Recently, epidemiological evidence has raised concerns that moderate elevation in body iron stores may increase oxidative stress and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Onion flesh or peel contains antioxidant such as flavonoids and alk(en)ylcysteine sulphoxides. This study was conducted to examine the effect of onion flesh or peel feeding on antioxidative capacity in aged rats supplemented with high dietary iron. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley male 16-month-old rats weighing 618±6g were acclimated for 10 days with medium-iron diet (35ppm in diet), and blocked into 4 groups according to their body weights and raised for 3 months on either control diets (adequate iron-35ppm or high iron-350ppm) or experimental diets containing onion flesh/peel (5% w/w in diet) with high iron (350ppm). Rats fed high iron-onion peel diet had significantly high quercetin and isorhamnetin levels in plasma whereas rats fed high iron-onion flesh diet did not show. Plasma TBARS level was lowered by onion flesh or peel diet with high iron supplementation. However, there was no significant difference in cellular DNA damage in brain and kidney tissue among all experimental groups. We concluded that high iron diet (10 times higher than requirement) tend to increase oxidative stress and it is plausible that onion flesh or peel feeding enhances antioxidative capacity in the elderly even with iron supplementation.

This article explores Yeats's “A Woman Young and Old.” All the poems in the series “A Woman Young and Old" were written between 1926 and 1929. During this time Yeats was lamenting the vulgarity of hegemonic Irish culture. This series poems described feminine sexuality in the social and cultural repression of women. The sequence of eleven poems deal with the problems of female body and desire in a repressive society. In these poems Yeats insisted on the beauty or importance of feminine sexuality and sexual desire. “A Woman Young and Old” takes up Yeats's metaphysical questions - eternal beauty, the relationship between body and soul, the interdependence of sexual love and spiritual hate. Feminine sexuality is the mark of the rebellion against conventional social and cultural frame. Yeats's female personae embody a sacred sexuality and Yeats's sexual frankness close to a sexual mysticism. Feminine sexuality and desiring female bodies are defiantly asserted, and asserted specifically as transgressions, because they are precisely what is forbidden. In this series poems the female body and desire is expressed in Yeats's criticism of the repressive sexual morality and culture of the Irish society, especially the Catholic Church. Linking of feminine sexuality and the sacred indicates Yeats's critique of Catholic Irishness. The speakers of the female sequence are embattled with a social and symbolic order that seeks to confine them. Yeats described sexual freedom and defiance against the authority and opposition in patriarchal society. Yeats's increasingly explicit emphasis on feminine sexuality and sexual desire at that time. Whereas Irish Catholicism viewed the desires of the body as threats to the soul, for Yeats the two were interdependent. Yeats insisted that “the love of man and woman, and inseparable physical desire, are sacred”(UPII, 451). This article tries to show how Yeats's of awareness of feminine sexuality is linked with a sexual mysticism and the sacred. Yeats connected women's body and desire with a sexual mysticism and the sacred in such a bold and defiant way.

The Tower, published in 1928, is Yeats's finest single volume of poetry, and it might also be the finest single book of poems published in the twentieth century (O'Donnell 89). Many poems of the volume confront the problems of growing old. This paper attempts to read three poems selected from The Tower--"Sailing to Byzantium," "The Tower," and "Among School Children"--in terms of their representations of old age and its relation to desire and the imagination. In "Sailing to Byzantium," the poet begins by declaring that Ireland is "no country for old men." He complains that here all are "caught in that sensual music" and "neglect monuments of unageing intellect." "The Tower" also begins with the poet's confused question: "What shall I do with this absurdity . . . this caricature, decrepit age?" He complains about his old age because it makes his body "a sort of battered kettle at the heel," and that body can deride his imagination and its work. The poet's complaint or anxiety about old age in these poems comes from the fact that his old age and bodily decrepitude make it hard to satisfy his desire. In "Sailing to Byzantium," lack of satisfaction makes him unhappy in Ireland and wish to leave. Also in "The Tower," unsatisfied desire makes his heart "troubled," and so he is even tempted to give up poetry and choose philosophy. However, ironically enough, unsatisfied desire makes his imagination stronger than ever. Now, in spite of his bodily decrepitude, his imagination enables him to travel to the "holy city" of Byzantium, and there pray to the sages there that he may be changed into a golden bird, "an artifice of eternity." In "The Tower," the poet sends his imagination forth and calls "images and memories" to ask questions of them. In the process of calling images and asking questions, the poet restores his belief in the power of the imagination, and, because of this belief, he can leave his "pride" and "faith" as poet to the "young upstanding men" of Ireland. "Among School Children" confronts the problem of physical ageing a little differently. The poem shows the poet walking through the schoolroom and dreaming of "a Ledaean body" (Maud Gonne). His imagining her as a child and then thinking of "her present image" leads to the meditation not only on the general human fate of ageing but also on the images which "break hearts" because they do not touch the reality of life. Not only the passage of time but also the false images make human life exhausted and unhappy. To solve the problem, the poet's imagination creates two images of unified being: the "blossoming" tree and the "dancing" body. Where life is blossoming or dancing, the poet says, "The body is not bruised to pleasure soul." What he is trying to say is that life is an ongoing process, and so we must accept it as it really is.

This article explores Yeats's “A Man Young and Old”. This series poems described conflict between a man and a woman. According to Yeats's theory of the art, people are in a perpetual conflict of opposites. Opposition determines the cycle pattern of life and ensures recursive waves of love and hate as men and women struggle toward personal collective Unity of Being. Such conflict evokes differences between person and daimon, and also between men and women. These parallel conditions suggest an analogy: man relates to his daimon as to a woman. Later, Yeats conceives the daimon not only as a woman bur as a gendered being in her own right. Gender provides a crucial key to Yeats's art, because gender is imprinted upon all temporal and spiritual reality. It is employed not only as a subject in his poetry, but as the means of fleshing out his philosophy and clothing his personal experience in a universal and comprehensible metaphor. Gender determines the way Yeats's views reality. In “A Man Young and Old”, Yeats describes a type of personality that is consummately objective-primary-solar-masculine according to his vision of archetypal phases. Although that personality is consistent throughout the sequence, there are stages of experience and insight that shift from youth through maturity to old age, as the title signifies. This personality attempts to make sense of his life through the gendered relationships that are at once the source of his lost innocence and the anchors of experience from which he gleans hard-earned insight. If there is one word that characterizes the man's perspective, it is adversarial.

본 연구는 전나무림 생태계 이해를 위하여 전나무 임분구조에 관한 기초자료를 수집하는 조사의 일부이다. Leibundgut(1981)의 임분구조 분류에 따르면 A,B임분은 쇠퇴기로 추정되며 C는 갱신기, D는 안정기와 쇠퇴기 복합형, E는 불안정한 시기인 택벌상으로 추정된다.

The purpose of this study is to research the relation between Yeats's imagination and the theme of old age, death, and after-life in Yeat's poetry. According to Heraclitus, cosmology is formed aspects of polarity, assuming 'living each other's death, dying each other's life.' The world is conceived as opposition and contradiction, and the human is dual in nature. this dualistic conflict of consciousness has become a basic starting point of his imagination. Yeats recognized the dualistic conflict was an energy of a creative mind and a characteristic of human nature. It brought about the struggle between inner world and outer world. This struggle begins with assuming an individual's anti-self opposed to his primary self. To him, the conflict or struggle, endowed with the meaning of human being existence, is the seed of being of unity. "An Acre of Grass," dealing with the theme of old age, Yeats saw the tragic reality as positive. In spite of decrepitude and quiescence, Yeats said 'Grant me an old man's frenzy, / myself must I remake.' In Yeats's case, great are art is not merely created out of the conjunction of the artist's mind and external world, but rather out of the artist's denial of his primary self and recreation of his mask, the true image of his antithetical self and a fragment of the Anima Mundi. In recreating this fragment he actually creates a higher order of reality than the visible world possesses. Yeats conceive death and life are not divided but connected in "Tower", and "Mohini Chatterjee" as accepting positively human tragic condition. Yeats said that the wheel or cone of the Faculties may be considered to complete its movement between birth and death, that of the Principles to include the period between lives as well in A Vision. In "Byzantium", Yeats deals with the after-life in the view of Four Principles as seeing the soul after death as living reality. To Yeats, the phenomenon of violence, hatred or passion in this world is prerequisite to reincarnation, a creation of other self or true self. After getting rebirth, Yeats tried to reach profane perfection. Looking out over the whole of human life, and its prevailing desolation, he tried to find the proper response to life and suffering in terms of gaiety. Yeats's final response to the old age and death here is no longer the horror, but he accepts the old age and death as the pain of human being with tragic joy through his unique imagination.

This study deals with human reaction speed according to human physical conditions (body size) such as head width, thickness, breast width, arm extent, and age Especially, the results of this study are compared between young and old generation. According t

This paper is to develope the more comfortable shoes for preventing sprain and slippery for the elderly. The shoes adding layers were designed using the shoe-last based on the Korean anthropometric data. The anthropometric elderly, arbitrarily defined as

목적 : 본 연구는 65세 이상 노인 뇌졸중 환자의 작업치료 전과 후의 일상생활 수행능력을 비교하고 작업치료 후 기능의 변화를 분석하여 작업치료의 가치를 검증하고자 하였다.1994년 6월부터 2004년 3월까지 A대 병원에서 작업치료를 받고 퇴원한 65세 이상 노인환자 중 치료기간이 180일 이내이며 의무기록열람이 가능하였던 228명을 연구대상으로 하였다.연구방법 : 의무기록 열람을 통한 후향적인 조사를 실시하여, 성별, 발병 당시의 연령, 진단, 발병원인, 발병횟수, 치료기간, 학력 등의 일반적인 정보와 치료 시작시와 종료시 MMSE와 MBI의 개별항목 점수와 전체점수를 조사하였다. MBI 개별항목 중 대․소변처리 항목은 정보의 부정확성으로 제외하여 전체점수는 최저 0점 최고 80점 만점으로 하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS(Ver 12.0)통계처리 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 65세 이상 뇌졸중 환자들의 작업치료 전, 후의 일상생활 수행능력의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 전체 MBI 점수와 일상생활동작 개별항목의 점수는 짝비교 t-검정을 실시하고, 연령군, 치료기간군, MMSE 전체 점수간의 일상생활동작수행능력의 향상점수는 일원배치 분산분석(One-Way ANOVA)을 실시하였다.결과 : 첫째, 대상자의 치료 후의 MBI 전체 점수는 43.19±26.90으로 치료 시작 시 20.12±20.34보다 23.07±19.92점 향상되었으며(p<0.001), 치료 후의 MBI 개별항목 모두에서 통계적으로 유의하게 점수가 향상되었다. 특히 걷기 5.52±5.44점(p<0.001), 의자/침대로 이동하기 4.59±4.82점(p<0.001), 옷 입고 벗기 3.27±3.38점(p<0.001), 화장실 동작 3.24±3.76점p<0.001)에서 다른 항목보다 유의하게 높은 점수의 향상이 있었다.둘째, 대상자의 MMSE 점수가 높을수록 MBI 점수도 높았다(p<0.001).결론 : 대상자들의 작업치료 전, 후의 MBI 점수를 비교한 결과 작업치료 후의 MBI 전체점수와 개별항목 점수 모두에서 치료 전보다 수행능력이 향상되었다. 또한 인지기능이 높을수록 일상생활동작 수행능력이 더욱 향상되었다.위와 같은 결론을 통해 이 연구는 65세 이상 노인 뇌졸중 환자에게 독립적인 일상생활동작 수행능력을 증진시키기 위하여 작업치료를 시행하는 것이 효과가 있음을 보여주었으며, 향후 65세 이상 노인 뇌졸중 환자의 작업치료에 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Every human action concerning to human brain contains the time between the brain decision and the action, so it is very difficult for Scientists, who study about human, especially Ergonomist, to get correct analysis. This study, therefore, had an experiment to get a time during taking some action, which does not ask any brain work called human basic reaction time. Then, the result of this study can be used to have much more correct data analysis from your experiment by removing the time we do not need. Especially, this study deals with the basic reaction time of old people to compare with young age which took before by us, and we want to know the relation between the age and their basic reaction time.

This paper is to develope the more comfortable shoes for preventing sprain and slippery for the elderly. The shoes adding layers were designed using the shoe-last based on the Korean anthropometric data. The anthropometric elderly, arbitrarily defined as those 65 years of age and above, were a distinct with special needs. A total of 24 subjects participated. They evaluated each shoes using the shoe-last based on the Korean anthropometric elderly data and adding layer for preventing sprain and slippery. As results, the proposed shoes have the better functions for preventing sprain and slippery compared to others.

본 연구에서는 노인의 신체 특성에 적합한 고기능성 구두를 개발하기 위하여 한국인에 적합한 화형을 근간으로 하여 접질림과 미끄럼을 방지할 수 있는 노인화를 개발하였다. 본 연 에서는 인체 발 측정 및 체계적인 화형설계 과정을 거쳐 제작된 화형을 통한 수 차례의 착화시험에 의해 마련된 표준화형을 근간으로 노인용 화형을 제작하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 새로 개발된 노인용 구두는 접질림과 미끄럼을 방지할 수 있어 소비자의 요구에 조금 더 부합하게 하였고, 향후 보다 편리하고 기능성이 향상된 노인용 구두를 제작하기 위한 최적의 화형을 제작하고 건강기능성 부자재를 선정할 수 있는 기반을 마련하였다.

내설악의 5개 전나무 고목림에서 고사목의 형태, 수종, 축적 등에 관한 다양한 기본자료를 수집하였다. 비록 전나무 고목림에 한정된 조사였으나 국외에서 일반적으로 알려진 고사목에 관한 각종 자료수집이 가능하였다. 고사목의 수종은 전나무 외에도 기타 활엽수종이 약간 나타났으며, 고사목의 형태는 일반적으로 알려진 모든 형태가 두루 나타났다. 고사목의 축적은 평균 60.42 m2 ha-1로 나타났으며, CWD와 고사목의 분포는