The study examines economic and environmental impacts of mass tourism on regional tourism destinations, particularly the establishment of “Ten New Bali”, in Indonesia. The sample is restricted to the period of time in which annual data is available and comparable among variables from 1980 to 2015 (36 observations). All of the time series data was collected and retrieved from the World Development Indicator database published by the World Bank. This study applies cointegrating regression analysis using the fully modified OLS, canonical cointegrating regression, and dynamic OLS. The results of the study suggest that 1) there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between tourism receipts, environmental degradation and economic growth in Indonesia, 2) tourism growth and agriculture land growth are positively related to an increase of total output in the short-run in Indonesia, and 3) arable land is significant at the 0.01 level, but forest rents and CO2 from transport are not significant in the short-run in Indonesia. The results confirm that arable land is negatively related to an increase of total output in Indonesia. That is, when tourism growth in the economy is getting realized it shows that the environmental degradation increases greatly in inverse in the model, eventually negative impacts to the environment.

지구온난화 문제와 유기성 폐기물의 처리문제는 해결이 시급한 환경문제이며, 바이오가스는 이러한 문제를 동시에 해결할 수 있는 장점으로 크게 주목받고 있다. 그러나 바이오가스 중에 함유된 황화수소나 암모니아는 발전설비의 부식 및 대기오염을 유발하기 때문에 전처리가 필수적이다. 기체상 오염물질의 처리를 위한 다양한 기술 중 수세정(scrubber)은 기액간의 접촉을 유도하여 액상으로 오염물질을 흡수 및 제거하는 기술로 널리 활용되고 있는 기술이다. 또한 황화수소나 암모니아는 물에 대한 용해성이 높기 때문에 수세정 공정을 활용하기 유리하다. 그러나 고농도의 황화수소나 암모니아를 효율적으로 처리하기 위해 가성소다 등의 약품을 세정액에 용해시켜 활용하는 것은 세정 후 약액의 2차 처리문제를 야기한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 수세정공정에 전기화학적으로 생성된 free chlorine을 유입시켜 흡수된 황화수소 및 암모니아를 산화함으로써 물질전달률을 높일 수 있도록 하고자 하였다. 이를 위해서는 황화수소와 암모니아의 물질전달률의 평가가 필수적이며, 본 연구에서는 10mM의 NaCl이 용해된 수용액에 1,000 ppm의 황화수소와 암모니아가 4 L/min의 유량으로 단독으로 유입될 때와 동시에 유입될 때의 물질전달계수를 비교하였다. 수용액의 pH가 8일 때 황화수소 단독 물질전달계수(KLa-H2S)는 0.1214 min-1이고, 암모니아 단독 물질전달계수(KLa-NH3)는 9.9×10-5 min-1으로 산정되었다. 그러나 황화수소와 암모니아 각 1,000 ppm이 동시에 유입되었을 때 KLa-H2S는 0.2247 min-1, KLa-NH3는 1.6×10-4 min-1으로 물질전달속도가 상승하였다. 따라서 수세정 공정에서 황화수소와 암모니아의 동시유입이 제거율의 향상에 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, free chlorine에 의해 액상 황화수소와 암모니아가 제거된다면 추가적인 물질전달계수의 향상이 가능하다.

비흡연자와 한국형 알코올 선별 검사법 (AUDIT-K)설문지 척도점수에 따라 적정음주군(10점 이하)을 연구대상으로 하여 뇌 백질의 손상 유무를 파악 할 수 있는 확산텐서영상을 검사하고 영상을 획득 한 후 Tract-Based Spatial Statics(TBSS)방법으로 뇌 백질 부위의 신경섬유로의 비등방도 FA(fractional anisotropy)값을 측정 분석한 결과 연령과 체질량지수(BMI)의 변인에 따른 뇌 백질 모든 영역에서 FA값은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며 본 연구의 결과 값으로 추측하자면 즉, 연령과 체질량지수(BMI)는 뇌 백질의 미세구조성 변화에 크게 영향을 미치지는 않는다고 할 수 있다.

본 연구는 유방종괴에서 횡탄성 초음파검사(SWE)의 진단 수행도를 알아보고, 조직검사 결과와 SWE에서 얻어지는 강성도와 비교하고자 하였다. 진단적 유방 초음파와 SWE를 2017년 6월부터 2017년 9월까지 유방 초음파 검사 상 종괴가 발견된 환자 157명을 대상으로 하였다. 157명의 병리학적 결과는 양성 92명(나이, 44.54±11.84), 악성 65명(나이, 51.55±10.54)으로 나타났다. 진단적 유방 초음파의 유방영상보고데이터체계(BI-RADS)에 따른 최종 평가, 조직검사 결과, 정량적 SWE 결과를 구하고 서로 비교하였다. 정량적 SWE 수치와 병리학적 결과에서 진단 특이도는 평균탄성값(Emean)에서 83.70%로 가장 높게 나왔으며, 민감도는 최소탄성값(Emin)에서 89.23%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 정량적 SWE값과 조직검사결과와는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다.(p=0.000) 악성병변에서 최적의 절사값(cut-off value)은 민감도, 특이도가 높은 최대탄성값(Emax), 평균탄성값(Emean)에서 66.3 kPa, 63.7 kPa로 나타났으며 이는 다른 SWE 측정 수치들과 비교했을 때 가장 높은 진단 곡선 하 면적(area under the curve; AUC)값을 보였다.(p=0.000) 유방종괴에서 기존의 초음파에서 SWE를 추가적으로 시행하는 것은 진단 특이도를 높이고 불필요한 조직검사를 줄일 수 있다. 따라서 상기 분석법 및 기기를 이용하여 유방종괴를 분석하는 데에 도움을 받을 수 있게 될 것으로 기대한다.

An advanced lumped-mass stick (LMS) model introduced in this paper is to overcome the disadvantages of the conventional lumped mass stick model, such as frequency error and low accuracy of dynamic responses. In order to show the performance of the advanced lumped-mass stick model, the experimental test using shaking table is conducted, considering a scaled four-story frame structure. The material of the frame model is stainless and the total mass of the model is about 39kg. The displacement and acceleration responses resulted from the advanced LMS model are compared with those of experimental results, including the response results of the conventional LMS model of the frame model.

In Korea, inspection and precise safety diagnosis is regularly carried out to maintain and manage the main tunnel(NATM) which has been passed ten years after completion. In this study, we collected the laboratory test results of the concrete lining in the existing road and railway tunnels, and analyzed the correlation between compressive strength and unit mass of concrete. It is hoped that it will be used for efficient maintenance and management work of tunnels in the future.

Nitrogen budgets in Sihwa-ho in 2010 were estimated using a mass balance approach. Major nitrogen fluxes sources can be divided into three sections: cities, agricultural area, and forest. Surplus nitrogen 2,030~2,214 ton/yr (2,123 ton/yr in average) was discharged to Sihwa Lake. 20% of the surplus nitrogen is removed from the wetland and 60% is removed tidal flats. Therefore net nitrogen discharge from Sihwa basin is estimated to be 650 708 ton/yr (679 ton/yr in average). Wet and dry nitrogen deposition and load from non-point sources ware estimated to be 97 ton/yr and 69 ton/yr, deposition is using CAMx model. So estimated total nitrogen discharge into Sihwa-ho was 817 875 ton/yr (846 ton/yr in average). The atmospheric load explains 11.1 11.9% (11.5% in average) of the total nitrogen load Sihwa-ho.

Multi-objective optimization using response surface methodology-based surrogate model was employed to find optimal design parameter of TMD installed on structure under the El Centro earthquake. It is found that the RSM based weighted multi-objective optimized damper improves frequency responses and root mean square displacements of the structure without TMD by 31.6% and 82.3% under El Centro earthquake, respectively, and has an equal or higher performance than the conventionally designed dampers with respect to frequency responses and root mean square displacements and when applied to earthquakes.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the permeability coefficient of concrete using mass hydrophobation agent. Experiments were carried out by making concrete specimens with different amounts of mass hydrophobation agent. It is considered that the pores are filled in the internal structure of the concrete by the expansion of the mass hydrophobation agent.

Tributary area based-lumped mass model is a simplified modeling technique and it is popularly adopted in earthquake engineering for the evaluation of seismic performance of structures. However, the technique provides somewhat less accuracy due to its different frequencies and mode shapes, compared to the detailed FE model. For the basic understanding this study investigates the sensitivity of the lumped mass locations on the mode shapes and modal participation factors, considering a cantilever typed column structure.

A new high-rise building in downtown before Underground excavation work, These steps are conducted such as RMR analysis, Schmidt Hammer Test, and Rock Mass Classification by Breakability, After that rock digging work will begin.

In the current study, retarding type and standard type admixture design of concrete have been proposed to control the generation of hydration heat for foundation members that use high strengths concrete. Finite element analysis also has been conducted to understand the rational placing heights of concrete. In addition, real-size structures have experimented and their results were compared to the analytical results to evaluate the reducing effect of thermal stress . For a large 6.5 m×6.5 m×3.5 m member with retarding and standard type horizontal partition placement of concrete showed the manageable possibility of temperature difference within 25-degree Celcius between the middle and surface portion while the maximum temperature was 77-degree Celcius. Also, temperature cracking index from the finite element analysis appeared to be 1.49 that predicts no formation of cracking due to the effects of temperature. Finally, it appeared that horizontal partition placement of retarding and standard type concrete has the significant effect of reducing the thermal stress that generated by the hydration heat in the high strengths mass concrete.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the permeability coefficient of concrete using mass hydrophobation agent. Experiments were carried out by making concrete specimens with different amounts of mass hydrophobation agent. It is considered that the pores are filled in the internal structure of the concrete by the expansion of the mass hydrophobation agent.

Aerosol mass size distributions were investigated at 865 m high the of Jirisan national park. A nanosampler cascade impactor was used to collect aerosols. The atmospheric aerosol particles had a unimodal mass size distribution, which peaked at 0.5–1.0 μm, and a mass aerodynamic diameter of 1.13 μm. The annual average concentrations of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM0.5 and PM0.1 were 20.9 μg/m3, 19.3 μg/m3, 14.9 μg/m3, 10.7 μg/m3, 5.3 μg/m3, 1.2 μg/m3, respectively. TSP concentrations were below 30 μg/m3 during the sampling period. On average PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PM0.5 and PM0.1 made up 0.91, 0.70, 0.41, 0.19 and 0.07 of TSP, respectively. The annual average of PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.77.

This study was investigated to develop mass evaluation system for the contents of crude protein, oil and fatty acid in soybean germplasm using NIRS. NIRS equations were created with 345 soybeans, multiple correlation coefficients of crude protein, oil, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid between data obtained from NIRS and quantitative analysis were 0.983, 0.969, 0.592, 0.514, 0.978, 0.961 and 0.957, respectively. Equation statistics indicated that contents of crude protein, oil and unsaturated fatty acid except palmitic and stearic acid in soybean seed were suitable for determination by NIRS. Those NIRS equations were applied to examine crude protein, oil and unsaturated fatty acid of 854 soybean landraces from Korea. The average contents and ranges of crude protein and oil were 39.2% with a range of 33.7-47.0% and 15.0% with a range of 9.8-20.3%, individually. In addition, those of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid were 21.4% with a range of 12.1-30.2%, 55.6% with a 47.8-62.3% and 8.1% with a range of 5.9-10.7% respectively. We conducted quantitative analysis to reconfirm with IT154552 (45.1%) and IT023955(46.9%) above 45% of crude protein, the results were similar from NIRS (45.2%, 47.0%). NIRS data for protein from this study made no difference with lab data, which would be useful for mass evaluation. There was negative correlation (-0.203) between crude protein and oil, positive correlation (0.379) between crude oil and oleic acid, and significantly negative correlation (-0.879) between oleic and linoleic acid.

A planet revolving around binary star system is a familiar system. Studies of these systems are important because they provide precise knowledge of planet formation and orbit evolution. In this study, a method to determine the evolution of an exoplanet revolving around a binary star system using different rates of stellar mass loss will be introduced. Using a hierarchical triple body system, in which the outer body can be moved with the center of mass of the inner binary star as a two-body problem, the long period evolution of the exoplanet orbit is determined depending on a Hamiltonian formulation. The model is simulated by numerical integrations of the Hamiltonian equations for the system over a long time. As a conclusion, the behavior of the planet orbital elements is quite affected by the rate of the mass loss from the accompanying binary star.

비성형 SRF 제조공정은 대상지역의 특성과 계절 등 변동요인에 따라 제품품질의 큰 영향을 끼친다. 본 연구에서는 2016년 9월, Y시에 설치되어 있는 15톤/일급 Pilot 비성형 SRF 제조공정에 대하여 총량, 폐기물조성, 수분량 별로 물질수지를 세우고 그 결과를 분석하여 실증시설 설계반영에 반영하고자 하였다. 연속 정상운전 상태에서 각 공정별 시료채취는 3회씩 겉보기밀도, 물리적조성, 조성별 수분 분석을 하였고, 총괄수분 분석을 위한 시료채취는 공정별 각 5회씩 수행하였다. 1차 자력선별물, 2차 자력선별물, 비철선별에 대해서는 시료채취를 1회 하였다. 30mm미만 시료는 조성별 분리가 어렵기 때문에 협잡물로 가정하고 회분을 측정하여 가연분을 추정하였다. 물리적 조성은 3회 측정한 것을 총괄적으로 환산하여 평균으로 사용하였고 총량은 시스템의 최종 배출지점의 폐기물의 전체량을 측정한 결과로 분석하였다. 물질수지 분석결과 1차 파쇄 후 기준으로 고형연료제품 수율 74.90%, 잔재물 비율 22.66%, 선별물 비율 2.45%을 보였다. 누출량을 포함하여 계산하면 누출물의 비율 11.36%, 고형연료제품 수율 66.39%, 잔재물 비율 20.08%, 선별물 비율 22.17%로 큰 차이가 없었다.

The objective of this study was to determine the CH4 oxidation factor (%) and the CH4 oxidation rate (g m−2 d−1) in landfill cover soil. To quantify in-situ rates of CH4 oxidation, CH4 and CO2 fluxes were measured on a landfill site using the static chamber technique. The CH4 oxidation factor obtained in this study through the mass balance method ranged between 41% and 61%, which is much higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value of 10%. The higher CH4 oxidation factor derived in this study can be explained by the CH4 bottom flux in addition to the soil texture. The CH4 oxidation factors were observed to increase with decreases in CH4 bottom flux. Therefore, when CH4 bottom fluxes are high in a landfill, using a gas collection system can enhance CH4 oxidation factor. The CH4 oxidation rates were estimated to range from 16.6 g m−2 d−1 to 20.8 g m−2 d−1. In addition, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vegetation on the CH4 oxidation factor. The results showed that the CH4 oxidation factors for bare soil, vegetated soil, and soil adjacent to a gas well were 57%, 70%, and 44%, respectively. The results indicate that vegetation on landfill covers can increase the CH4 oxidation factor because of increasing soil porosity.

Little attention has been paid to the functional aspect of the flower petal of Paeonia lactiflora, compared to that of its root. To determine the components of flower petal of Paeonia lactiflora, we conducted the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MASS spectrophotometric analysis. We detected the 24 different types of ingredients from the 70% ethanol extracts of flower petal of peonia lactiflora cv. ‘Red Charm’. The main compounds were quercetin glucopyranosides, methyl gallate, paonioflolol and kaemperol glucopyranosides. We further tested its functional activity. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the extracts was 87.9-90.4% at 0.1mg/ml. This result showed that these flower extracts have approximately 5-fold stronger antioxidant potential than a previous report with root extracts (Bang et al. 1999). The result of tyrosinase inhibition assay of Paeonia lactflora extract was almost similar to that of arbutin except significantly higher effect in the coral sunset extract at 0.1% concentration. Hyaluronidase inhibition assay showed 76.5% inhibition at 5% concentration of this flower extract, indicating that Peaonia lactiflora flower extracts have the major anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and brightening effects. Taken together, these results suggest these three Paeonia lactiflora species extracts might provide the basis to develop a new natural brightening agent.

In this study, we confirmed the composition of the mineral admixture according to mixing ratio of admixtures on the low-heat cement for mass concrete, evaluated the heat properties of hydration through measurement of microheat of hydration.