Background : Despite the presence of various bioactive compounds in ginseng, there is lack of study about the phenolic metabolites in ginseng especially depending on the cultivation soil and the fertilizer types. Therefore, this study aims to develop an (-)ESI-LC-MS/MS analytical method for the measurement of selected phenolic compounds in the ginseng root. Methods and Results : Total phenol content in ginseng root was measured with the Folin-Ciocalteau method using UV/Vis spectrophotometer. Then, the 56 selected phenolic metabolites in ginseng root were measured with the (-)ESI-LC-MS/MS. The brief LC-MS/MS analytical conditions were as follows; Thermo Scientific Syncronis C18 HPLC Column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used. Optimized instrument settings were as follows: Curtain gas 20 psi, collision gas 2 psi, ion spray voltage –4500 V, nebulizer gas 40 psi, heating gas 70 psi, and its temperature 350℃. Total phenol content was higher in the ginseng cultivated in the paddy-converted field than that in upland. In particular, the total phenol content was about 6% decreased in the ginseng root cultivated with the food waste fertilizer compared to the control (p < 0.05). Six phenolic constituents including caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gentisic, and salicylic acids were found in the ginseng root by using the LC-MS/MS in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) Mode. These six phenolic compounds occupied approximately 20% of the total phenol content measured in the corresponding ginseng root. The chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic metabolite found in the ginseng root, accounting for ≥ 95% of the sum of six phenolic compounds, in this study. Conclusion : This preliminary study can be useful for the study on content and composition of phenolic metabolites in ginseng root with the aspect of metabolomics. We plan to further optimize the LC-MS/MS analytical method and then provide the extended understanding on the phenolic metabolism in the ginseng root with respect to the ginseng cultivation conditions.

Background : The Aralia cordata and Dendropanax morbifera, belonging to the family Araliacea, is a perennial herbaceous species. Although its beneficial effects for several chronic diseases are well-known, the role of its effects on chronic intestinal inflammation, colon carcinogenis are limited. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of gastrointestinal tract. It has been reported that IBD is associated with colon cancer which is one of the most common types of cancer diagnosed and a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Methods and Results : The present study hypothesized that Araliacea family would exert a protective effect on inflammation and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Effect of Aralia cordata extracts (ACE) and Dendropanax morbifera leaf extracts (DMLE) on pro-inflammatory markers, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (MAPKs), activation of nuclear factor κB (NF- κB) in THP-1 human monocyte and HT-29 colon epithelial cell model were investigated. In addition, colon inflammation inhibitory effects of ACE and DMLE on the characteristics of in DSS-induced colitis model. Results showed that ACE, DMLE attenuated the severity of DSS-induced colitis, as assessed by disease activity index scores, shrinkage of colon length, and histopathologic changes and infirmatory cytokine concentration. Furthermore, ACE treatment significantly suppressed the colon carcinogenesis in AOM/DSS induced colon cancer model. The apoptosis induction abilities of the DMLE were studied by analyzing the expressions of Bcl2 family protein, caspase, Annexin V/PI staining and DNA fragmentation. According to our results, DMLE significantly induced cell death in SW-480 cells. Apoptosis was determined by cell morphology and electrophoresis of DNA fragmentations. Furthermore, treatment with DMLE also induced the increase in caspase activity, pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bad) and the decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL). In addition, DMLE induce cell cycle arrested at the G1/S phase in SW-480 cells and exhibited significant inhibition on the expressions of G1/S phase specific CDK, cyclin and up regulation of CDK inhibitors. Conclusion : Taken together, these results provide evidence that ACE and DMLE prevention colon cancer by regulating inflammation, colitis, and colon carcinogenesis which indicates its benefit for colon health.

Since 2013, due to the London Convention prohibiting marine dumping of waste, many problems have occurred because food waste generated every day must be handled on the ground. Owing to recent institutional efforts and various technical studies for eco-friendly food waste treatment, various methods of treating food waste using insects have been studied. However, efficiency of Korean food waste treatment is in fact known to be low due to the high salinity of Korean food waste. In this study, we evaluated the treatment efficiency of food waste with various salt and moisture contents by the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). The results showed that the moisture content does not affect food waste treatment efficiency by the black soldier fly and the decomposition ability of food waste is good even at salt contents as high as 3%.

Research was conducted on the characteristics of waste discharge in apartment houses with less than 200 households. Implementation of the meter-rate system of food waste for apartment houses was also investigated and an economic evaluation was carried out to reach the following conclusions. First, for the monthly characteristics of the overall amount of food waste in apartment houses with less than 200 households, December and January exhibited the maximum amount while February and March exhibited the minimum amount of discharge. The average amount of waste discharge per household was the lowest at 0.51 kg/day · household in apartment houses with 20 to 50 households, followed by 0.80 kg/day · household in apartment houses with less than 20 households and in apartment houses with 50 to 100 households. Apartment houses with 100 to less than 200 households had 0.71 kg/day · household of average waste discharge. The results showed that the amount of food waste discharge is dependent upon the economic conditions or environment of the regions concerned rather than upon the number of households. Second, two meter-rate systems of food waste were compared: the RFID system and the Chip system. When the comparison was made under the same conditions for the number of households in apartment houses in which meter-rate system was being implemented, the average reduction rate in the Chip system was 21.1% and that in the RFID system was 57.1%. A comparison of apartment houses under the meter-rate system and of apartment houses with less than 200 households with apartment houses with less than 20 households, 20 to 50 households, 50 to 100 households, and 100 to less than 200 households showed that the average reduction rates of the Chip system and the RFID system was 35.3% and 61.9%, respectively. Last, a comparison of the results of the field study and the rate of food waste reduction in regions where the meter-rate system was being implemented showed that the average reduction was 35.3% for the Chip system and 61.9% for the RFID system, with a difference in reduction of about 35.5%. In the case that the RFID system is adopted, the disposal cost of about 62.7 billion won per year would be reduced by about 19.4 billion won, which leads to a prediction of a reduction in disposal cost to about 43.3 billion won per year.

A bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester for food waste was developed by installing an anode (−250 mV vs. Ag/AgCl) and a cathode (−550 mV vs. Ag/AgCl) inside a conventional lab-scale anaerobic digester. The performance of the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester was investigated at different organic loading rates of 0.70-4.25 g VS/L.d. The bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester was rapidly stabilized within 25 days after start up, and at an organic loading rate of less than 1.97 g VS/L.d., state variables such as pH (7.0-7.8) and alkalinity (10-12 g/L as CaCO3) were very stable. The volatile fatty acids were maintained at 400-500 mg HAc/L with their main component being acetic acid (80%). At an organic loading rate of 1.97 g VS/L.d, the performance was significantly high in terms of the specific methane production rate (1.37 L CH4/L.d) and the methane content in the biogas (around 74%). The removal efficiencies of volatile solid and chemical oxygen demand were also as high as 80.1% and 85.1%, respectively, and the overall energy efficiency was 91.2%. However, the process stability deteriorated at an organic loading rate of 4.25 g VS/L.d.

A manufacturing method is proposed for a sorbent material comprised of functional ceramic loess balls mixed with food waste and regenerated activated carbon. The physical characteristics and adsorption performance were also evaluated. Adding activated carbon improved the porosity and increased the specific surface area of the balls. The iodine-adsorbing capacity was evaluated with different mixing ratios of activated carbon. The capacity was improved as the mixing ratio was increased. The activated carbon was regenerated through a high-temperature burning process after reaching the breakthrough point. A column test was conducted to examine the methylene blue adsorption, and the adsorption rate also increased with the activated carbon mixing ratio. At mixing ratios of above 5%, the adsorption rate showed a high increase in the early stage and reached equilibrium after 6 minutes of reaction. However, it was impossible to reach the equilibrium state without activated carbon in the loess balls. Thus, it is apparent that activated carbon plays an important role in improving the adsorption efficiency. The optimum mixing ratio of activated carbon was 5%. At this ratio, the iodine adsorption rate showed a moderate rise, the adsorption efficiency was relatively high, and the methylene blue adsorption reached equilibrium.

This study investigated the enzymatic pretreatment of food waste (FW) using Viscozyme L to enhance reducing sugar (RS) production. Response surface analysis was used to study the effects of the pretreatment variables of temperature (T) (35-55oC) and incubation time (IT) (9-15 hr). The results indicated that the generated regression model represented the relationship between the independent variables and the responses. The RS production from FW was affected by IT rather than T. Within the design boundaries, a maximum RS yield (0.72 g/g of total solids of FW) was obtained at 44.5oC and 13.7 hr.

점토광물은 자연에서 쉽게 얻을 수 있고, 환경친화적이며 다양한 물리화학적 특성을 갖고 있어 인류 역사상 여러 분야에 활용되어 왔다. 최근에는 몬모릴로나이트, 카올리나이트, 세피올라이트, 금 속이중층수산화물과 같은 점토 화합물에 화학적 개질을 도입하여 산업분야에 활용하고자 하는 연구 가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 넓은 비표면적과 높은 측면비율, 나노수준의 입자 두께, 그리고 조절가능한 표면전하를 갖는 점토화합물에 화학적 개질을 적용하면, 고분자의 기계적 성질과 기체차단성을 개선 하고, 고분자 필름에 지속적 항균성을 부여하는 충전제로 사용할 수 있다. 또한, 개질된 점토화합물은 높은 흡착능과 화학적 선택성을 지니므로, 수질이나 토양을 오염시키는 화학적, 생물학적 오염원을 효 과적으로 제거하는 물질로도 활용 가능하다. 본 논평에서는 이러한 점토화합물들이 미래의 주요산업 군인 식품포장재 및 환경개선 분야에 활용될 가능성에 대해 최근 연구 결과를 소개하고자 한다.

오늘날 시장이 세분화되고 소비자의 욕구가 다양해진 현실에서 단순히 품질과 가격, 기능 등의 경쟁력만으로는 더 이상 비 교우위를 점할 수 없다. 소비자의 구매 욕구를 유발시키기 위해 기존의 농식품과 구별되며 독창적이고 특별한 포장디자인 의 차별화 요소가 절대적으로 필요하다. 본 연구는 삶의 여유와 인간 본연의 가치가 확대되면서 친환경과 기능성 소재 등을 활용한 응용제품 산업화에 대한 사회적 관심 고조와 더불어 신선농식품 포장 기능성 강화를 위한 닥섬유 친환경 포장디자인 개발에 따른 포장디자인에 관련한 선 행연구로서, 농식품 포장디자인 제작에 있어 영향을 주는 요소를 추출하여 요인을 분석하고 실제 적용하여 활용할 수 있는 자료를 제시하고자 한다. 먼저 자료조사를 통해 농식품 포장디자인에 관련한 국내·외 문헌과 학술전문지를 조사하고, 군집분석(Cluster analysis)을 통해 포장디자인 관련 항목을 추출하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS를 활용하였으며, 전문가들의 직관을 동원하여 중요한 요소에 대한 의견을 수렴코자 델파이기법을 이용하여 세 차례의 라운드 조사를 통해 실증연구를 실시하였다. 전문가 집단을 대상으로 추출된 포장디자인의 주요한 요소들로 49개의 항목이 도출되었으며, 이를 근간으로 중요도에 따른 클러스터링을 통해 대표적 요인으로 신뢰성, 심미성, 경제성, 환경성, 기능성이 선정되었다. 또한10가지 디자인 요소의 중 요도를 산출하였다. 이러한 요소는 농식품 포장디자인 제작 시 우선적으로 고려되어야 할 것이며, 이 연구결과를 토대로 후속 연구로 본 연구에서 추출된 디자인요소와 그 밖의 감성요소와의 관계성을 알아보고, 실제 포장디자인 적용 시 가이 드라인이 되는 포장디자인 제작 시스템구축을 하고자 한다.

α-Amylase 및 protease 활성을 동시에 가지는 1-B-12 균주를 된장으로부터 분리하였다. 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서열 분석결과, Bacillus licheniformis로 동정되어 B. licheniformis 1-B-12 균주로 명명하였다. 효소활성 측면에서 현미(50%), 미강(30%) 및 대두(20%)의 조합이 최적의 기질 조합 조건으로 확인되었다. 기능성이 부가된 효소식품을 제조하기 위하여 Lactobacillus casei GW140 균주를 도입하였는데, B. licheniformis 1-B-12 균주와의 혼합배양 조건은 2단발효(B. licheniformis 1-B-12 접종 > 24 h 발효 > L. casei GW140 접종 > 12 h 추가 발효)가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 최적 조건으로 생산된 효소식품을 동결건조하여 25℃에서 보관하였을 때 시험 마지막 날인 45일까지 효소의 활성이 유지되었다.

Sangju, a city in the North Gyeongsang Province, is well known as “Three Whites”, representing its three main agricultural products: rice, silkworm, and dried persimmons. Therefore, development of a variety of dishes or products that can promote the consumption of dried persimmons is an urgent requirement for this region. This study was designed to provide fundamental information for revitalizing community-based specialized agriculture through scientific inquiry into medicinal foods and to develop a medicinal food menu based on the results of previous research and pre-survey. The pre-survey results and incompatibility revealed that palatability influenced people’s decision to consume dried persimmons far more than pharmacological functionality. Therefore, palatability played an important part in the development of dried persimmon puddings with acceptable texture. These dishes are in high demand as they suit the tastes of variety of consumers. The inclusion of various additives lowered the sugar content in the developed foods and made the products alkalescent (pH > 7), thereby improving functionality. Unique color and flavor additives were also important criteria that determined the selection attributes of the developed medicinal foods. In addition, the additives had a positive effect on the fragrance and texture of the foods. In conclusion, the results suggested that use of additives provides significant advantages in promoting the consumption of Sangju-dried persimmons by improving both functionality and palatability.

The disposal of food waste has raised environmental concerns. The use of food waste disposers can be a convenient measure to manage household organic wastes. This device can be introduced to resolve the inconvenience of separating food wastes and implement the policy for converting food wastes into resources. However, the use of disposer has been prohibited in Korea unless the total solid recovery rate is greater than 80% (by dry wt.). Therefore, it is important to separate solid portions from disposer wastewater as much as possible to meet the standard. The objective of this study is to examine the control factors such as sieve size of screen, coagulation, RPM of centrifuge on solid-liquid separation. The result revealed that the use of sieve less than or equal to 0.3 mm could meet the total solid recovery rate of 80% (by dry wt.). Also, the coagulation filtrate recirculation using a coagulant, PAC, improved the solid recovery rate of 11.0% (by dry wt.) in using the sieve of 0.6 mm. This led to the total solid recovery rate of 79.3% (by dry wt.). Although RPM variation of centrifuge hardly influences the total solid recovery rate, when the separated solid residue is processed to compost or feedstock it is good because of low moisture content.

The ocean dumping of organic waste as food waste has been prohibited since 2012 and so it is necessary to find alternative methods for its treatment and disposal. The purpose of this study was to treat food waste via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) that has advantages such as no pre-treatment as drying feedstock and low energy consumption. Additionally, feasibility study for Bio-SRF (Solid Refused Fuel) was conducted to produce hydrochar via HTC. As results from quality standards experiments based on 「Solid Fuel Product Quality Testing Method in Korean」, the optimal condition of 220oC as reaction temperature and 4 hr as reaction time have been selected. Since 2012, the ocean dumping of organic waste as food waste has been prohibited, it is necessary to replace its treatment and disposal. This study applied to treat of food waste via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) which the method has advantages such as no pre-treatment as drying feedstock and low energy consumption. Moreover, feasibility study for Bio-SRF (Solid Refused Fuel) conducted to producted hydrochar via HTC. As a results from quality standards experiments based「Solid Fuel Product Quality Testing Method in Korean」, the optimal condition of 220oC as reaction temperature and 4 hr as reaction time has been selected.

This study identified the impact of the service quality of local food stores on customer satisfaction and revisiting intention of the customers as the interest into local foods is increasing. The main outcomes are as follows: First, many of the respondents said that they use the local food stores based on the trust in the origin of the products and good quality. Second, reliability and validity were suitable for factor analysis and the correlation had a positive (+) directivity. Third, reliability, assurance, empathy and tangibles were analyzed to have a positive (+) impact among the 5 aspects of service quality except for responsiveness. Fourth, customer satisfaction had a positive (+) impact on the intention to revisit the local food stores, and reliability, assurance and empathy had a positive (+) impact on revisiting intention at the statistical significance level except for responsiveness and tangibles among the 5 service quality aspects. Therefore, it is thought to be required to keep having interests into service quality to gain a competitive edge as a sustainable management system since the service quality of local food stores has impacts on customer satisfaction and intention to revisit.

In this study, the antioxidative activity and functional food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Pinus densiflora root were examined. It was more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. The extracted phenolic compounds from Pinus densiflora root for biological activities were examined. The phenolic compounds extracted with water and 80% EtOH were 1.86±0.04 mg/g and 6.85±0.16 mg/g, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of water and EtOH were each 86% and 85% at 100 μg/mL phenolics, respectively. ABTS radical decolorization activity was 48% in water and 68% in EtOH at 200 μg/mL. Antioxidant Protection Factor (PF) were 1.74 PF in water and 1.96 PF in EtOH at 50 μg/mL. TBARs of water and EtOH were 93% and 98%, respectively at 100 μg/mL. The inhibition activity on xanthine oxidase was 83.7% in water extracts and 79.6% in ethanol extracts. Inhibition on xanthine oxidase of water and ethanol extracts showed a higher inhibition effect than allopurinol. The inhibition activity on α-glucosidase was 14.8% in water extracts and 91.6% in ethanol extracts. The result suggests that P. densiflora root extracts may be useful as as functional food material.

The Hongseong-Gun school food service center (Hongseong SFSC) that is managed directly by local government is supplying local environmentally friendly foods from 2014. This study aimed to analyze a case on Hongseong SFSC and to propose improving directions. Hongseong SFSC showed higher supply ratio (67.4%) of local environmentally friendly foods compared to the other centers. The operation effects of this center are reliably price of farmer’s products, increased consumption of local agri-products, school food confidence, and so on. But there are many problems on this operation. Improvement directions of SFSC for local food system are as follows: Firstly, the supply range of foodstuffs is needed to establish quality standards to increase foodstuffs quality. Secondly, guidelines for creating a fair commission fee structure should be established. Thirdly, the contract issues between the center and schools need to be resolved by governance system. Fourthly, local environmentally friendly agricultural cultivation and cropping systems are required to establish reliably supply of farmer’s products.

This study evaluates heavy metal(Cu and Cr) adsorption characteristics produced from food waste charcoal extracted in an optimal operation condition after analyzing activated charcoal of iodine adsorption and heavy metals that derived from an activation process of carbide by the developed by-products of food waste treatment facility using the methods from previous studies. As experiment apparatus, this study used a tube-shaped high temp furnace. The mixing ratio of by-products of food waste treatment facility, carbide, and activation component(ZnCl2) was 1:1. The experiment was proceeded as adjusting the activation temperature from 400 to 800℃ and activation time from 30 to 120 minutes. The optimal activation condition for iodine absorption was 90 minutes at 700℃ and by using the produced food waste charcoal, this study conducted an experiment on absorption of heavy metals (Cu and Cr) as changing pH of artificial wastewater and stirring time. As a result, pH 7 showed the highest heavy metal decontamination ratio and in terms of stirring time, it revealed balance adsorption after 10 minutes. This result can be particularly applied as basic data for recyclability of high concentration organic waste, by-products of food waste treatment facility, as an food waste charcoal.

Experiments were conducted to propose manufacturing methods to make loess ball using food wastes. Food wastes were used to improve porosity and increase specific surface area of loess ball. Red clay, food wastes and clay were used as main raw materials in making loess ball and these were mixed with varying ratio in order to find out optimum mixing ratio. The optimum mixing ratio of food wastes is evaluated to amount to 30%. In this case, 33.61 kg/cm2 of compressive strength, 65.13% of porosity, 50.04% of absorbing ratio, and 6.302 m2/g of specific surface area are obtained. When evaluating cross section and the appearance of red clay ball made up of 30% food wastes through a visual inspection and SEM photograph, it can be observed that a lot of pores are formed across the red clay ball due to the volatilization of moisture and organic matter in food wastes during the high-temperature burning. Taking into account compressive strength, porosity, absorbing ratio, specific surface area, and SEM photograph altogether, the optimum mixing ratio of loess, food wastes, and clay in the loess ball were 30%, 50%, and 20%, respectively. When evaluating the cross-section and outer appearance of the loess ball that comprise 30% of food wastes by SEM photography, it can be concluded that the optimum mixing ratio of loess, food wastes, and clay in the loess ball amounts to 30%, 50%, and 20%, respectively. Compressive strength of the manufactured loess ball amounts to 42.52 kg/cm2, which is 26.5% higher than the values obtained in the condition when the loess ball made without food wastes. However, the values of porosity, absorbing ratio, and specific surface area are somewhat lower than the corresponding values obtained in the condition when the loess ball was manufactured without food wastes.