormones. CIDR was inserted into vaginas of four mouflons for 16 days. A day before removal of CIDR, PG 600 was injected intramuscularly. was injected when removing CIDR. Artificial insemination was cervically conducted with injecting LHRH 48 hours after CIDR withdrawal. Even though no pregnancy was confirmed, estrous signs were notified like open cervix, congestion of vaginal wall and discharge of cervical mucus. Further research in the wild sheep would be needed for development of artificial breeding methods and advancing sustainability of domestic zoos.

A survey was conducted in the northern conifer forests of Korea from February to May in 2009 for the Monochamus species vectored Bursaphelenchus species. Dead pine trees infested with bark beetle larvaes were collected from Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis located in the following target areas: Pocheon, Yeongi, Jincheon, Chuncheon, and Bonghwa. A cerambycid beetle, M. saltuarius was only found from sampled log piles in target areas. Bursaphelenchus species carried by M. saltuarius was only isolated in Pocheon, Gyeonggi province. The nematodes recovered from 17 (71%) of 24 beetles from P. koraiensis and 12 (75%) of 16 beetles from P. densiflora. The average number of nematode per adult was 1,974 and 11,823 from P. koraiensis and P. densiflora, respectively. The nematode was also recovered from the inner bark of both Pinus species infested with M. saltuarius larvae. Bursaphelenchus species identification was performed by morphological characters and molecular analysis with ITS-RFLP patterns and sequences of ITS and D2D3 region. Both morphological and molecular characters match well with the original description of the European type of B. mucronatus. This is the first report of M. saltuarius species as a vector of the European type of B. mucronatus on both P. densiflora and P. koraiensis in Korea.

We investigated mating conditions about care temperature of queen before mating, mating period, and number of queen per mating cage to improve mating rate of Bombus terrestris. Among 19℃, 22℃ and 25℃, care temperatures of queen before mating, queen cared at 19℃ was more effective than those at 22℃ and 25℃ in death rate during care and mating periods, and colony development. In case of mating period, oviposition rate and preoviposition periods at queen mated during 3 days were 89.3% and 11.4 days, respectively, which was higher and earlier than those of queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. The rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production at 3 daysmated queen were also 2.0-11.6% higher than those at queen mated during 5 days and 7 days. In number of queen per mating cage, the rate of worker emergence, colony foundation and progeny-queen production queen mated at mating cage with 10 queens and 30 males were 41.5%, 25.9% and 23.2%, respectively. These values correspond to 1.5-6.8 folds those queen mated at cage with 20 queens and 30 queens. Therefore, we supposed that care temperature favorable for B. terrestris queen was 19℃ and the period need to mating was 3 days, and the number of queen per mating cage (55× 45× 65㎝) was 10.

The global metal injection moulding industry is getting mature. The technology is on its way to grow from a niche technology to a widely accepted manufacturing process. This paper addresses the latest technological trends in MIM. Challenges in materials development as well as the current limits of the technology are discussed. Trends in processing like 2-component injection moulding and micro injection moulding are presented. The European MIM market situation is described and some key factors for business success are addressed. In the discussion of future business opportunities best practice examples are included.

이 논문은 거시경제변수가 유럽, 호주, 한국의 주식시장 변동성에서 시간에 따른 변화(Time Variation)를 설명할 수 있는지에 관하여 조사하는데에 목적을 두고 있다. 그리고 이 논문은 미국에서 발표된 논문들의 결과와 달리 많은 경우에서 주식시장 변동성의 시간에 따른 변화가 과거의 화폐적 또는 실물적 거시경제 요소의 변화 가능성에서 통계적으로 유의하게 영향을 받는 지를 알 수 있었다. 따라서 자본 및 포트폴리오 배분에 대한 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다. 한국의 경우 경제회복에 따라 통화와 산업생산의 변동성 증가가 이뤄지면 주식시장의 성장에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다. G7국가중에서 상대적으로 소규모국가인 이태리와 네덜란드에서도 위에서와 같은 결과들을 발견할 수 있었다. 한편 한국에서 특이한 점은 경제회복 이후에는 산업생산증가율의 증가가 통화량의 증가보다 더 주식시장에 중요한 영향을 줄 것 임을 알 수 있다.

본 논문은 주로 1980년대 후반과 1990년대 전반에 걸쳐 유럽연합에 투자한 우리나라 다국적기업들이 투자대상국들을 선정함에 있어서 어떠한 경제적 요인들을 고려하였는가를 분석하였다. 유럽연합 국가들에 대한 횡단면 자료를 회귀분석한 결과에 의하면 각 국가들의 시장규모, 한국과의 교역 수준, 투자유인책 등은 한국으로부터의 투자유입액과 높은 상관관계를 보여주었다. 즉 한국의 다국적기업들은 넓은 시장에서 충분한 구매력을 확보하여 규모의 경제를 살릴 뿐만 아니라 평소에 수출 실적이 높은 국가에 투자함으로써 이미 축적된 경험과 이미지를 활용하였으며 기존의 수출 시장을 경쟁업체들로부터 보호하고자 하는 노력을 기울였다고 해석할 수 있다. 그리고 현지 정부의 투자유인책에 민감하게 반응하여 정착비용을 줄임으로써 초기에 이익을 실현하고자 하는 의도를 보여주었다. 이에 반하여 유럽 국가들의 임금 수준과 기술 수준은 유의한 설명력을 보이는 데에 실패하였다. 즉 한국 기업들의 대유럽 투자는 근본적으로 시장 지향적이므로 노동과 기술 등의 생산요소에는 보다 적은 관심을 부여하였다고 할 수 있다. 한국의 다국적기업들은 유럽진출의 초기에서 이처럼 방어적이고 보수적인 전략을 나타내고 있지만 시간이 지남에 따라 위험을 수용하는 태도를 보여 미개척 시장과 투자유인 수준이 낮은 국가들에도 적극적으로 진출할 것으로 예상된다.

This study was carried out to compare farrowing rate and litter traits for European and American lines with boar sperm frozen in straws. Farrowing rate, litter size and mean pig weght at birth and 21 days were investigated. A total of 36 gilts Landrace, Large white and Duroc were investigated at the Chungnam Provincial Animal Breeding Station. We obtained higher farrowing rate and litter traits for European line boars compared to American line boars.