Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) cause an inflammatory acne that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne by inducing inflammatory mediators. Bee venom therapy has been used in oriental medicine for the relief of pain and the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, a direct effect of bee venom in skin inflammation has not been established. The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-inflammatory properties of bee venom in skin inflammation stimulated by heat-killed P. acnes using human keratinocytes and monocytes cell line. P. acnes stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins-1β, -8, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in HaCaT and THP-1 cells. Bee venom effectively inhibits the secretion of IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. P. acnes treatment activates the expression of TLR2, which results in IL-8 expression. However, bee venom treatment reduces the expression of TLR2 and IL-8. Based on these results, bee venom has effects on anti-inflammatory activity against P. acnes in HaCaT and THP-1 cells.

Royal jelly (RJ) is exclusive food that is secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of worker honeybees, and it is well known to be a necessary for the growth of the queen honeybee Although fresh royal jelly have been demonstrated to enhance wound healing, the wound healing effects of water soluble royal jelly (WSRJ) have not been elucidated. We investigated whether WSRJ promotes the migration, attachment, and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) during in vitro wound healing. HDFs were treated with 1-5ug/ml WSRJ and RJ for up to 24hr following wound formation. Cell migration was assessed by measuring recovery from wound margin, while cell attachment and proliferation were determined by MTT assay. By observing the numbers of cell attached, we confirmed that not only WSRJ but also RJ did not affect on the initial cell adhesion. WSRJ (5 ug/ml) enhanced cell migration rate approximately 84.3% in HDFs at 24hr, whereas RJ (5 ug/ml) increased cell migration rate 71.3% in HDFs at 24hr, which is similar to cell migration rate of WSRJ 1 ug/ml (73.7%). In cell proliferation assays, WSRJ induced an increase in the number of HDFs, compared with control and RJ. In conclusion, WSRJ promotes cell migration with increased cell proliferation in an in vitro wound healing model.

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Hl) as members of the ixodid tick inhabits lots of grass thicket of field and mountain. Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites that can mediate a variety of diseases to human and animals, causing Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and human monocytic ehrlichiosis. Particularly, ticks can trigger an inflammatory response representing symptoms about swelling and itching in human. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of H. longicornis extract (HlE) on production of inflammatory cytokines and their mRNA in human monocytic THP-1 cells. In a time- and dose-dependent manner, human monocytic THP-1 cells was treated with HlE. Supernatants were analyzed for the production of cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA level in the culture cells was measured by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). As a result of this study, HlE significantly induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in THP-1 cells. These results suggest that HlE increase the release of proteins and mRNAs level of inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells. HlE may play a role in contributing to inflammatory diseases through stimulation of immune cells. Further research of H. longicornis is needed to better understand the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Tp) as a storage mite inhabitats in stored grains, hay, and straw at agricultural areas. T. putrescentiae stimulates an immune response and triggers inflammatory cytokines release, and thus it is a source of allergen that sensitize and induce allergic reactions. Also, T. putrescentiae has been reported to cause asthma and atopic disease by cross-reactivity with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp). The study on T. putrescentiae in human monocytic THP-1 cells is not enough to understand cytokine expression and pathological mechanisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of T. putrescentiae extract (TpE) on production of inflammatory cytokines and expression of mRNA level in THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells are treated with TpE and supernatants were analyzed for the production of cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA level in the culture cells was measured by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). As a result of this study, TpE significantly induced secretion of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in THP-1 cells in time- and dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that TpE may play a role in contributing to inflammatory disease through stimulation of immune cell. Further research of T. putrescentiae is needed to understand the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism.

Chromatin remodelers that include histone methyl transferases (HMTases) are becoming a focal point in cancer drug development. The NSD family of three HMTases, NSD1, NSD2/MMSET/WHSC1, and NSD3/WHSC1L are bona fide oncogenes found aberrantly expressed in several cancers, suggesting their potential role for novel therapeutic strategies. Several histone modifiers including HMTase have clear roles in human carcinogenesis but the extent of their functions and regulations are not well understood, especially in pathological conditions. The extents of the NSDs biological roles in normal and pathological conditions remain unclear. In particular, the substrate specificity of the NSDs remains unsettled and discrepant data has been reported. NSD2/MMSET is a focal point for therapeutic interventions against multiple myeloma and especially for t(4;14) myeloma, which is associated with a significantly worse prognosis than other biological subgroups. Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in the United States, after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Herein, as a first step before entering a pipeline for protein x-ray crystallography, we cloned, recombinantly expressed and purified the catalytic SET domain of NSD2. Next, we demonstrated the catalytic activities, in vitro, of the recombinantly expressed NSD2-SET on H3K36 and H4K20, its biological targets at the chromatin.

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among the aging men. Surgical or radio therapy is effective when the cancer is confined to the prostate gland but once the cancer spreads beyond the pelvis, even chemotherapy and hormonal ablation therapy fails in curing this disease. Our previous studies have shown that β-glucan induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cellular viability of these cells treated with β-glucan was measured by MTT assay. β-glucan induced dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell viability in LNCaP cancer cells. In flow cytometry analysis, β-glucan induced dose- and timedependent apoptotic activities in LNCaP cancer cells. In addition, increased of expression caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, and cytochrome C but decreased of expression Bcl-2 was observed in LNCaP cells treated with β-glucan. These results suggest that β-glucan induces apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells mediated mainly through the increased of expression caspase-3, -9, Bax, cytochrome C and decreased of expression Bcl-2.

Objective. To investigate the effects of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation–mimicking agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchy-mal stem cells (hMSCs) and elucidate the underlying mole-cular mechanisms. Study design. The dose and exposure periods for CoCl2 in hMSCs were optimized by cell viability assays. After confirmation of CoCl2-induced HIF-1α and vas-cular endothelial growth factor expression in these cells by RT-PCR, the effects of temporary preconditioning with CoCl2 on hMSC osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by RT- PCR analysis of osteogenic gene expression, an alkaline phos-phatase (ALP) activity assay and by alizarin red S staining. Results. Variable CoCl2 dosages (up to 500 µM) and exposure times (up to 7 days) on hMSC had little effect on hMSC survival. After CoCl2 treatment of hMSCs at 100 µM for 24 or 48 hours, followed by culture in osteogenic differentiating media, several osteogenic markers such as Runx-2, osteocal-cin and osteopontin, bone sialoprotein mRNA expression level were found to be up-regulated. Moreover, ALP acti-vity was increased in these treated cells in which an accele-rated osteogenic capacity was also verified by alizarin red S staining. Conclusions. The osteogenic differentiation poten-tial of hMSCs could be preserved and even enhanced by CoCl2 treatment.

We investigated the synergistic apoptotic effects of co- treatments with Chios gum mastic (CGM) and eugenol on G361 human melanoma cells. An MTT assay was cond-ucted to investigate whether this co-treatment efficiently reduces the viability of G361 cells compared with each single treatment. The induction and augmentation of apop-tosis were confirmed by DNA electrophoresis, Hoechst stai-ning, and analyses of DNA hypoploidy. Western blot ana-lysis and immunofluorescent staining were also performed to evaluate expression and translocation of apoptosis- related proteins following CGM and eugenol co-treatment. Proteasome activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes were also assayed.The results indicated that the co-treatment of CGM and eugenol induces multiple pa-thways and processes associated with an apoptotic response in G361 cells. These include nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, a reduction in MMP and proteasome acti-vity, an increase of Bax and decrease of Bcl-2, a decreased DNA content, cytochrome c release into the cytosol, the translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) into the nucleus, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, PARP and DFF45 (ICAD). In contrast, separate treatments of 40 µg/ml CGM or 300 µM eugenol for 24 hours did not induce apoptosis. Our present data thus suggest that a combination therapy of CGM and eugenol is a potential treatment strategy for human melanoma.

환경상태는 생물이 적합도 (번식성공 또는 생존율)를 극대화하기 위해서 초기생활사의 변화를 초래할 수 있 다. 본 연구에서는 온도변화와 온도에 따른 수상레저활동 인구변화가 어류의 초기 생활사 특성, 즉 체세포 성장(성 장속도), 번식세포 (생식소) 발달 그리고 누적스트레스의 회복과정과 어떠한 관계가 있는지를 동적상태의존모델을 이용하여 분석하였다. 우선 어류의 초기 생활사 특성이 취식행동에 영향을 받는다고 가정하였고, 이러한 관계를 고려하여 어류의 일반 생활사 모델을 개발하였다. 모델은 성장속도와 번식세포(생식소)의 발달이 온도가 상승함에 (단, 성장속도를 감소시키는 임계온도보다는 낮은) 따라 빨라졌으며, 또한 체내에 누적되는 스트레스도 함께 증가 하였다. 흥미롭게도 온도가 높을 때에는 수상레저활동 인 구의 증가는 성장속도와 생식소의 발달을 느리게 했지 만, 스트레스의 누적은 가속화시켰다. 그러나 온도가 낮 을 때에는 초기 생활사에 대한 수상레저활동 인구의 영 향이 상대적으로 낮았다. 또한 최적취식행동은 높은 온도 에서는 수상레저활동 인구의 변화에 관계없이 항상 높았 지만, 낮은 온도에서는 수상레저활동 인구가 증가할 수록 급격히 감소하였다. 초기성장기간 동안의 생존율은 온도 가 낮아지고 수상레저활동 인구가 적을 때에는 취식행동 이나 인간 활동에 따른 어류의 사망률 증감이 생존률 변 이에 영향을 주었다. 반대로 온도가 높아지고 수상레저활 동 인구가 많을 때의 생존율은 취식행동이나 사망률에 관계없이 항상 낮았다. 끝으로 본 연구를 통해 기후변화 와 수상레저활동 인구변화와 관련된 어류의 초기 생활사 를 수생태계 보전전략이나 건강성 평가분석에 포함시키 는 것은 분석의 정확성과 정밀성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것 이라 사료된다.

Anti-diabetic activities of cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum are being evaluated in this study. The OGTT and 4-weeks of repeated oral efficacy tests are conducted in mice at the doses of 0 (vehicle treatment), 25, 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day, respectively. In human study, the test article was administered orally every day for 8-week at a dose of 1,500 ㎎/㎏, tid and placebo group. The blood glucose levels (BGL) at 0.5 hour after treatment are significant decreased in all treatment groups of OGTT test. In the 4-week test, BGL of 75 and 225 ㎎/㎏/day group is continuously decreased during all treatment periods and the BGL of 25 ㎎/㎏/day group show decreasing trends at the final week, the pancreas weight of all treatment groups are being increased, and the Langerhans-islet numbers were increased at all treatment groups with a dose-response manner. There are no test article-related abnormal signs and the fasted blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPG) and HbA1c are decreased significantly after 8-week treatments. These results that the cultured mycelia from Ganoderma applanatum could decrease BGL by protecting the degeneration of Langerhans islets.

본 연구의 기본 목적은 한국의 중소기업을 대상으로 전략적 인적자원관리 관행이 이직의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 파악하고, 팀 리더의 감성리더십이 이들의 관계를 조절하는가를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이상의 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 선행 연구들에 대한 이론적 고찰을 통해 연구모형을 설정하였으며, 20 개 중소기업의 315명으로부터 수거된 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 본 연구의 실증분석을 통하여 얻은 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전략적 인적자원관리 관

Bladder cancer is a common cancer in smoking men and may correlate with mechanosensitive potassium channels because the urinary bladder is a stretch sensing organ. Two-pore K+ channels (K2P), such as TASK3 and TREK1, have recently been shown to play a critical role in both cell apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Of the channels, TREK1 can be activated by many physiological stimuli, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, and intracellular pH, hypoxia, and neurotransmitters. Here we attempted to determine whether TREK1 is functionally expressed in bladder cancer 253J cells. K2P channels, including TREK1, TREK2, TASK1, TASK3, and TWIK1, were quantified in cultured human bladder cancer 253J cells using real time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Among them, TREK1-like channel was recorded at a single channel level using the patch-clamp technique. The TREKl-like channel, with single-channel conductance of ~90 pS at −80 mV, was recorded in symmetrical 150 mM KCl using an excised inside-out patch configuration. The current- voltage relationships were linear and were insensitive to tetraethylammonium. The channel was activated by membrane stretch, free fatty acids, and intracellular acidosis. These results with electrophysiological properties resemble to those of K2P channel, for instance, TREK1. Therefore, we conclude that TREK1 channel is functionally present in bladder cancer 253J cells.

Uncovering enzyme (UCE), encoded by the human NAGPA, is a trans-Golgi enzyme that adds the mannose-6- phosphate recognition tag on lysosomal enzymes destined for the lysosome. Mutations in NAGPA are known to cause stuttering, a common speech disorder with unknown etiology. The human NAGPA gene is transcribed into two different forms, probably due to alternative splicing. One of them, known as a brain isoform, is lacking exon 8 (102-bp). We performed quantitative real-time PCR for the NAGPA brain and non-brain isoforms in a cDNA panel originating from 16 human tissues and 24 sub-brain regions. According to our findings, the relative quantity of the NAGPA brain isoform in the brain was 4.7 times more than that in the control cDNA, a pooled mixture of equal amounts of cDNAs from the 16 different tissues. Further analysis using the cDNA panel originating from 24 different sub-brain regions revealed that the cerebral cortex contained the largest amount of NAGPA brain isoform. Relative quantity in the cerebral cortex was 8.6 times more than that in the control cDNA (P=0.00004). The lowest quantity of this isoform was detected in cDNA from the pituitary gland. In conclusion, findings of the current study suggest that the cerebral cortex, expressing the highest quantity of the NAGPA brain isoform, might be the region associated with speech function.

For years, many studies have mainly been investigated in a complicated human motion analysis. Recently, many motion analysis equipments have been studied and developed. Therefore, the more complex human movement analyses are possible, we have enabled us to perform more and more complicated human movement analyses. A Three-dimensional(3D) motion analysis on of the several methods is a useful tool for analyzing the human motion analysis. The purpose of this study was to develop the 3D human motion analysis using a kalman filter algorithm and a gyro sensor. The algorithm and sensor were used to human motion analysis with high-speed motion capture. In this study, the developed system will be adapted to facilitate golf swing analysis. Using the developed system, golfers and coaches who do not have advanced biomechanical knowledge can easily be used to their golf swing analysis. Future study is necessary for more practical and efficient area such as other sports industries, 3D game industries, rehabilitation training, etc..

This article proposes the principle of human dignity as an indispensable requirement for sustainable regional economic integration, especially in East Asia. The contribution of free trade to economic growth and development is widely acknowledged. The economic survival of workers and farmers lacking international competitiveness has been, however, endangered, because of the expansion of trade liberalization and investment based on economic integration. Economic integration that ensures human dignity will promote successful and sustainable regional economic integration, by balancing economic prosperity and social integration. In this context, this article reviews the value and concept of human dignity as a goal and principle for regional economic integration. The author contends that neither sustainable prosperity nor a high level of economic development is itself a goal of economic integration, but merely a means by which to improve human dignity. Economic integration should, therefore, serve not only to maintain sustainable prosperity, but also to maximize human dignity.

기존의 키워드 기반 검색방식의 한계를 개선하기 위해 최근에 의미, 개념 기반 검색인 시맨틱 웹이 등장하였고, 이러한 시멘틱 웹의 발전과 더불어 이를 표현하기 위한 도구로써 Ontology 언어도 발전하고 있다. 이러한 기술의 발전에 힘입어 우리나라에서는 인문지리정보 포탈 시스템 구축사업이 Semantic Web, Ontology기술을 활용하여 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 인문지리정보 통합 DB 및 온톨로지 KB 구축과정에 있어서 각 단계별 검증방안이 제시되고 있지 않으며, 2011년에 인문지리정보 분류체계의 검증 기준에 대한 연구를 하였지만, 추상적이고 실제로 통합 DB 및 온톨로지 KB 구축과정에 적용하기에는 어려운 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정보시스템 및 GIS 분야의 감리 방법론을 토대로 검증 방향을 설정하고, 통합 DB 및 온톨로지 KB의 구축과정의 특수성을 반영하여 각 단계별 정량적이고 객관적인 검증 방안을 제안한다.

An assessment was made of beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitory, feeding, climbing activities and lifespan of the diarylalkyls curcumin (CCN), demethoxycurcumin (DCCN) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDCCN) identified in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Based on IC50 values, BDCCN (0.024 mM) was the most inhibitory constituent, followed by DCCN (0.31 mM) and CCN (0.59 mM). Overall the three curcuminoids were significantly less inhibitory than BACE1 inhibitor IV isophthalamide (8.5 × 10-5 mM). The expression of human APP and BACE1 in compound eye of Drosophila melangaster presented rough abnormal ommatidial lattice. Co-expression of APP and BACE1 within the developing nervous system of drosophila showed climbing defects. These transgenic flies kept on media containing 1 mM of CCN and BDCCN were observed to ameliorate eye degeneration, significantly suppress locomotive dysfunctions, and increase media life time, as well as isophthalamide. CCN and BDCCN as human BACE1 inhibitory constituents may be used as potential therapeutics or lead molecules to develop Alzheimer's disease treatment drugs.

Transhumanism is a social trend that characterizes a growing number of people who are confident that technologies of human enhancement will enable them to transcend physical and mental weakness, frailty and imperfection. Life extension, intelligence increase, disease resistance, rejuvenation and genetic fortification ... these and other boons lie only slightly in the future, according to transhumanists. There is an inverse relation between technical and philosophical sophistication among leading transhumanist. For example, Nick Bostrom professes nearly blind faith in European Enlightenment rationality and the salvific power of science and technology. For all its technical savvy, transhumanism's uncritical embrace of Enlightenment philosophy renders it a doctrinaire trend in popular cultural, not a philosophical one. Sufism emerged early in the history of Islam as a blend of East Asian spirituality, orthodox Islam and Greek philosophy. Despite its emergence within a revelation-based religious culture, Sufism's deliberative refinement of philosophical anthropology over the course of 13 centuries lends a selfreflexive character to its approach to human transformation. I will argue that while it shares certain transcendental ideals that are traditionally found in Sufism, transhumanism understands and pursues these ideals without significant self-critical evaluation. Transhumanists tend to reduce erstwhile religious ideals to upgradeable, more or less plausible technological products. By contrast, the Sufi perspective offers a non-literal, nontechnological ideals of human perfection. Based on this contrast, I contend that while transhumanists are moved by the same transcendental urges, they act on these in ways that are at best futile, and at worse, ultimately self-defeating.