주파수영역과 시간영역의 두가지 방법을 통하여 감쇠율을 분석하였다. 11층~19층 범위의 철근콘크리트 건물에 대하여 주파수 영역에서의 해석을 위한 상시진동과 시간영역에서의 해석을 위한 인력가진을 실시하였다. 하프파워법의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여 1024, 2048, 4096 세가지 앙상블 샘플사이즈에 대하여 분석하였다. 인력가진법에 의한 장변과 단변의 감쇠율은 각각 1.05%~1.22%과 1.16%~1.50%이다. 하프파워법은 감쇠율을 약간 과대평가할 수 있지만, 계측데이터의 길이를 가능한 길게 하여 bandwidth를 작게 하면 감쇠율 평가의 정밀도를 향상할 수 있었다.

The prominent side effect of cyclosporin A, immunosuppressive agent, in oral tissues is gingival overgrowth(GO). It is characterized by the gingival enlargement with epithelial thickening, a large number of proliferating fibroblasts and overproduction of ECM components. Fibroblast accumulation in Cs A induced GO is caused by the Inhibition of apoptosis. But CsA effect on normal human oral keratinocyte(NHOK) remains unclear. Transglutaminase 2(TGase 2) which is expressed and activated in tissue where epithelial cells undergo apoptosis has been used as a marker for apoptotic cells. The purpose of this study were to study the effect of CsA on the proliferation and apoptosis of cultured NHOK by TGase 2 expression. After primary cultured NHOK was treated by 0.1, 1.0 and 10ug/ml Cs A, growth curve, MTT assay for succinyl dehydrogenase activity and RT-PCR for TGase 2 mRNA expression were done. The obtained results were as follows. MTT assay showed about 65% cell viability at 1.0μg/ml and 40% at 10μg/ml CsA. Growth curve showed normal S curve on control & DMSO, while decreased growth rate after 3 days of higher CsA tx. TGase 2 mRNA expression of cultured NHOK was the highest at 10μg/ml Cs A. TEM showed chromosome margination, and vacuole formation and clustered mitochodria in cytoplasm of cultured NHOK after CsA tx. It suggested that higher CsA might induce apoptosis of NHOK correlated with increased TGase 2 mRNA expression

To investigate the differential expression of genes by 635nm LEDs irradiation in arachidonic acid-treated human gingival fibroblasts, cDNA microarray was carried out. Human gingival fibroblasts were primary cultured and arachidonic acid was treated to induce inflammation. 635nm of wave length was used for LEDs irradiation. The experimental group was categorized into four group ; control, only LEDs irradiation group, only arachidonic acid-treated group and arachidonic acid-treated with LEDs irradiation group. The expression of 8,078 genes were increased and the expression of 7,103 genes were decreased in only LEDs irradiation group. For arachidonic acid-treated with LEDs irradiation group, the expression of 6,815 genes were increased, while the expression of 8,031 genes were decreased comparing with only arachidonic acid-treated group. IL-13alpha2 receptor was the most expressed gene in LEDs irradiation group comparing with control, followed by MMP3. Genes which the most down regulated was BIRC3 in LEDs irradiation group. PLAB genes was the most up-regulated in arachidonic acid treated with LEDs irradation group, followed by ranked RARRES1. Considering the classification by cell function, genes associated with signal transduction were the most affected by LEDs irradiation, followed by the genes associated with nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism. In arachidonic acid treated with LEDs irradiation, genes associated with signal transduction and protein metabolism were affected. Taken together, LEDs irradiation could affect various biological process and could identify many genes related to LEDs irradiation, which could be used for clinical application.

We have previously produced transgenic (TG) mice expressing the human lactoferrin (hLF), interleukin-10 (hIL-10), and thrombopoietin (hTPO) proteins in the milk. In this study, we examined whether simple crossbreeding between two kids of a single transgenic mouse can produce double transgenics co-expressing two human proteins.. The hLF male, and the hIL-10 male were crossbred with the hIL-10 and hTPO females, and the hTPO female, respectively. PCR analysis for genotyping showed 32%, 23% and 24% double transgenic rates for hLF/hIL-10, hLF/hTPO, and hIL-10/hTPO transgenes, respectively. We analyzed the expression levels of the human proteins from double transgenic mice and compared those with their single transgenic siblings. All double transgenic co-expressed two human proteins at comparable levels to singles', unless hTPO was not co-expressed: for hLF, 1.1 mg/ml in hLF/hIL-10, whereas 0.5 mg/ml in hLF/hTPO; for hIL-10, 4.1 mg/ml in hIL-10/hLF, whereas 1.4 mg/ml in hIL-10/hTPO. Ihe downregulation of hTPO to half level of singles' was observed in double transgenic mice. The possible reason why hTPO co-expressed might lead to down-regulation of another human protein was discussed. These results suggested that double transgenic generated by crossbreeding between two singles' could be useful system for bioreactor.

Development of human-system interfaces (HSI) supporting the interaction between human and automation-based systems, particularly safety-critical sociotechnial systems, entails a wide range of design and evaluation problems. To help HSI designers deal with these problems, many methodologies from traditional human-computer interaction, software engineering, and systems engineering have been applied; however, they have been proved inadequate to develop cognitively well engineered HSI. This paper takes a viewpoint that HSI development is itself a cognitive process consisting of various decision making and problem solving activities and then proposes a design requirements-driven process for developing HSI. High-level design problems and their corresponding design requirements for visual information display are explained to clarify the concept of design requirements. Lastly, conceptual design of software system to support the requirements-driven process and designers' knowledge management is described.

  Enhanced machine reliability has dramatically reduced the rate and number of railway accidents but for further reduction human error should be considered together that accounts for about 20% of the accidents. Therefore, the objective of this study was t

곰피추출물의 CCD-986sk cell line monolayer (human fibroblast, KCBL-21947)에 대한 피부세포 생리활성효과를 측정하고, 또한 곰피추출물의 Clone M-3 mouse melano-cyte cell line에 대한 melanin formation 저해효과를 측정하기 위해 in vitro레벨에서 실험을 실시하였다. 곰피는 다년생 갈조류의 일종으로 이 종은 한국 연안해역에서 중요한 1차생산자의 역할을 담당하고 있는

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of slow freezing with that of vitrification method for the cryopreservation of human embryos. Human embryos were derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and the mixed solution of propanedial (1.5, 1.0, 0.5M PROH) and sucrose (0.1M), ethylene glycol (7.5, 15%), dimethyl sulfoxide (7.5, 15% DMSO), sucrose (0.5, 1.0M) and SPS (Serum Protein Substitute) was used for a cryoprotectant for slow freezing and vitrification solution, respectively. Rates of recovery after thawing, morphological normality, post-thaw viability, arrest, morphological abnormality and preimplantation development were compared between two protocols. After freezing-thawing, recovery and survial rate of slow freezing was (88.6% and 73.4%), whereas vitrification was (99.2% and 96.2%) (p<0.05). The arrest rate of slow freezing was significantly lower compared with those of vitrification(8.7% vs 29.9%) (p<0.05). Preimplantation development to the 2-cell (83.8% vs 67.7%), 4-cell (69.0% vs 47.2%) and 8-cell (62.4% vs 37.8%) stages 24, 48 and 72 h after thawing, respectively, were higher in the slow freezing than the vitrification. After slow freezing and vitrification of human embryo at 2-8cell stage, the rate of recovery rate, survival rate and partial damage rate were 92.0% vs 100%, 80.4% vs 96.2% and 52.2% vs 19.0%, respectively. And partial damage rate was significantly lower than those of slow freezing method (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that a slow freezing using PROH is more efficient than a vitrification for cryopreserving the human zygotes, although the vitrification yielded better recovery, survival and partial damage of frozen-thawed 2-8 cell stage embryos than slow freezing method.

Humans are well-known for being adept at using intuition and expertise in many situations. However, human experts are still susceptible to errors in judgment or execution, and failure to recognize the limits of knowledge. This would happen especially in semi-structured situations, in multi-disciplinary settings, under time or other stress, under uncertainty, or when knowledge is outdated Human errors are caused by cognitive biases, attentional slips/memory lapses, cultural motivations, and missing knowledge. The purpose of this research is to study errors of human experts committed in judgment and the general idea of critiquing systems as corresponding plan. Compared to expert systems, critiquing systems are narrowly focused programs useful in limited situations for collaborating with and supporting experts in their task activities. It supports an expert by detecting the human's errors by deploying various strategies that stimulate humans to improve their performance. A variety of types of critiquing systems has spread through numerous application areas.

This study demonstrated the effects of extracts from the mushroom Keumsa sangwhang(Phellinus linteus) (KPLE) on fasting glucose and cholesterol levels in human blood. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled human intervention study, healthy volunteers were randomized to receive 3.3 g of KPLE (n=31) or placebo (n=31) per day by oral administration for 8 weeks. The cholesterol and fasting serum glucose levels were evaluated before and after treatment. The fasting serum glucose level was significantly decreased by KPLE administration (p<0.01), but the total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLcholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations did not change. This study suggests a possibility that KPLE may be useful as a functional food for the prevention of diabetes mellitus.

Cyto kinc production by epiclerma l keratinocytes has been investiga ted ext ensive ly cluring the past decacle in the skm Furthermore‘ cyto kines produced by pidermal kerat inocytes may be regar decl as important regulators in inflammation, 1 nunune responses‘ and during wound healing, The associa tion of specific cytokine patterns in proliferative a ncl/or infl ammatory related cha nges in the s kin suggests a role in the pathogenesis of certain skin diseases, Although it is conceiva b1e that the pa ttern of cytokine express ion in o1'al kera tinocytes might be sirnilar t o tha t of epidermal origin, the1'e a re only sparse reports that have s hown t his experi menta lly, In addition, there is s ome evidence that there may be differe n ces in the proliferative capacity of oral versus epidermal keratinocytes, Since t his may be crucial for better un clerstanding the biologica l processes in the oral mucosa and how they may differ from the e pidennis, we a na lyzed the cyto kine expression pat tern of human oral kera tinocy tes, The purpose of this study were to investigate mRNA & protein express ion 0 1' va rious cy tokines between NHOK and NHEK by RT-PCR & immunoslot blotting, and to apply its results 1‘0 1' bet ter understancling t he pathological processes in the o1'al mucosal d1seases Cultured NHEK showecl larger a rea of cel lula r s tratil'icat ion tha n cul tu ++ 1'ed NHOK in 0 05mM Ca concentra tion, 1L - 1α , IL- 6 mRNA expression 0 1' cult ured NHOK we1'e hi gher than that of NHEK, TNF- mRNA expression of NHEK was about 1, 2 folds than that 0 1' NHOK, ICAM- 1 mRNA expression of NHOK was a bout 13 folds t han that of NHOK, while NHEK was weakly detected, 1L- 1a , IL-6 pro tein expression of cul tured NHOK were hi gher t han t ha t of NHEK TNF-a protein expression of NHEK was about 1, 2 fo lds than that of NHOK, 1CAM- 1 protein expression of NHOK was about 40 folcls than that of NHOK, whil e NHEK was weakly detectecl , mRNA express ion was associa ted wi th prot ein expression in cul tured NHOK ancl NHEK, It s uggestecl that lL- 1a ‘ 11-6 and ICAM-1 mRNA and protein be highl y expressecl in cultured NHOK, Especially, ICAM- 1 would be a useful ma rker for the pathogenesis of oral mucosal di sease,

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo and have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells in the body. Hence, these cells may potentially be an indefinite source of cells for cell therapy in various degenerative diseases including neuronal disorders. For clinical applications of human ES cells, directed differentiation of these cells would be necessary. The objective of this study is to develop the culture condition for the expansion of neural precursor cells derived from human ES cells. Human ES cells were able to differentiate into neural precursor cells upon a stepwise culture condition. Neural precursor cells were propagated up to 5000-fold in cell numbers over 12-week period of culture and evaluated for their characteristics. Expressions of sox1 and pax6 transcripts were dramatically up-regulated along the differentiation stages by RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, expressions of oct4 and nanog transcripts were completely disappeared in neural precursor cells. Expressions of nestin, pax6 and sox1 were also confirmed in neural precursor cells by immunocytochemical analysis. Upon differentiation, the expanded neural precursor cells differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In immunocytochemical analysis, expressions of type III β-tubulin and MAP2ab were observed. Presence of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were also confirmed by expressions of GFAP and O4, respectively. Results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of long-term expansion of human ES cell-derived neural precursor cells in vitro, which can be a potential source of the cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

Epigenetic modification dependent DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) play an important role in tissue- and stage-specific gene regulation and normal mammalian development. In this study, we show that DNMTs are expressed at different levels during hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation to proerythrocytes. DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B were highly expressed at day 7 after differentiation. We used specific siRNA as a tool to probe the relationship between the expression of DNMTs and erythropoietic differentiation. When introduced siRNA of DMNT1 and DMNT3b in human CD34+ cells, these more differentiated into erythrocytes. This was confirmed by glycophorin A (GPA) positive cell analysis and globin gene expression. GPA+ cells increased up to 20～30%, and γ- and ε-globin genes increased in siRNA transfected cells. Therefore, our data suggest that suppression of DNA methylation can affect positively differentiation of HSC and may contribute to expression of erythrocyte lineage genes including GPA and globins.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are known to have an infinite proliferation and pluripotency that are associated with complex processes. The objective of this study was to examine expression of genes differentially regulated during differentiation of human ES cells by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Human ES cells were induced to differentiate into neural precursor cells via embryoid body. Neural precursor cells were isolated physically based on morphological criteria. Immunocytochemical analysis showed expression of pax6 in neural precursor cells, confirming that the isolated cells were neural precursor cells. Undifferentiated human ES cells and neural precursor cells were subject to the SSH. TPX2 (Targeting Protein for Xklp2 (Xenopus centrosomal kinesin-like protein 2)) was identified, cloned and analyzed during differentiation of human ES cells into neural lineages. Expression of TPX2 was gradually down-regulated in embryoid bodies and neural precursor cells relative to undifferentiated ES cells. Targeting Protein for Xklp2 has been shown to be involved in cell division by interaction with microtubule development in cancer cells. Taken together, result of this study suggests that TPX2 may be involved in proliferation and differentiation of human ES cells.

Cordyceps militaris is well known as a traditional herbal ingredient, which has been used for patients suffering from cancer in oriental medicine. In this study we have investigated the biochemical mechanisms of anti-proliferative effects by C. militaris extract(CBE) in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. It was found that CBE treatment induced chromatin condensation, mitochondrial energization, annexin V staining and sub-G1 phase DNA content. These indicators of apoptosis correlate with the mitochondrial dependent pathway, which results in the activation of caspase-3 activity. Both the cytotoxic effect by CBE treatment were significantly inhibited by z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, demonstrating the important role of caspase-3 in the observed cytotoxic effect. Co-treatment of CBE and LY294002, resulted in significantly induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that caspase-3 is a key regulator of apoptosis in response to CBE in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 through down regulation of Akt, and that the C. militaris extract may therefore have therapeutic potential against human breast cancer.

본 연구는 조선후기 실학의 한 양상을 보여준다고 평가되는 五洲衍文長箋散稿의 구성상의 특징을 살피고, 이와 관련하여 五洲 李圭景(1788-1856)의 공부법 가운데 하나를 밝힘으로써 조선후기 일부 지식인들에게 보이던 지적 풍토를 究明하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이 과정에서 다음 사항들이 검토되었다.첫째, 기존에 알려진 五洲의 작품 五洲衍文長箋散稿 五洲書種 詩家點燈 이외에 五洲의 손에서 이루어진 다른 서적이 있는가를 검토하였다. 五洲衍文長箋散稿에 대한 분석만으로도 이상 3종 이외에 약 20여종의 서적이 五洲의 저작임을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 그렇다면 이 많은 저작들을 남길 수 있었던 것은 어째서인가? 이는 무엇보다 五洲衍文長箋散稿에서 보이는 構成上의 문제를 염두에 두지 않을 수 없다. 즉, 이 책은 일정한 주제에 관해 沈潛된 사고를 바탕으로 저자의 견해를 피력하는 데에 주안을 두었다기보다는, 일정한 주제에 관해 기존의 관련정보들을 갈무리해두는 방식을 택하고 있다. 다시 말해, 짧은 기간에 많은 저작을 남긴 것은 오히려 깊이 있는 沈潛이 결여된 成冊 방식이 큰 몫을 한 듯 하다. 셋째, 정보를 갈무리하는 성책방식은 단순한 독서를 통해 이루어진다기보다는 해당 정보를 직접 ‘보유’하고 있을 필요가 있다. 이 과정에서 크게 활용된 공부법이 바로 抄였으며, 抄는 抄하는 과정에서 정보의 습득을 가져오지만 또 다른 측면으로 보자면 정보의 구축, 즉 성책의 수단이기도 하였다. 따라서 五洲衍文長箋散稿라는 책은 五洲가 지녔던 癖에 가까운 抄라는 공부법이 이루어낸 결과물이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between unsafe behavior, human factor and human error. For the object, several correlation analyses for those three elements were implemented. Several hypotheses for the relationship between them was suggested. The suggested hypotheses were verified by a comprehensive survey received from 132 safety manager of manufacturing industry. The conclusions were proven from the hypotheses verificaiton as belows; 1) The dependent relation items between unsafe behavior and human factor are dress protection tool, machine(equipment) and working rule have a dependent relation. 2) The dependent relation items between human factor and human error are uncommunication, control, slaps, fatigue, education, system, unmonitoring, failure. 3) The dependent relation items between human error and unsfafe behavior are decline and product/working method,failure and uncommunication have a dependent relation.

Macrophage inflammatory prote in -3α (M1P-3a 01' CCL20) is an intr땅uing molecule in CanCel‘ irrununotherapy‘ but M1P-3 a expr ession and signaling are not well under s tood in oral cancer cell s. We investigated CCL20 expression a nd signal trans duction by treating immortal ized hllman oral keratinocyte (IHO찌 and oral ca ncer (뻐 4) cells with defe roxa llline (DFO) and examined the mRNA express ion 01' CCL20 using RT- PCR and ELI8A. lHOK and HN4 cells treated with DFO sbowed increased mRNA and protein expression 01' CCL20. and the upregulation 01' DFO-induced CCL20 expression was higher in IHOK cells than in HN4 cells 8elective inhibitors of p38 and ERKl/2 abol ished DF'O- induced CCL20 expression in both lHOK and HN12 cells. and p38 and ERKl/2 inhibitors prevented DFO- induceddegradati on 01' 1 -κ B and NF'-K B activation. Activation 01' c-fos and c-jun also occmred fo l lowing DFO treatment in IHOK and HN4 cells Collectively, these results suggest that DFO-indllced M1 P- 3a. which is involved in the MAP kinase‘ c-fos, c-jun, and NF-K B pathways, may be an important mediator of the a ntitumor immune response in oral keratinocytes ancl warrants con sideration as a target molecule for oral cancer t reatment

Heme oxygenase-l (HO-l) exhibits cyt oprotective effects in many different cell types and is induced by nicotine exposure in human gingival fibroblasts‘ However‘ therole of HO- l in cancer cells exposed to nicotine has not previously been descnbed We investigated the effects of nicotine on HO-l protein expression and cell viability in immortalized (IHOK) and malignant (HN12) human ora l keratinocyte cells using the MTT assay and Western blotting. We al so examined the involvement of t he phosphoinosit ide-3-0H- kinase (PI3K), mitogen-acti vated protein kinase (MAPK) , and nucJear factor-κ B (NF-κ B) signaling pathways in nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and HO- l levels in IHOK and HN12 cell s‘ Nicotine induced HO- l pro ducti on and had cytotoxic effects on cells in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Nicotine-induced cytotox icity and accumulation of HO- l were greater in JJ-IOK cells than in HN12 cells Molecular inhibitors of the ERK, p38 MAP kinase, PI3K, and NF-κ B signaling pathways blocked the cytotoxic effects and induction of J-IO-l expression by nicotine. Treatmen t with an t ioxida nts (bil irubin, N-acetyl cysteine) protected cells against nicotine-induced cytotoxicity and blocked the upregula tion of J-IO- l, the effects of which were more pronounced in II-IOK cells than in HN12 cells Collecti vely, these results suggest that J-IO- l plays a principal role in the protective response to nicotine in oral cancel and immortalized keratinocytes. Moreover, the addition of exogenous antioxidants may help to protect oral epithelial cells as chemopreventive agents against nicotine-induced oxidative stress.