The study aims to measure the productivity of the Saudi banking sector at the retail level using secondary data for 11 local banks from the period 2015-2019. The study uses an extended version of the Cobb-Douglas production function to account for the fact that as banks openup more retail branches, they will need to employ more labor. The extended Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated using the two-way fixed effect model to account for unobserved heterogeneity across Saudi banks resulting from differences in labor competencies and leadership style. Besides, the model accounts for unobserved heterogeneity among Saudi banks due to the advancement in electronic services over time. The results showed that labor, branches, customers’ deposits, and fixed deposits have a positive effect on the total value of generated loans. Conversely, ATM has an insignificant effect on generated loans. The average scale elasticity shows that the Saudi banks at the retail level are operating under decreasing returns to scale. The average marginal rate of technical substitution shows that Saudi banks need at least one ATM to replace one unit of labor at the retail level while keeping the same level of output.

The research objective was to find out how Total Quality Management (TQM) mediates antecedents of employee performance variables? The research was conducted with a quantitative approach while the research design was cross sectional. The research model was tested using the structural equation modeling approach with partial least square analysis tools to test the influence among research variables. The research sample consisted of 315 respondents who answered a questionnaire in August-September 2019 at manufacturing companies in East Java. The results showed that situational leadership did not affect employee performance, but did affect the successful implementation of TQM. The performance measurement system has no direct effect on employee performance. The performance measurement system has a direct effect on employee performance. Organizational culture has a direct effect on both employee performance and the application of TQM, so that the application of TQM can improve employee performance. TQM implementation variable acts as a mediation between situational leadership and organizational culture on employee performance. The relationship that was originally a direct influence turned into an indirect effect through TQM. The TQM variable is not proven to be an intervening variable between the performance measurement system and employee performance. There is a direct relationship between these two variables.

This study examines simultaneous relationships between regulatory capital, risk, and cost-inefficiency for a sample of 30 commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2006 to 2018. To conduct the analysis, we used the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) in an unbalanced panel data framework. The empirical results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between capital regulation and credit, and overall risk. It is also evident from the results that the capital adequacy ratio is positively and significantly related to default risk and liquidity risk. Therefore, higher capitalized banks take an effort to prevent more credit risk and promote financial stability by reducing liquidity risk. Results also report that banks have been characterized as inefficient, less capitalized, and high risk. On the other hand, efficient banks are more stable but have a high level of liquidity risk. Besides, from the size of the bank, large banks are defined as having lower regulatory capital, are more risk seekers but stable with higher cost-efficiency. Notably, higher capitalized banks are more profitable and cost-efficient by reducing risk. Finally, this study also provides some insightful policy suggestions to the stakeholders.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the Indian banks have adjusted their risk-based capital ratios during 2009–2018 to meet the regulatory requirements. Banks can, in principle, increase their risk-based regulatory capital ratio, either by increasing their levels of regulatory capital or by shrinking their risk-weighted assets by adjusting asset growth or risk in the portfolio. We investigate banks’ capital behavior by decomposing the change in the capital ratio into the contribution of its components and analyzing their variance across regulatory regimes and banks’ ownerships. We further investigate how each component of the capital ratio is adjusted by the banks by breaking down them into balance sheet items. We find that the banks’ capital behavior significantly differed between public and private sector banks and between the two regulatory regimes. During Basel II, banks, in general, followed a strategy of aggressive asset growth with increased risk-taking. The decline in the CRAR because of such an expansionary strategy was adjusted by augmenting additional capital. However, during Basel III, due to higher capital requirements, both in terms of quantity and quality, banks followed a strategy of cutting back their asset growth and reducing the risk in their portfolio to maintain their CRAR.

The study aims to compare the effects of employing investment deposits (joint and specified investment deposits) in Islamic banks, and investment deposits (term deposits and deposits with notification) at conventional banks, on shareholders’ profitability, represented by the earnings per share (EPS), in light of operational profits as a controlling variable. Data related to the study variables was collected from the annual financial reports published by the study sample banks, during the period (2009-2018). The study relies on multiple regression to test the hypotheses of the study. The high adjusted R² to explain the change in EPS for Islamic banks model as compared to conventional banks, is a result of the high difference between investment deposits (specified and joint) at Jordanian Islamic banks and investment deposits (term deposits and deposits with notification) at Jordanian conventional banks. The study found that it is important for the managements of Islamic banks to adopt a uniform method to combine speculative funds, in order to develop and improve shareholders’ profitability. The study recommended Islamic banks to follow practical, methodological and transparent approaches to calculate the rates of Murabaha profit margins between shareholders and depositors, while also taking into consideration some of the issues which could be harmful for the competition between Islamic and conventional banks.

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the driving motivations of contributing social word of mouth on social networking sites (sWOM) toward both tangible and intangible products. In order to develop a research model, this study adopts the motivation theory and TAM model. Data was collected from 904 members of the cosmetic and restaurant communities by using the snowball method. After assessing the validity of all constructs, the structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to test the proposed hypotheses. Results show that personal motivations (satisfaction, opinion leadership, self-enhancement, and economic incentives) and characteristics of sWOM (Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use) have positive effect on exposure and engagement behaviors. Here are our specific findings, (1) customer satisfaction positively affects online interactions on SNSs such as Like or Sharing a content; (2) sWOM contribution behavior exists in two structures (Exposure and Engagement) and affects each other; (3) This study combines two groups of personal motivation and TAM to conceptualize a research model; and (4) The motivations of contributing sWOM between a specified service and product are rather similar. These findings help digital managers to understand consumers’ behavioral contributions on SNSs and also provide interesting insights for marketers.

This study examines the nonlinear relationship between financial development and economic growth in Pakistan using the threshold regression model for the period 1980-2017. We also employed quantile regression with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 quantiles of conditional distribution. The quantile regression is based on minimizing of sum of squared residuals. The result indicates that economic growth responds positively to financial development when the level of financial development surpasses the threshold value of 0.151. However, when financial development lies below the threshold value (that is, 0.151), its impact on economic growth is negative. Thus, when financial development of Pakistan surpasses the threshold level, it contributes more towards economic growth since greater level of financial development contributes more to boosts economic growth. This finding reveals that economic growth reacts differently to financial development, and the relationship between financial development and economic growth is U-shaped in Pakistan. Among the other variables, physical capital, labor force, and government expenditure exert a positive effect on economic growth. Furthermore, inflation rate and trade openness have an insignificant impact on economic growth. The results of quantile regression also confirm the non-linear relationship between financial development and economic growth in Pakistan. The finding of this study suggests revamping of financial sector policies in Pakistan.

The purpose of this study is to provide benefits and ethically-rooted managerial implications based on theoretical underpinnings through an empirical study using correlation between wages, bank credit, government expenditure on economic growth, and employment via a case study in Indonesia. Besides that, managerial implications strive to provide benefits to the government regarding the importance of establishing effective and pro-development regulations to realize economic growth and employment through the efficient role of wages, bank credit, and government spending. This study uses secondary macroeconomic data from the period 2010-2019 with analysis using the correlation test with the Pearson correlation method. Out of eight hypotheses tested, two hypotheses do not have a significant correlation. The details of the statistical results obtained the following correlations: the correlation between bank credit and wages has a significant, but indirect (negative) correlation. However, the correlation between bank credit and economic growth has a direct and significant (positive) correlation. Government expenditure correlates positively with wages, but correlates negatively with bank credit. Wages are positively correlated with economic growth, but have no significant effect on employment. Finally, economic growth has a positive correlation with government expenditure, but does not have a significant correlation with employment.

The objective of this study is to examine the differentiated influence of sell-side advisors and buy-side advisors on mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Unlike prior studies on M&A advisors, the study addresses different roles of target and acquirer advisors, and explores their influences on the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) and acquisition premiums with an empirical analysis of longitudinal data of M&As conducted by Japanese listed firms except financial companies from 1995 to 2012. M&A data were obtained from the Securities Data Corporation’s (SDC) database, and the individual firm data were collected from the Nikkei Economic Electronic Databank System (NEEDS), which provides a wide range of corporate information including financial status, operational performance, and strategy. Using a sample of 452 cases for the CAR and 498 cases for the analysis of acquisition premiums, the empirical results support the hypotheses of the target advisor’s positive association with CAR and acquirer advisor’s positive association with acquisition premiums. The findings of this study indicate the target advisor’s positive contribution to the success of acquisition process and performance, and acquirer advisor’s negative influence on the deal progress. The study provides theoretical implications on M&A research and practical insights into the investment banking industry.

This research examines the affect of destination image factors on revisit intention of domestic tourists at Ba Ria Vung-Tau (BRVT), by questioning directly 510 domestic tourists. The convenient sampling method is used in dividing the crowds into four groups; the four main surveyed areas in BRVT are: Vung Tau, Long Hai-Phuoc Hai, Xuyen Moc and Con Dao. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies were utilized. A focus group of 10 domestic tourists was set up to review and explore the various factors as well as the conceptual model. An in-depth interview with 12 participants was developed to fine-tune measurement items. The questionnaire applied a 5-point Likert scale. Checking the reliability by Cronbach’s Alpha, exploratory factor analyzing and linear multiple regression were used with the SPSS program. The results show that there are eight main destination image factors affecting domestic tourists revisit intention to BRVT using linear regression and arranged by decreasing importance: Infrastructure, Variety Seeking, Accessibility, Local food, Atmosphere, Environment, Price Value, Leisure and Entertainment. From that, the research offers some suggestions and policy recommendations for the tourism business and provincial policy-makers to identify the main issues and develop better customer services to increase domestic tourists’ revisit intention.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 생리조절과 인지조절 심리기술훈련이 시합 스트레스 상황에서 선수들의 심리 및 동기체 계에 영향을 미치는 방식을 전두엽 좌우뇌 비대칭을 통해 조사하는 것이다. 방법: 연구대상자는 대학 남자 축구 선수 30명으로, 생리조절군 8명, 인지조절군 8명, 통제군에 14명씩 무작위 할당되었다. 심리기술훈련은 3주간 단 체훈련 3회기, 개인상담 3회기로 총 6회기가 진행되었다. 심리기술훈련 전과 후 휴식과 스트레스 회상 조건에서 심리상태와 전두엽 좌우뇌 비대칭값(Frontal EEG Asymmetry Score: FAS)이 측정되었다. 결과: 스트레스 조건에서 측정된 불안, 스트레스는 생리조절, 인지조절 집단 모두 훈련 전보다 후에 감소하였으나, 통제집단에서는 차이가 없었다. FAS 분석결과, 생리조절군의 FAS는 훈련 후 Fp2의 활성화 감소에 의해 음(-)의 방향으로 하락한 반면, 인지조절군의 FAS는 훈련 후 Fp2의 활성화 증가에 의해 양(+)의 방향으로 상승하였다. 이상적인 심리상태 유도를 위해, 생리조절훈련은 철회동기체계를 작동시켜 스트레스 상황을 회피하는 방식을, 인지조절 훈련은 철회 동기를 감소시켜 상황에 대한 적극대처 방식으로의 전환을 보였다. 결론: 본 연구는 심리기술훈련의 유형과 방식에 따라 심리변화를 유도하는 과정과 동기체계에 차이가 있을 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The study aims to verify the relationship between leaders’ personality traits in leader - member exchange (LMX), and job performance. Hierarchical Regression Analysis was used to examines (a) how leaders’ personality traits and LMX affect the influence of social capital on job performance and organizational citizenship behavior; (b) how perceived organization support (POS) can moderate the influences of LMX on social capital, in turn impacting job performance and OCB. Responses are employees in the service industry in Thailand, which consisted of 236 independent samples in 77 groups. Each group included at least one leader and 1-5 followers. The results show that there is a significant relationship between leader’s personality traits, LMX and social capital. Leader with the higher level of conscientious, and agreeableness can always create good relations with their followers. The level of LMX are also related to social capital and both of these influence OCB and job performance. The moderating effect of perceived organizational support is also significant that POS can amplify the influence of LMX on social capital. Finally, the research findings show that perceived organizational support is one of the moderating factors in LMX exchanges. Followers perceived organizational support can amplify the influence of LMX on social capital.

시설물의 일원화된 관리를 위해, 2018년 전면 시행된「시설물의 안전 및 유지관리에 관한 특별법」에서는 소규모 시설인 기존의 특정 관리대상시설을 제3종시설물로 편입하였다. 제3종시설물은 규모 및 경과연도가 제3종시설물 범위에 해당하는 시설물 중 실태조사 등을 통해 지정·고시한다. 실태조사 대상 시설물 누락 및 부실점검 방지를 막기 위해 국토교통부와 한국시설안전공단은 2019년 8월「제3종 시설물의 지정을 위한 실태조사 매뉴얼」을 배포하였으며, 본 논문에서는 이 매뉴얼의 작성 취지와 주요 내용을 포함하고 있다.

National parks, which are preserved areas of 6,726.298 km2(3,972.589 km2 on land and 2,753.709 km2, at sea), take up 6.71% of the national territory, and they are classified by type into 17 mountain parks, 4 maritime or coastal parks, and 1 historical site park. Of them all, the maritime or coastal national parks, which are preserved areas covering wide tracts of maritime, lately attract increasing numbers of visitors. In this light, this study identifies the issues with the maritime or coastal national parks such as the changes in the number of visitors and the unbalance involved in the budget execution, based on the visitors to the national parks and the specifics of budget executed for them. On this basis, the study has conducted the research with a view to suggesting improvements for more useful management and operation of the maritime or coastal national parks. As a result, the study has reached the following conclusions. First, to accommodate those who want to visit the maritime or coastal national parks, the tour infrastructure needs to be expanded to guide the visitors’ use of the facilities by focusing on their touring behavior and characteristics. Second, budget should be acquired through diversifying revenue structure to eliminate hugely unbalanced budget. Third, visitors nowadays come to national parks for recreational experience or to tour nature, but the maritime or coastal national parks focus on cultural facilities. To accommodate the visitors’ needs, the parks should get diversified visitor facilities that reflect the regional characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to investigate empirical evidences of productivity of life insurance institutions in Malaysia. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the productivity of the life insurance institutions in Malaysia. The overall findings show that the total factor productivity (TFP) has progressed by 2.5% per year during the study period from 2012 to 2016 in the Malaysian insurance industry. However, TFP change has declined from 2012 to 2015 and observed a negative growth in 2015-16 (3.3%). The highest productivity progress was documented during 2012-13 at a rate of 11.7% while the minimum productivity progress was during 2014-15 (only 0.2%). The results also indicate that the decomposition of TFP found that overall progress could mainly be attributed to technological change (TC). However, technical efficiency change (TEC) and pure technical efficiency change (PTE) have negative impact on TFP. The findings also show that most of the insurance companies have a steady growth. Therefore, this study will contribute new insights for the policy makers and insurance institutions to take appropriate steps in developing relevant policies for increasing productivity of insurance institutions in Malaysia

본 연구는 1521-22년 비텐베르크에서 일어난 칼슈타트와 루터의 논쟁을 분석하고, 이러한 갈등을 어떤 관점에서 해석해야 하는지, 그리고 이 논쟁의 근본적 원인이 무엇인지를 고찰하는 시도이다. 이를 위해 필자는 먼저 1521-22년 비텐베르크의 역사적 배경에 대해서 간략하게 소개한 후, 칼슈타트의 「성상의 제거에 관하여」(1522년 1월)와 루터의 「사순절 설교」(1522년 3월)를 중심으로 두 사람의 논쟁의 핵심 내용이 무엇인지를 살펴보았다. 그리고 얼마 후 또 다시 이어진 칼슈타트의「개혁을 천천히 진행해야 하는가?」(1524년 11월)에 나타난 루터에 대한 비판과 루터의 「천상의 예언자들 에 반대하여」(1525년)에 드러난 칼슈타트에 대한 논박을 검토하였다. 마지막으로 필자는 루터가 이 논쟁에서 보수적인 입장으로 선회한 이유가 무엇인지를 질문하고 개연성 있는 대답들을 제안하였다. 지금까지 두 사람의 갈등의 핵심적 원인이 무엇이었는지에 대해서는 다양한 해석이 있었다. 개혁의 속도와 방법을 둘러싼 전략적 차이였다는 주장, 칭의를 강조하는 루터와 중생을 강조하는 칼슈타트의 신학적 차이였다는 주장, 그리스도인의 영성형성의 방식의 차이에서 비롯되었다는 주장 등이 두 사람의 불일치의 원인으로 제시되었다. 그렇지만 필자는 그런 여러 가지 차이점도 중요하지만 더 기본적으로는 종교개혁의 대의를 지키기 위해 작센 선제후의 입장에 맞추려는 루터의 보수적 입장으로의 변화가 두 사람의 논쟁의 밑바닥에 있다고 주장하였다. 칼슈타트가 이상주의자였다면, 루터는 현실주의자였다. 칼슈타트가 원칙을 지키고자 했다면, 루터는 정치적 판단을 내리고자 하였다. 종교개혁 초기 루터와 칼슈타트의 논쟁은 오늘의 교회개혁을 위한 통찰력을 제시해 줄뿐만 아니라 개혁을 위한 논리의 근거와 자료를 풍부하게 제공해 줄 것이다.

본 연구는 프레임 이론을 바탕으로 한·일 양국 각각의 진보-보수 언론이 독도 문제를 어떻게 틀 짓고(framing) 있는지를 실증적으로 분석하고 있다. 한국과 일본의 독도 관련 보도를 분석하기 위해, 한국의 대표적인 보수 언론인 ≪조선일보≫와 진보 언론인 ≪한겨레신문≫을 선정하였고, 일본은 보수 신문인 ≪요미우리신문≫과 진보를 대변하는 ≪아사히신문≫을 대상으로 각 신문의 표제어와 키워드를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 양국의 언론은 국내 문제에 있어서는 대립되고 상반되는 주장을 하지만, 독도라는 영토 문제에 있어서는 동일한 민족주의적 성향을 주장함을 발견하였다. 연구자는 이러한 결과가 나온 이유를 세 가지로 설명한다. 첫째, 민족주의와 관련된 문제에서 한국과 일본의 언론은 소수의 의견을 내는 것을 두려워 한다는 점, 둘째, 일본 언론의 입장에서 독도 문제는 러·일간의 북방영토 문제, 중·일간의 센카쿠열도 문제를 다루는데 있어서 직접적 선례가 되기 때문에 일본 정부의 입장을 그대로 수용할 수밖에 없다는 점, 그리고 셋째, 한·일의 언론은 공히 독도를 한 조각 땅이라는 의미를 넘어‘영토 내셔널리즘’으로 물신화(reification)시켰기 때문에 한 치의 양보도 가능하지 않은 상황에 이르렀다는 점이다. 연구자는 독도 문제를 내셔널리즘으로 물신화된 독도 문제를 해체(deconstruct)하는 것이 한·일 협력을 위한 후속 연구자의 과제라고 주장한다.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational factors of Korean middle and high school students in learning English. Additionally, the current study examined whether there were any differences between high school students and middle school students in therms of the motivational subtypes. 172 middle and high school students participated in this study. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to address the research questions. For analysis, data was collected through a questionnaire adopted from the Language Learning Orientation Scale (LLOS) of Noels et al. (2003). The results indicated that the hypothesized model, which includes seven motivational sub-types of self- determination theory, was acceptable to measure Korean secondary students’ motivational factors, showing good fits in most fit indices. The seven dimensions of motivation that the current study explored were amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, intrinsic motivation-accomplishment, intrinsic motivationknowledge, and intrinsic motivation-stimulus. Also, the study found that the difference between the middle school group and the high school group was not significant in terms of their motivational orientation. A meaningful implication of this study was the scale’s possible use by secondary English teachers.

독도는 역사적, 국제법적 및 그 실효적 관할 상 엄연히 대한민국의 영토이며, 아무런 문제가 없다. 다만, 근거 없이 일본정부가 “독도는 자국 땅“이란 부당한 주장만 하고 있을 뿐이다. 특히 아베정부에 이르러 독도왜곡이 더욱 심화되어, 일본 중·고교 교과서에 “다케시마(독도)는 일본의 고유한 영토인데 한국이 불법 점거하고 있다“는 거짓 내용을 실어서, 학교에서 가르치고 있다. 이는 역사적 사실에 비추어 거짓내용일 뿐만 아니라 여러 국제법 위반 사항임을 지적할 수 있다. 2차 세계대전 전에는 1699년 1월 당시 조선국 정부와 일본 막부정부 간 외교서계교환을 통하여 합의한 ‘울릉도와 독도’에 대한 조선국의 영토주권에 대한 위반임을 지적할 수 있다. 2차 대전 후에는, 포츠담선언8) 후단규정, 스카핀 (SCAPIN) 677(1946.1.29.), 샌프란시시코 평화조약 제2조(a) 및 동 조약 제19조(d)를 위반한 것을 지적할 수 있다. 또한, 전기 일본교과서에 게재한 ‘일본의 고유영토인 독도를 한국이 불법점거‘ 하고 있다는 내용은 ’독도‘ 재침탈을 위한 일종의 “위협”으로 볼 수 있다. 이는 “영토는 타국의 위협이나 무력사용으로 인한 탈취의 대상이 될 수 없다“는 유엔총회결의 2625호(1970.10.24)와 정면으로 충돌되는 것으로 규탄을 받지 않을 수 없을 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 우리학계 일부의 ‘독도’ 영토주권에 관한 논조가 애매모호한 것이 있음을 부인하기 어렵다고 할 것이다. 일본정부의 헛된 주장에 따른 국제법위반 사항을 포함하여 이 모든 것들은 각종 학술발표회를 통하여 검증되고 사안에 따라 퇴출되고 또 규탄되어야 마땅할 것이다.

다문화가족지원센터의 역사는 한국 다문화정책 10년의 행적과 그 궤도를 같이한다. 현재 다문화가족지원센터는 다문화가족정책 통합의 기조 아래 건강가정지원센터와 기관 통합이 추진되고 있다. 다문화정책에 있어 주도적인 역할을 해 온 다문화가족지원센터가 이대로 포괄적인 가족지원 전달체계로서 통합되어야 하는가에 대한 의문을 통해 본 연구는 기획되 었다. 본 연구는 다문화가족지원센터 현장전문가의 인식을 통해서 현재 진행 되고 있는 다 문화가족통합정책을 비판적으로 고찰하고, 실제적인 정책제안을 하는데 목적이 있다. 연구 방법은 현상학적 질적 연구로서 다문화가족지원센터의 현장전문가를 심층면접한 후, Colaizzi 의 6단계 분석방법으로 자료를 코딩하여 인식 결과를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 다문화가족지 원센터의 불안정한 행정 체계, 통합시범센터의 운영결과 공유 및 논의 필요, 향후 도래할 이민사회를 생각할 때 다문화가족정책 통합에서 이민자 통합정책으로 전환되어야 한다는 인식을 비롯한 14개의 주제가 도출되었다. 현장전문가들의 제언이 정책에 반영되어 성숙한 한국적 다문화정책 수립에 기여할 수 있기를 바란다.