Background: Virtual reality (VR) programs based on motion capture camera are the most convenient and cost-effective approaches for remote rehabilitation. Assessment of physical function is critical for providing optimal VR rehabilitation training; however, direct muscle strength measurement using camera-based kinematic data is impracticable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to indirectly estimate the muscle strength of users from the value obtained using a motion capture camera. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pedaling speed converted using the VR engine from the captured foot position data in the VR environment can be used as an indirect way to evaluate knee muscle strength, and to investigate the validity and reliability of a camera-based VR program. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were included in this study. Each subject performed a 15-second maximum pedaling test in the VR and built-in speedometer modes. In the VR speedometer mode, a motion capture camera was used to detect the position of the ankle joints and automatically calculate the pedaling speed. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess the isometric and isokinetic peak torques of knee flexion and extension. Results: The pedaling speeds in VR and built-in speedometer modes revealed a significantly high positive correlation (r = 0.922). In addition, the intra-rater reliability of the pedaling speed in the VR speedometer mode was good (ICC [intraclass correlation coefficient] = 0.685). The results of the Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant moderate positive correlation between the pedaling speed of the VR speedometer and the peak torque of knee isokinetic flexion (r = 0.639) and extension (r = 0.598). Conclusion: This study suggests the potential benefits of measuring the maximum pedaling speed using 3D depth camera in a VR environment as an indirect assessment of muscle strength. However, technological improvements must be followed to obtain more accurate estimation of muscle strength from the VR cycling test.

「Seqalu: Formosa 1867」, a movie based on Yaochang Chen (陳耀昌)’s historic novel 「Lady the Butterfly」, aired on Taiwan’s public broadcaster in August of 2021 and obtained the highest viewership. Furthermore, Yaochang Chen’s novel series 福爾摩沙三族記, 獅頭花, 苦楝花, and 島之曦 were reprinted, which all became best sellers, creating a big wave of of rediscovering Taiwanese history among Taiwanese. Although this series of events started from a fictional novel, it focused on exploring histry and reconfirmed the tension between literature and reality. The novel 「Lady the Butterfly」 is based on a real event, the Rover incident, where an American merchant ship wrecked off the coast of Formosa in 1867 and left 14 sailors attacked by Taiwanese Aborigiens. The novel won the gold medal at 2016 Taiwanese Literature Awards and has been an object of interpretation in the academia. The author, Chen, emphasized that he writes with an objective to recreate the true history of Taiwan and that his works are not ‘historic novels’, but rather ‘novelized history’. He presents a pluralistic view and emphasizes the convergence of Taiwanese people. Critics of his work also talk about the truthfulness of history, not aesthetics of his work. This paper illustrates what kinds of narrative strategy Yaochang Chen uses to confer his pluralistic view and what kinds of questions he throws at literary and historic narratives through his original way of novel creation.

“Radiation measurement situation virtual reality program” is a three-dimensional modeling program. It is a program that virtually implements the measurement situation by applying visualization techniques such as animation effect charts, and effectively delivers gamma radiation energy spectrum data. This program was developed to respond to various measurement situations by visualizing major analysis objects such as radiation detectors, radioactive waste drums, radioactive building structures, and the ground surface as a 3D model. User-friendliness was secured by supporting various control functions such as distance, size, and angle while checking the three-dimensionally produced detector and analysis target in a virtual space. By using high-resolution photos obtained through 360-degree shooting, a virtual space was implemented to approximate the actual situation, such as the ground surface measurement. In addition, data communication safety was secured so that a large number of users could use it through a local area network in consideration of the actual operating environment.

예이츠에게 비잔티움은 충격 그 자체였다. 아폴로니아 성당의 모자이크 벽에서 만난 황금새는 금세공사가 만든 인공적인 예술작품이지만, 시간과 이미지를 초 월한 영원한 이상세계의 아름다움을 간직하고 있고 동시에 생성과 변화를 반복하는 현 실세계의 정화되지 않은 이미지들과 충돌하여 파괴하는 것으로 보았다. 예이츠는 비잔 티움으로의 항해 와 비잔티움 의 두 시를 통하여 현실세계와 이상세계와의 충돌을 넘 어 조화와 일치를 이루고자 무던히도 노력했음을 알 수 있다.

예이츠 시에서의 현실 인식은 약간 우의적이며 아일랜드 민중들에 대한 애증과 속물성에 대한 비웃음으로 나타나고 있다. 그것은 1926 부활절을 계기로 해서 민중에 대한 존경심으로 바뀌지만 이어지는 내전기의 폭력과 광기를 보면서 다시 증 오로 바뀌고 있다. 백석은 일제하의 엄혹한 시기를 살면서 그 어려움 속에 조선 민중 들이 서로 보듬고 지켜나가던 따뜻한 풍습과 공동체 정신을 시화하고 있다. 그의 시에 서 특히 돋보이는 것은 따뜻한 친족 관계이다. 이 논문에서는 이 두 시인의 유사점과 차이점, 그 뒤에 흐르는 인간애를 분석하려 시도한다.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the effect of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) preparation education implemented with smart glasses in augmented reality on the performance ability, performance confidence, and educational satisfaction of clinical nurses. Method: The participants were clinical nurses at B hospital—27 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group. The measurement tools were performance ability (24 items), performance confidence (11 items), and educational satisfaction (9 items). The experimental group intervention used augmented reality with smart glasses, and the control group used video resources. The collected data were analyzed by t-test, x2-test, and ANCOVA using the SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0. Results: The performance was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 104.83, p < .001). Performance confidence was considerably higher in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 2.09, p = .041). Finally, educational satisfaction was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (F = 4.52, p < .001). Conclusion: It was confirmed that ECMO education implementing augmented reality with smart glasses is an effective method for improving performance ability, performance confidence, and educational satisfaction among clinical nurses.

Recently, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies are attracting attention as core technologies in the era of the 4th industrial revolution. These virtual and augmented reality technologies are being used in a variety of industries, including the construction industry, healthcare industry, and manufacturing industry, to innovate in communication and collaboration, education and simulation, customer service and reinvention of the customer experience. In this paper, VR-based experiential safety education was conducted for workers of shipbuilding companies in Ulsan city, and for them, the educational effectiveness such as immersion, site applicability, safety accident prevention, education satisfaction, overall performance, and safety behavior in VR-based safety experience education were measured. In addition, we examined whether the immersion of VR-based safety experience education affects site applicability, safety accident prevention, educational satisfaction, overall performance, and safety behavior. Furthermore, it was analyzed whether site applicability plays a mediating role in the relationship between immersion and safety accident prevention. As a result, it was found that the immersion of VR-based safety experience education affects site applicability, safety accident prevention effect, education satisfaction, overall performance, and safety behavior, and that site applicability mediates between immersion and safety accident prevention. Based on these results, we suggests a direction for the development of VR-based contents in the field of safety and health and the transformation of safety and health education in the future.

Background: Although recent studies using virtual reality have been actively conducted, studies on exercise therapy interventions and changes in muscle characteristics in patients with scoliosis are limited. Objectives: To investigate the effects of trunk and pelvic exercises program using virtual reality on the characteristics of paraspinal muscles in patients with scoliosis. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty college students with scoliosis were randomly assigned to the trunk and pelvic exercise program using virtual reality group (VRG; n=15) and the general stretching exercise group (SG; n=15). The intervention was conducted three times a week for 8 weeks for 30 min per session. The recorded variables were muscle tone (F), muscle stiffness (S), and muscle elasticity (D). The collected data were analyzed after statistical processing. Results: In the cervical vertebrae, F showed significant differences in the amount of inter-group variation in the VRG compared that in the SG on the right side. The VRG showed significant increases in intra-group variation on both the right and left sides. S showed significant differences in the amount of inter-group variation in the VRG compared to that in the SG on the right side. With regard to the intra-group variation of F in the thoracic vertebrae, the right muscle in the VRG demonstrated significantly increased after the experiment, while D significantly increased in the left muscle in the VRG. Conclusion: Pelvic and trunk exercises program using virtual reality may be applied a better therapeutic intervention for patients with scoliosis.

디지털 시대에 가상현실 콘텐츠 속에서 일루젼으로 표현된 공간의 연구에 의한 실제 공간의 재해석을 해야 하는 필요성이 강조되고 있다. 가상현실 디자인에서 콘텐츠에 연관하여 일루젼과 시각적 사고의 관계를 비 교해 보면 대부분 가상현실 콘텐츠가 갖는 근본적인 성질임을 알 수 있다. 또한 사용자들은 가상현실 콘텐 츠의 특성에 따라 시지각적 일루젼을 체험하며 사용자들의 시각적 인지에 경험을 할 수 있는 중요한 디자 인 구성요소가 된다. 본 연구는 가상현실 콘텐츠의 시각적 환영의 조건에 대해 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 가 상현실 콘텐츠에 적용된 재현적 환영 표현을 연구하는데 목적이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 가상현실의 개념과 분류를 알아보고, 시각적 일루젼의 조건을 정립하는 것으로 부터 시작한다. 또한 선행연구와 기존문헌 토대 로 가상현실에 적합한 시각적 일루젼의 조건을 분류하였다. 시각적 일루젼의 조건은 시지각적 일루젼의 조 건, 공간적 일루젼의 조건, 재현적 일루젼의 조건 3가지의 조건으로 분류하였으며, 과거 미술사 속에 10가지 의 세부적인 시각적 일루젼 형태로 분류된다. 이를 바탕으로 가상현실 콘텐츠인 미디어아트, 아트 게임와 가상현실 게임을 선정하여 콘텐츠 사례를 분석하고 결과를 산출하였다.

본고는 아이칭(艾青)이 개혁개방 직후의 시적(詩的) 현실을 어떻게 인식하고 대응 했는지를 고찰하였다. 20여 년의 하방생활을 끝내고 ‘돌아온’ 아이칭이 전환기의 중 국 당대 시단을 바라보는 입장은 이중적이었다. 그는 오랜 정치적 소외를 경험한 시 인으로서 새로운 시대가 요구하는 시적 역량을 발휘해야 했으며, 동시에 중국작가협 회의 부주석으로서 당정(黨政)의 관점에 입각하여 개혁개방 이후 시단의 변화를 감 독하고 정리해야 하는 위치에 있었다. 1978년부터 1983년까지 아이칭이 시에 대해 언술한 내용들은 자신의 시적 ‘진실’을 추구하면서 ‘정치 민감성’을 고려하고, 젊은 시인들과의 관계를 유지하고자 하면서 이들에 대한 비판을 강화해가는 과정을 보여 준다.

Activities to prevent industrial accidents can be divided into management of disaster risk factors of production facilities, disaster prevention systems and procedures, and human factors management. Human factor management is the last and most effective means to minimize disaster incidence and loss costs. The key strategy for this is safety and health education. However, formal or fictitious education is still being carried out in the industrial field. In addition, it is true that the application of practical use is insufficient due to the simple theoretical education based on knowledge transfer. In order to change the safety consciousness of employers and workers, we think that the paradigm of education should be changed from the traditional text and video-oriented lecture education method to experience-oriented education. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the effectiveness of safety education through education contents using VR(Virtual Reality) and AR(Augmented Reality) technology in keeping with the changing times of the 4th Industrial Revolution, And to suggest the direction of future safety and health education and content development trend.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 최근 10년간 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 위해 사용된 가상현실 중재들에 대해 알아보고 체계적으로 고찰을 실시하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 2010년 1월부터 2020년 12월까지 Research Information Sharing Service(RISS), Koreanstudies Informatin Service System(KISS), DBpia, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus의 온라 인 데이터 베이스에 등록된 논문을 검색하였다. 최종적으로 18개의 Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT) 논문을 대상으로 PICO 방법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 위해 사용된 가상현실 중재방법은 9개였고, 총 18회 사용되었다. 그중 Nintendo Wii가 4회(22.22%), 가상현실 프로그램이 4회(22.22%)로 가장 많았다. 연구 분석 결과 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상에 Nintendo Wii와 가상현실 프로그램이 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상을 위한 가상현실 중재방법의 종류와 빈도를 제시하였고 가장 많이 사용되는 Nintendo Wii와 가상현실 프로그램의 중재 방법에 대한 근거 논문들을 중재 방법, 중재 기간 및 횟수, 중재효과를 표로 만들어 제시하였다. 결과는 임상 치료사들이 치료방법 및 기간, 평가도구를 선택하는데 근거 자료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

Purpose: This study was conducted to confirm the effects of self-directed practice using augmented reality simulation on nursing students' confidence in nursing skills, ability to apply them, and satisfaction with self-study. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with a non-synchronized pretest/posttest nonequivalent control group design. The study participants were 58 second-grade nursing students (29 in the experimental group and 29 in the control group) from Y city. The questionnaire was used to evaluate the confidence in nursing skills (16 questions), performance ability (23 questions), and satisfaction with self-practice (17 questions). The experimental group intervention was an autonomous practice using augmented reality simulation, and the control intervention was an autonomous practice using video-based interventions. The collected data were analyzed by t-test, x2-test, and ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) using the SPSS 25.0 program. Results: The experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of nursing skill confidence (F=25.79, p<.001), nursing skill performance ability (F=67.10, p<.001), and self-study satisfaction (F=14.10, p=.001). Conclusion: Self-directed practice using augmented reality simulation was confirmed to be an effective method to increase confidence, ability and practice satisfaction in nursing skills.