We report here one species, Ampelodesmus cf. granulosus myrmecophilus millipede (Pyrgodesmidae) collected fromcolonies of Brachyponera chinensis (Formicidae: Hymenopera). The family Pyrgodesmidae contained over 500 speciesdistribute mainly in tropics (Shear, 2011). Some species are found only in ant colonies, and are considered obligate myrmecophiles(Stoev et al. 2005). Myrmecophilus pyrgodesmid millipedes are known to scavenger as they feed on debris of host ants.Largely unknown is how millipedes can avoid from aggression of host ants, but host ants completely ignoring their invader(Komatsu, unpublished data). Two genera and four species of family Pyrgodesmidae were known from Japan which werecompletely unknown from South Korea. In this study, we provide description, especially gonopods of male, host informationand breeding records of Ampelodesmus cf. granulosus.

The genus Testudobracon (Braconidae: Braconinae) is reported for the first tine in Korea. The genus is a small genuswith 12 species distributed in the world, of which species are known as ectoparasitoids of the cecidomyiid (Diptera).Testudobracon species are distinguished from other braconid genus by the following characters: terminal flagellomere pointedbut without a prominent spine; mesoscutum largely setae, notauli well developed.In this study, a braconid genus, Testudobracon, is recorded from Korea for the firs time based on Testudobracon pleuralis(Ashmead, 1906). we provided diagnosis, host list and photographs of diagnostic characteristics for this species.

Bethylus Latreille, a type genus of the family Bethylidae, is represented by about 32 species and is recorded fromthe Palaearctic and the Nearctic regions. In East Asia, the genus has been reported from Far Eastern Russia, China andJapan. The genus was well-known as ectoparasitoid of micro-lepidopteran insects including gelechiids, coleophorids.As results of taxonomic study on Korean Bethylinae, the distribution of Bethylus is newly confirmed in South Koreaand the species was identified as B. fuscicornis (Jurine, 1807). We provide the description, diagnostic illustrations of B.fuscicornis and a key to Korean genus of Bethylinae.

Monsoma is a small and rarely collected genus within Allantinae, consisting of four species widely distributed in Palaearcticand Nearctic regions: M. faustum Zhelochovtsev, 1961; M. inferentium (Norton, 1868); M. pallipes (Matsumura, 1912);M. pulveratum (Retzius, 1783). This genus is morphologically similar to Empria Lepeletier & Serville, however, can bedistinguished by the abdominal terga without pale detached paired patches, cross-vein m-cu present and cell M closedon the hind wing.In the present study, the genus Monsoma is reported from South Korea for the first time based on M. pallipes. Adetailed redescription, photographs of the diagnostic characters are provided.

A marine ulvalean species (Chlorophyta) was collected from Imgok, which is located on the eastern coast of Korea. This species is morphologically characterized by distromatic, filiform to strap compressed or tubular thallus. Many branches were found near the base, but lacked proliferations. Cells were longitudinally aligned in the younger part of the branch and were disordered in the older part of the branch. A cap-like parietal chloroplast with one or two pyrenoids was contained in each cell. In a phylogenetic tree based on ITS and rbcL sequences, this species was nested in the same clade as Ulva torta and U. clathratioides from Australia, but formed a sister clade to U. torta from Japan. However, the genetic divergence between them was included in an intraspecific variation range within Ulva. This finding suggests that U. clathratioides should be reduced to a synonym of U. torta. Accordingly, the Korean alga was identified as U. torta based on the morphological and molecular data. This investigation is the first record of U. torta in the Korean marine algal flora.

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading causative agent of acute hepatitis in humans. Zoonotic HEV strains have been isolated from several animal species, including pigs. New HEV variants have been recently isolated from camels in the Middle East. In the present study, fecal samples from fallow deer, formosan deer, alpaca, and guanaco were analyzed for the detection of HEV. One HEV strain was detected from guanaco, a species of camelids. The nucleotide sequence of guanaco HEV was identical to those of deer HEV-3 strains, which implied the cross-species transmission of HEV-3 from deer to guanaco.

한국산 총채벌과의 미기록종인 긴턱총채벌(Eubroncus prodigiosus (Yoshimoto, Kozlov and Trjapitzin, 1972)) (신칭)을 확인하고, 그에 따라 미기록속인 긴턱총채벌속(Eubroncus Yoshimoto, Kozlov and Trjapitzin, 1972) (신칭)을 처음으로 보고한다. 식별형질의 기재와 주요 형 질에 대한 사진을 함께 제공한다.

Embryo transfer (ET) could be a relevant tool for genetic improvement programs in horses similar to those already underway in other species and produce multiple foals from the same mare in one breeding season. However, there have been no reports describing equine embryo transfer performed in Korea. In the present study, we performed an equine embryo collection and transfer procedure for the first time. We examined the embryo collection and pregnancy, size of embryo during the incubation period after collection, and progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17ß (E2) concentrations in mare’s serum at embryo collection and transfer. A total of 16 donors responded to estrus synchronization; estrus was induced in 12 donors and 4 recipients, and artificial insemination was successful in 10 donors and six blastocysts were collected from donors. Of these blastocysts, we monitored the size of blastocysts for 3 day during incubation and transferred 2 blastocysts to a recipient, with 1 successful pregnancy and foal achieved. The dimensions of equine embryo at day 7 to day 9 were 409 μm, 814 μm and 1,200 μm. The serum P4 and E2 concentrations were 7.91±0.37 ng/μL and 45.45±12.65 ng/μL in the donor mare, and 16.06±3.27 ng/μL and 49.13±10.09 ng/μL in the recipient mare.

북미지역에서 저장곡물해충으로 잘 알려진 거저리과의 북미쌀거저리[Cynaeus angustus (LeConte)]가 국내 여러 정미소에 발생하고 있음을 새롭게 보고하며, 이 미기록종에 대한 성충과 유충 사진 및 진단형질과 저장산물을 검역하는 과정에서 검출되는 거저리과 해충 17종에 대하여 도해 검색자료를 제공하였다.

Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a best-first search algorithm to evaluate states of the game tree in game playing, and has been successfully applied to various games, especially to the game of Go. Upper Confidence Bounds for Trees (UCT), which is a variant of MCTS, uses the UCB1 formula as selection policy, and balances exploitation and exploration of the states. Rapid Action-Value Estimation (RAVE), which is a All-Moves-As-First (AMAF) heuristic, treats all moves in a simulation as the first move, and therefore updates the statistics of all children of the root node. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of RAVE and UCT playing against each other in the game of Tic-Tac-Toe. The experimental results show that the first player RAVE is much inferior to the second player UCT (13.0±0.7%); on the other hand, the first player UCT is far superior to RAVE (99.9±0.1%).

호암천에 분포하는 둑중개의 형태적 및 개체군의 특징 조사를 2015년 10월과 2016년 4월에 실시를 하였다. 호암천 상류역(경상북도 경주시 양북면 호암리, 대종천 상류)이 둑중개(Cottus koreanus)의 새로운 서식지로 확인되었으며 또한 삼척오십천 이남의 동해로 유입되는 하천에서 처음 발견되었다. 둑중개가 분포하는 범위는 기림사에서 용연폭포 에 이르는 약 1.2 ㎞ 구간이었으며 수역은 약 3,600 m2 이었다. 개체군 크기는 총 1,656개체, 100 m2 당 46개체가 서식하고 있는 것으로 추정되었으며 분포역이 매우 제한적이며 좁았다. 호암천에 서식하는 개체군은 한강 개체군에 비해 머리길이(head length), 배지느러미 길이(VFR-L), 가슴지느러미 길이(PFR-L), 입의 폭(MW) 등이 짧았으며 그 외의 형질은 일치하였다. 전장이 만 1년생은 40~59 mm, 만 2년생은 60~79 mm, 만 3년생은 80 mm 이상으로 추정되었다. 포란수는 239∼468개이었으며 평균 361개 이었다. 성숙란의 직경은 2.6 mm±0.21(2.3∼3.1)로 대란형에 속하였다. 전장과 체중의 관계식은 BW = 0.00001TL3.01로 상수 a는 0.00001을, 매개변수 b는 3.01 이었고, 평균 1.26 이었다.

The Small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Murray, A. 1867) (commonly abbreviated to SHB), is one of notifiable pest in the world. SHB were confirmed in the southeastern United States in 1998 in a apiary in Florida. The SHB also was found in Korea in 2016. The SHB larvae have relatively large heads and numerous protuberances covering their bodies. Upon full maturation, larvae have reached a length of 10 mm. Adult females are length and width of ± 5.5 mm and ± 3.4 mm. Naturally occurring small hive beetles can vary greatly in size, possibly depending on diet, climate, and other environmental factors. Additionally, we were analyzed the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of the SHBs. The sequence of the COI gene of SHB was identical to that of SHBs in Korea, but different by fourteen positions from Italy.

The genus of Gustavia Kramer, 1879 comprises 16 species are collectively distributed in the worldwide. Only one species, Gustavia microcephala Nicolet, 1855 has been recorded in Korea. We found a new species, Gustavia aominensis Fujikawa, 2008 to Korean inventory from the litter and soil samples of Sasa borealis at Cheong-ok mountain natural recreation forest. A diagnostic description of this species with detailed illustration and data on its geographical distribution are presented.

Berothidae is one of the uncommon group of Neuroptera. The family currently include about 22 genera and 100 species in the world. The genus Isoscelipteron include about 20 species in the world, with the distribution covering Eurasia. Several species of this family are known to be a termite predator during larval stage. We collected Isoscelipteron pectinatum adult, which is a new species record in Korea, which is in fact a new family record as well. Here we provide a brief description, photos of adult and male genitalia, and DNA barcode sequence based the specimen examined.

Filixungulia, a small genus within the subfamily Allantinae (Symphyta: Tenthredinidae), consists of three species distributed only in Northern China: F. alboclypea Wei, 1997; F. crassitarsata Wei, 1997; F. cylindrica Wei, 2003. It is close to Asiemphytus Malaise and Macremphytus MacGillivray but is separated by the following characteristics: claws simple and very slender; basal lobe and inner tooth absent. Up to date, Filixungulia has not yet been recorded out of China. As a result of the present study, the genus Filixungulia is newly recognized from South Korea with two species, F. alboclypea and F. cylindrica. This discovery extends the range of the genus Filixungulia, which was previously known as a Chinese endemic genus. Also, a key, diagnosis and photographs of each species are provided.

Genus Trimorus are egg parasitoids of Carabid beetles. They are comprised of two subgenus (Trimorus, Neotrimorus), Neotrimorus are composed of 3 species. One of them Trimorus (Neotrimorus) ferrari was described by Veenakumari & Rajmohana from the Andaman islands India, but only male is determined. For the first time, female Trimorus (Neotrimorus) ferrari Veenakumari & Rajmohana, 2013 is collected from Myanmar. Herein, description and photograph of female T. (Neotrimorus) ferrari are provided, also redescription and photograph of male are included.