이 논문의 목적은 현대 영미 시인에게서는 찾아보기 어려운 ‘윤리적 시각’을 히니가 추구하고 있음을 그의 시 전체를 읽어서 증명하는 것이다. 여기서 언급한 ‘윤리적 시각’의 의미는 자신의 부모, 국토 그리고 공동체의 문화라는 그 뿌리와 ‘타자’ 나아가 영혼에 대한 사랑과 책임감인 것이다. 한편 히니의 시적 발전 단계는 겔트, 게일릭 전통을 추구하는 초기 시, 아일랜드와 영국 미국, 유럽적 가치가 공존하는 글로컬리즘을 추구하는 중기 시, 그리고 아일랜드의 정신적 뿌리인 ‘이시누쿠’를 추구하는 후기 시의 세 단계로 구분된다. 그런데 각 시적 발전 단계에다 다음과 같은 이유로 ‘윤리적’이란 말을 적용시킬 수 있다, 초기 시에는 그가 성장한 배경인 민속 문화와 고난의 역사 속에서 생존한 선조와 부모에 대한 작가의 연민과 책임 정신이 표현되었고, 중기 시에는 자신과 자신이 속한 공동체를 객관적으로 비판하고 그 공동체를 대변하지 못 했음에 죄의식을 느끼면서 다른 한편으로는 ‘차이’를 수용하려는 균형 잡힌 정신이 반영되고 있기 때문이다. 그리고 후기 시에서는 화해와 심미 정신을 바탕으로 한 숨겨진 아일랜드의 정신을 추구하기 때문이다.

인체 바이오모니터링(Human biomonitoring, HBM) 데이터는 뇨와 혈액 등 생체지표으로부터 환경유해물질의 측정을 통해 획득되며, 다양한 노출원과 경로로부터 노출되는 유해물질의 인체노출수준 및 건강영향과의 상관성을 파악하기 위해 매우 중요하다. 국내의 경우 식품의약품안전처를 비롯한 국가기관의 다양한 HBM 프로그램을 통하여 HBM 데이터가 생산되고 있다. 그러나, 목적, 시기, 연구자 및 측정 장비의 차이에 의하여 서로 다른 형식에 따라 생산되다 보니, 데이터의 호환성의 문제로 인하여 특정 HBM 데이터를 신속하게 조회해야 하거나 인구집단별 시간적 추이분석 내지는 다른 국가의 자료와 비교에 난점을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 HBM 데이터를 체계적으로 데이터베이스(Database, DB)화하고 활용성을 증진하게 시킬 목적으로 지식 모델링을 실시하였다. 지식 모델링은 HBM 데이터의 생산되는 변수들을 그룹화하고 관계를 분석하여 2차원 구조의 개체 및 집합론에 기초한 방법론인 관계형 데이터 모델링 기법을 활용하여 실시하였다. 지식 모델은 조사대상자를 인구집단으로 중심으로 설문자료, 측정자료, 노출 평가자료 개체로 구성하고 그 안에 속성들을 정의하고, 개체간에 관계를 설정하는 방식으로 구성하였다. 또한, 도출된 지식 모델을 기반으로 식품의약품안전처에서 2006년-2018년까지 수행한 HBM의 원시데이터를 수집, 정제 및 정규화하여 통합 DB를 구축하였다. 이와 같이 통합 된 HBM-DB는 개별 자료원 내지는 특정 자료원들을 선택 하여 기간별 농도 수준에 대한 통계분석은 물론, 다양한 검 색조건을 통하여 데이터 추출을 할 수 있는 구조로 구축하였다. 본 HBM-DB는 관계형 DB모델로 구축되어 지속적인 대용량 DB 축적이나 HBM 데이터 해석을 위한 도구로써 효율적으로 수행할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

We report a massive outbreak of human Q fever cases, which occurred at totally 11 humans. The occurrence was related to a goat farm where Coxiella burnetii infection was diagnosed from goat tissues and environmental specimens. From January of 2018, continuous abortions from 6 goats occurred. Laboratory tests from 77 goat specimens for C. burnetii showed that 54 (70.1%) and 63 (81.8%) goats were positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The infection was also confirmed from the farmer, his wife and 9 persons from all 16 veterinary officials who had visited the farm for protective measures and preparing goat specimens for laboratory tests. The farm was found to be extensively contaminated with C. burnetii from the examination to the environmental specimens and epidemiological inspections, which might be the main source of C. burnetii infection to humans. The extensive contamination to the farm was derived from the uncareful handling of postpartum animal tissues or discharges by the farm owner. This report will contribute to the establishment of educational system on the biosecurity to novice farmers.

Human sacrifice in the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC – 1046 BC) refers to the practice of killing of human beings in rituals such as slaves, war prisoners as offerings to divine patrons and ancestors. The reason for this is the worship of the ancestors and the sacrifice of slaves to the gods to expand the ranks of their ancestors in another world. This paper aims to demonstrate that the Shang culture was based on human sacrifice to the wife of a king of Shang called Female Ancestors(xianbi 先妣) and the focus of this article is qualified xianbi of enjoying sacrifice in oracle inscriptions of Shang Dynasty. This research shows that xianbi had a quite high status in Shang dynasty, they enjoyed the same species of human sacrifices and animals with male ancestors(xianwang 先王). These results are evidence showing that the status of men and women were equal in the royal system of Shang Dynasty.

Objectives: This study is aimed at describing the needs, readiness for implementation of, and perceived strategies to deliver Occupation-Based Practice (OBP) using the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO). Methods: We invited a systemic random sample of 1,100 practitioners to complete an online survey for 3 weeks. The invitation reached 468 email addresses, and 121 recipients consented, giving a response rate of 25.9%. However, we only included respondents who met the inclusion criteria (n = 111) for the analysis. Findings: Participating practitioners reported high consensus regarding the necessity of OBP, indicating habituation and motor skills areas among the six theory-based areas as the most challenging for clients, yet support for OBP readiness was found to be insufficient. Correlation analysis revealed that time spent at the graduate level was associated with perceived usefulness (r = .659); perceived usefulness in the graduate program on MOHO was largely associated with desire to use MOHO (r = .857), and the adoption level of MOHO was modestly associated only with the desire to use MOHO (r = .285). We identified prioritized strategies, including translation of assessments and tailored professional development components. Conclusion: Practitioners consented on the necessity of OBP sharing empirical needs seen among clients and commented with strategies to support implementation of OBP. Such findings inform the next step in developing the culture of the OBP practice environment in Korea.

There have been numerous refugee-related studies in linguistics following a large inflow of refugees to South Korea over the past several years. However, many studies address refugees in terms of Korean language education, and little has been discussed on the actual language use of refugees or linguistic issues they experience in South Korea. Linguistic research regarding refugees must be conducted not only with regard to Korean language education but also in terms of observing and interpreting the actual language use of and social issues experienced by refugees. In this respect, this study notes the issues faced by refugees moving to South Korea without knowledge of the Korean language. Specifically, it addresses communication issues arising within the limited space of the airport entry and departure port. To this end, two Arabic speakers applying for refugee recognition at the airport entry and departure port were interviewed. As such, procedures that must be taken at the entry and departure port between exiting the airplane and entering South Korea were reconstructed from an insider's perspective, and communication issues occurring throughout each procedure were reviewed. Subsequently, suggestions were made to ensure the language human rights of refugees at airports.

본 연구의 목적은 기업의 공식적 교육훈련의 양적 및 질적 참여가 인적자원 경쟁력 제고에 유의미한 영향을 주는 지를 확인하기 위함이다. 아울러 교육훈련의 양적 및 질적 참여가 인적자원 경쟁력 제고에 미치는 영향력이 팀의 문제해결 및 의사결정 참가 정도에 따라서 달라지는 지를 확인하고자 한다. 교육의 성과에 대한 연구는 재무적 관점은 연구가 많이 이루어졌으니 실증 연구는 제한적이었다. 왜냐하면 교육 훈련의 성과는 재무적인 성과에 직접적인 영향을 주기보다는 개인의 능력을 개발하여 조직 내에서 역량 을 발휘하고 조직 내부 프로세스 향상 등에 영향을 주기 때문에 조직 전체의 맥락적 측면에서 연구할 필요가 있다. 또한, 선행연구에서는 기업의 경영자 관점이나 근로자 관점에서 주로 이루어졌으나 경영자와 근로자의 중간 위치에서 균형잡인 시각에서 교육훈련의 효과성을 실증할 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 실증 분석을 위해 한국직업능력개발원의 2017년 인적자본기업패널조사(Human Capital Corporate Pannel Survey: HCCP)를 사용하였다. 공식적 교육훈련이 인적자원경쟁력에 미치는 영향과 팀 문제해결의 조절 효과를 실증 분석하기 위하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 인적자원 경쟁력 제고에 독립변 수인 교육참가일수와 교육기회 충분도 중에서 교육 참가일수는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 교육기회 충분도가 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 직원의 교육 참가의 양적인 측면이라고 할 수 있는 연간 교육 참가일수는 인적자원 경쟁력에 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 교육 참가의 질적인 측면에서 교육실시의 충분함과 공평함을 인식하는 정도가 인적자원 경쟁력 제고에 긍정적 영향을 미친다는 것을 입증하였다. 이러한 결과는 교육훈련에 대한 참여가 인적자원 경쟁력 제고에 대한 효과성을 높이기 위해 서 교육훈련의 질적 요소를 고려해야 한다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 교육훈련에 대한 팀 문제해결의 참여는 교육 충분도가 인적자원 경쟁력 제고에 미치는 영향을 조절하였다. 팀에서 문제해결 및 의사결정 참여 정도 높은 경우 교육훈련의 기회 충분도가 인적자원 경쟁력에 더욱 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 입증 하였다. 또한 팀에서 팀원들이 문제해결과 의사결정에 적극적으로 참여하여, 교육에 대한 동기부여와 자 기 효능감을 강화함으로써 인적자원경쟁력이 더욱 제고됨을 시사하고 있다. 기업의 경영자는 현장의 문 제해결이나 의사결정에 팀원들이 적극적으로 참여하는 조직문화와 구조를 만들고, 이러한 조직의 방향성 을 팀장 및 팀원에 강조할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 교육의 성과와 팀 문제해결의 참여에 대해서 팀장이 인식하는 정도를 주요변수로 사용하여 현장 중심의 균형 잡힌 시각에서 효과성을 탐색하였다는 점에 서 의의가 있다.

We evaluated the protective effects of cricket methanol extract (CME) on ultra-violet B (UVB)-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts. The fibroblast cells were treated with 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL of CME for 24 h, and then exposed to UVB (30 mJ/cm2). CME showed a dose-dependent cytoprotective effect without any observable cytotoxicity. CME reduced UVB-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 34.4, 34.9, 40.6% at concentrations of 10, 50, 100 μg/mL respectively. CME inhibited the release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and 3. Furthermore, CME also reduced UVB-induced collagen degradation in the fibroblast cells. Taken together, our data suggests that CME has a significant protective effect on UVB-induced photoaging of the skin. This benefit occurs through multiple mechanisms. The results also suggest a potential role for CME as an ingredient in anti-photoaging cosmetic products in the future.

The article provides a general description of liability for administrative offenses under the PRC legislation. It considers general principles of responsibility for administrative offenses, the system of bodies that impose administrative penalties, the system of administrative penalties and the procedures for imposing them. The authors determine how well it is possible to strike a balance between public and private interests in the legislation on administrative penalties. “Legality” is declared as a basic principle of administrative liability in the PRC. In this article, the authors have concluded that the principle of legality has a rather specific content. Administrative offenses and penalties are not codified in China but are dispersed in a significant amount of laws and regulations. This approach ensures the existence of a fairly dynamic system of administrative measures which guarantee a proper order in the rapidly developing Chinese economy. At the same time, this approach carries a risk of abuse of power by public bodies and excessive state intervention in the life of individuals.

Colon cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, but there are still a few validated biomarkers of colon cancer. Exosome-mediated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as potential biomarkers in cancers, and miRNAs can regulate a variety of genes. Recently, Fusobacterium nucleatum was discovered in the tissues of human colon cancer patients. Its role in colon cancer was highlighted. F. nucleatum may contribute to the progression of colon cancer through the mechanism of exosome-mediated miRNAs transfer. However, the exosomal miRNAs regulation mechanism by F. nucleatum in colon cancer is not well known. Thus, we performed next-generation sequencing to investigate the overall pattern of exosomal miRNAs expression in the colon cancer cell culture supernatant. We have confirmed the alterations of various exosomal miRNAs. In addition, to investigate the function of exosomal miRNAs, a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis was performed on the target genes of changed miRNAs. Potential target genes were associated with a variety of signaling pathways, and one of these pathways was related to colorectal cancer. These findings suggested that F. nucleatum can alter exosomal miRNAs released from colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, exosomal miRNAs altered by F. nucleatum could be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and therapy of colon cancer.

Resveratrol has been reported to exert anticancer activity via modulation of multiple pathways and genes. In this study, we examined the effect of resveratrol on YD-10B human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and its molecular mechanisms of action. We found that resveratrol inhibited the proliferation of YD-10B cells in a dose- and timedependent manner. The suppressive effect of resveratrol was accompanied by a reduction in Bmi-1 gene expression. We observed that silencing the Bmi-1 gene by small interfering RNA effectively downregulated the levels of GLUT1 mRNA and protein, which were also repressed by resveratrol. Bmi-1 silencing increased the number of YD-10B cells in S-phase arrest by approximately 2.3-fold compared with the control. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate, for the first time, that resveratrol suppresses Bmi-1-mediated GLUT1 expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and suggest that the specific molecular targeting of Bmi-1 and/or GLUT1 expression can be combined with a chemotherapeutic strategy to improve the response of oral cancer cells to resveratrol.

Acacetin, which is present in damiana (Turnera diffusa ) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia ), has several pharmacologic activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. However, the effect of acacetin on head and neck cancers has not been clearly established. This study aimed to examine the effects of acacetin on cell growth and apoptosis induction in FaDu human pharyngeal carcinoma cells. These were investigated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Live/Dead cell assay, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining, caspase-3 and caspase-7 activation assay, and immunoblotting in FaDu cells. Acacetin induced FaDu cell death in a dose-dependent manner, with an estimated IC50 value of 41.9 µM, without affecting the viability of L-929 mouse fibroblasts as normal cells. Acacetin treatment resulted in nuclear condensation in the FaDu cells. It promoted the proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3, -7, -8, and -9 with increasing amounts of the cleaved caspase isoforms in FaDu cells. Acacetin-induced apoptosis in FaDu cells was mediated by the expression of Fas and activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Immunoblotting showed downregulation of the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, but upregulation of the mitochondria-dependent pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Badin FaDu cells after acacetin treatment. These findings indicate that acacetin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death in FaDu human pharyngeal carcinoma cells via both the death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway and the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway.