Background: Core stabilization exercises are widely used to improve trunk stability, balance, and functional movement by enhancing the activation and endurance of deep trunk muscles such as the transversus abdominis (TrA). However, evidence comparing the effects of sling-based unstable surface training and mat-based stable surface training remains limited. Objects: To investigate the effects of mat based core stabilization exercises and sling based unstable surface core stabilization exercises on transversus abdominis thickness and core endurance. Methods: Forty-six healthy adults were randomly assigned to a mat exercise group (MEG, n=23) or a mat with sling exercise group (MSEG, n=23). Both groups performed 30-minute core stabilization exercises twice per week for four weeks. TrA thickness was measured using ultrasonography (SONON 300L), and core endurance was evaluated using the Bourban test for the anterior muscle chain. Results: Both groups showed significant increases in transversus abdominis thickness (MEG: P<.05; MSEG: P<.00) and core endurance (P<.00) after the intervention. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in post-intervention TrA thickness or Bourban test. Conclusion: Both mat based and sling based core stabilization exercises effectively enhanced TrA thickness and core endurance in healthy adults.

Background: Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested core stabilization exercise as a conservative treatment approach for scoliosis. Objectives: To investigate the effects of sling exercise and unilateral core exercise on the angle, balance ability, and muscle tone in individuals with scoliosis. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-one students in their twenties with mild scoliosis were recruited as participants and randomly assigned to one of three groups: a sling exercise group (n=7), a unilateral core exercise group (n=6), and a combined sling and unilateral core exercise group (n=6). Two participants dropped out during the study. Each group performed its designated exercise program individually, three times per week for five weeks. Measurements of scoliosis angle, balance, and muscle tone were taken before and after the intervention. Results: The sling exercise intervention significantly reduced the scoliosis angle (P<.05) and significantly increased muscle tone on the convex side (P<.05). In the combined sling and unilateral core exercise group, a significant improvement in static balance ability was observed (P<.05). Conclusion: Among the core stabilization exercises applied to scoliosis, sling exercise may be considered a potential intervention for mild scoliosis.

Background: Rounded Shoulder Posture (RSP) and Forward Head Posture (FHP) often result from prolonged digital device use, leading to muscle imbalance, pain, and functional limits. Growing demand for postural correction highlights the need for effective exercise approaches. Objectives: This study compared strengthening, self-stretching, and mixed exercises on acromion height, craniovertebral angle, and muscle tone in adults with FHP and RSP. Design: Randomized controlled pretest-post test trial over four weeks. Methods: Thirty university students (acromion height ≥2.5 cm, craniovertebral angle ≤53°) were randomly assigned to strengthening (n=6), self-stretching (n=9), or mixed exercise (n=9) groups. Participants exercised three times weekly for four weeks. Pre- and post-tests measured acromion height, craniovertebral angle, and muscle tone of the pectoralis major, upper trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid using MyotonPro®. Data were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed ranks, Kruskal-Wallis, and repeated measures ANOVA (P<.05). Results: All groups significantly improved acromion height and craniovertebral angle (P<.05) without intergroup differences. Significant tone change appeared only in the upper trapezius (P<.05), with the mixed group showing the largest improvement. Conclusion: All exercises improved posture in adults with FHP and RSP. Mixed exercise yielded the greatest reduction in upper trapezius tone, suggesting a multimodal approach may be most effective.

Background: Competency-based education is increasingly emphasized in physical therapy, yet limited research has assessed student competencies using validated tools. Objectives: This study examined differences in physical therapy students’ competencies by gender, grade level, and admission type using a newly developed assessment tool. Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Method: A total of 88 students at U University completed the assessment, which comprised six Sub-Competenc ies (Communication skills, Client understanding competency, Learning Competency for Physical Therapy, Problem- Solving Competencies for Physical Therapy, Factor application capabilities, Professional development competency). Data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA with Scheffé post-hoc tests. Results: No significant differences were observed among gender and grade levels (P>.05). By admission type, regular admission students scored significantly higher than transfer students in the Learning Competency for Physical Therapy and the Factor application capabilities (P<.05). Conclusion: Competency development appears unaffected by gender or grade level but may differ by admission type. Findings suggest the need for academic support and supplementary education for transfer students, and provide evidence to guide competency-based curriculum design in physical therapy.

Background: Handheld percussive massage guns are commonly used among athletes and healthy individuals. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the intervention effects by session of massage gun application on the gastrocnemius (GCM) muscle of healthy women and suggest an appropriate intervention time for massage gun on the calf muscle. Design: Single-group design. Methods: Thirteen healthy women in their 20s were recruited, and a massage gun was applied to the GCM muscle for 2 minutes per session for a total of 4 sessions. Changes in the muscle tone and stiffness of the GCM muscle and ankle range of motion (ROM) were analyzed by session. Results: After massage gun intervention, the muscle tone and stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius (MGCM) and lateral gastrocnemius (LGCM) muscles were significantly lower (P<.05). The active and passive ROM of the ankle joint significantly increased regarding both dorsiflexion and plantar flexion (P<.05). In terms of reduction of muscle tone and stiffness of the GCM muscle and increase of ankle ROM, the massage gun was most effective when applied for 4 sessions of 2 minutes each (P<.05). Conclusions: The use of a massage gun in healthy women in their 20s creates no physiological burden on muscle tone and stiffness of the GCM muscle and has an immediate effect on improving ankle joint movement. Therefore, there would be no particular problem in using a massage gun on the GCM muscle for self-care at home.

Background: Limb amputation causes complex physical, psychological, and social problems, yet evidence on International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation remains limited. Objectives: To report functional and emotional outcomes of an ICF Rehab- Cycle® program in a woman with bilateral transfemoral and transradial amputations. Design: Single-case report (quasi-experimental). Methods: A physiatrist, nurse, physical therapist, occupational therapist, and social worker used the ICF Assessment Sheet, ICF Categorical Profile, ICF Intervention Table, and ICF Evaluation Display over four weeks to set and review goals. Results: Nine of eleven ICF Rehab-Cycle® program targets were achieved. Marked gains were observed in gait and activities of daily living, accompanied by improved emotional well-being through structured psychosocial support. Conclusion: An ICF-guided multidisciplinary approach significantly enhanced physical function, emotional health, and independence after complex limb amputation, underscoring the value of the framework for patient-centered collaborative rehabilitation.

Background: Obesity negatively affects balance and core muscles playing a crucial role in postural stability. However, little is known about the relationship between abdominal muscle thickness and balance in normal weight women. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between abdominal muscle thickness and balance ability in normal-weight women in their 20s. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: Twenty-four healthy normal-weight women participated. Abdominal muscle thickness including the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transverse abdominis (TrA) was measured by ultrasonography. Static balance was assessed during the One-leg standing test and Tetrax system, while dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance and single leg triple hop tests. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between muscle thickness and balance performance. Results: IO thickness showed a negative correlation with static balance (r=- .42). EO thickness showed a positive correlation with single leg triple hop tests (r=.49-.58) and a negative correlation with posterolateral distance during YBalance test. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that abdominal muscles, specifically the IO and EO, are moderately related to balance performance in normal-weight young women. These findings demonstrated the potential benefit of targeted core strengthening interventions to improve postural stability and functional movement. Further studies involving additional muscles and diverse populations are recommended.

Symptomatic joint degeneration is a common chronic musculoskeletal disorder worldwide. The literature has noted that some clinicians find treating this condition “technically challenging,” while others find it to be “unchallengingly routine.” We believe that all clinicians treating symptomatic joint degeneration should have a robust understanding of the mechanobiological interactions between the synovial lining, synovial cells, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and subchondral bone. This four-part narrative review describes how inner lining synovitis and cellular changes in the subchondral region, including the development of bone marrow edema, are symptom generators in some patients with various grades of joint degeneration. This review suggests that physical therapists (PTs) should acquaint themselves with the concept of mechanotransduction and more fully consider cellular mechanosensitivity and mechanoresponsiveness as exercise loading and manual interventions loads are placed upon joints with degenerative change. We call for additional research efforts in the area of protocol development for low-load exercise intervention and between PTs and physicians who may have access to laboratory facilities and imaging equipment. This research could allow for both direct and indirect assessment of intra-articular pressure, synovial fluid, and bone marrow edema after the application of therapeutic exercise and joint mobilization.

This study was conducted to analyze odor regulation policies of major countries and explore development directions for Korea’s odor management system through international comparison. Korea has achieved significant progress in odor management over the past 20 years since the enactment of the Odor Prevention Act in 2004, including the establishment of real-time monitoring systems, integrated complaint management systems, and scientific management infrastructure in major odor management areas such as Sihwa-Banwol Industrial Complex and metropolitan landfills in Incheon and Daejeon. To identify potential development directions, a literature review and comparative analysis were conducted on four regions: the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Singapore. The analysis revealed that each region has developed unique approaches: Japan’s Odor Judge system (involving 3,352 active professionals) for measurement standardization; the United States’s citizen science-based monitoring systems, such as the Odor Explore project that utilizes community participation; the EU’s preventive management policies through the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and land use planning integration; and Singapore’s systematic management approach through its myENV app and urban planning integration. Based on Korea’s existing achievements and international experiences, this study identified eight development areas, including measurement system standardization, management scope expansion, integrated management system enhancement, real-time monitoring implementation, technology development investment, complaint resolution mechanism improvement, preventive management system enhancement, and information transparency enhancement. This study proposes development directions that build upon Korea’s current infrastructure and policy achievements, considering the country’s unique socio-economic conditions and environmental characteristics. These directions are expected to contribute to the continuous advancement of Korea’s odor management system while leveraging existing strengths and addressing future challenges.

This study analyzed policy measures to comprehensively achieve two goals: carbon neutrality in buildings and optimization of indoor air quality. While buildings account for approximately 40% of total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and present-day individuals spend 90% of their daily lives indoors, both goals are critically important. However, these objectives often conflict with each other, and current policies have limitations in effectively addressing this complex relationship. Analysis of related policies, including the Green Building Creation Support Act and the Indoor Air Quality Management Act, revealed significant drawbacks such as the lack of an integrated approach due to policy fragmentation, insufficient consideration of lifecycle carbon emissions, imbalance in economic incentive structures, and rigidity in technical standards. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes innovative improvement measures, including the following: establishing an integrated policy framework, introducing a multi-layered air quality management system, expanding performance-based design that simultaneously considers energy efficiency and indoor air quality, developing region-specific policies, implementing AI-based self-assessment systems, mandating green space ratios, controlling high-radon concentration areas, and expanding government incentives.

Wood ear mushrooms (Auricularia heimuer) are commercially used in various fields in South Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures, including monitoring and prevention of microbial growth in cultivation houses, as microorganisms can reduce the wood ear mushroom’s marketability and cause food poisoning among consumers. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the direct impact of airborne fungi isolated and identified from the indoor air of domestic wood ear mushroom cultivation houses on the mycelia growth of wood ear mushroom strains. For the evaluation, 11 airborne fungal species were tested with three strains of A. heimuer on PDA using the cocultivation method. Among them, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium anthropophilum, Cochliobolus kusanoi, Lecanicillium sp., Periconia byssoides, and Periconia pseudobyssoides suppressed the mycelial growth of all three A. heimuer strains. There was no significant difference in the reaction against the 11 tested airborne fungal species among the three A. heimuer strains. The results of this study show that proper management of airborne fungi is necessary in the indoor environment of wood ear mushroom cultivation houses.

This study evaluated the field-scale performance of an amorphous iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3)-based desulfurizing agent for the removal of sulfur-based odorous compounds emitted from wastewater treatment facilities, including equalization tanks and sludge dewatering unit facilities. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), which account for over 60~80% of total odor impact in such facilities, were targeted in this research. A drytype adsorption system packed with porous amorphous Fe(OH)3 was installed at a wastewater treatment plant and operated continuously for 45 days. Odorous gas concentrations were measured before and after treatment using portable analyzers and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD). The desulfurizing agent demonstrated a high H2S removal efficiency of over 99.9%, even under high inlet concentrations exceeding 500 ppm. Physicochemical analyses including XRD, XRF, EDS and BET confirmed that the material was amorphous, possessed a high surface area (243.4 m2/g), and exhibited a mesoporous structure favorable for gas adsorption. Hysteresis observed in nitrogen adsorption isotherms indicated a bottleneck-shaped pore structure, which enhances adsorption of odorous gases and removal efficiency. Notably, the system maintained stable performance under varying humidity without significant degradation.

The textile tentering process generates exhaust gases characterized by elevated temperature and humidity, accompanied by complex odors, fine particulate matter, and visible white smoke, all of which frequently contribute to public grievances and environmental concerns. This study evaluated a field-installed, multi-stage emissioncontrol system consisting of a scrubber, a wet electrostatic precipitator (WEFC), and a heat exchanger, with emphasis on the effect of routine plate cleaning over a ht ree-month operation. Real-time monitoring at 5-minute intervals measured temperature, humidity, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, TSP), and odor intensity. Odor activity values (OAVs) and odor contributions (OC) were determined from samples collected according to the Korean Odor Measurement Standard. The emission-control system reduced exhaust temperature from 150oC to below 50oC while maintaining stack outlet temperature differences within 5oC, thereby suppressing visible white smoke. The multistage system achieved mean removal efficiencies of 88.6±5.0% for TVOCs and 96.2±6.5% for PM10, with a gravimetric PM10 removal of 99.4%. Weekly cleaning of the electrostatic plates constrained day-to-day variability in odor and PM levels within ±10%, significantly lowering the frequency of white-smoke episodes. Isovaleraldehyde and acetaldehyde accounted for >90% of total OAVs, indicating the need for supplementary treatment targeting aldehydes. These results provide quantitative evidence to guide maintenance scheduling and emission-control policy for the textile processing industry.

This study analyzed the emission characteristics of major air pollutants from 97 domestic municipal solid waste incineration facilities using tele-monitoring system (TMS) data collected from 2015 to 2023. Focusing on the effects of the enforcement of enhanced national emission standards in 2019, this research examined changes in emission factors (EFs) of dust and nitrogen oxides (NOX) by facility capacity and aging level. The results showed that the average EFs for dust and NOX significantly decreased by up to 30% after enforcement (p<0.01~0.001), indicating the practical effectiveness of the strengthened standard. This trend was observed consistently across all facility sizes and aging levels, including large-scale and older facilities. In contrast, hydrogen chloride (HCl) and carbon monoxide (CO) did not show clear reductions and remained highly variable, suggesting that emission standards alone may not be sufficient for stable control. These findings demonstrate the need for optimized combustion conditions and improved post-treatment systems for pollutants such as HCl and CO. This study provides empirical evidence highlighting the importance of appropriate facility scale and systematic refurbishment cycles for stable emission reduction in municipal waste incinerators.

This study analyzed the odor contribution rate using AERMOD at odor emission facilities in an urban industrial area (North-Daejeon, Korea) where residential facilities, industrial complexes, and public environmental facilities are mixed. When comparing the average odor emission concentration by prevention facility, the multistage treatment method including oxidation and combustion was about three times more effective in reducing the concentration than the commonly used biofilter and scrubber. These results suggest the importance of management aspects of prevention facilities such as biofilters and cleaning towers to improve treatment efficiency. Currently, management of odor emission facilities is being conducted in terms of instantaneous odor concentration management. Due to the limitations of this management method, research results show that some workplaces ranked 7th in terms of momentary odor concentration level, but in terms of emissions, they soared to 2nd place, indicating that management from the perspective of emissions as well as concentration is necessary for odor management. The odor impact in the study area varies by season, but public environmental facilities have an impact of 62~76% in spring, summer, and winter, and odor emission facilities in industrial complexes have an impact of 66% in autumn. It can be inferred from these results that the odor impact of public environmental facilities would be low because they are located away from residential areas, but the results confirmed through this study showed that the concentration and emission levels of prevention facilities operated in public environmental facilities were relatively higher than those of odor-emitting facilities in industrial complexes.

Airborne microplastics (AMPs), known to be persistent pollutants, have recently been detected in the atmosphere and even in human lung tissue, raising concerns about potential human respiratory exposure. In light of these concerns, this study aimed to investigate the distribution and composition of AMPs in Seoul. μ-Raman spectroscopy was employed to identify fine particles (≥5 μm) and to contribute to the development of standardized monitoring protocols. Monthly air sampling was conducted from September 2023 to March 2024 at an urban rooftop site using a PM10 air sampler. Samples were pretreated with hydrogen peroxide to remove organic matter, then filtered through a silicon filter. μ-Raman spectroscopy was applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis of microplastics. The mean concentration of AMPs was 74.0 ± 29.9 particles/m3, with polyethylene (46.7%) and polystyrene (21.8%) being the most prevalent polymer types. Most particles (64.5%) were in the size range of 5–10 μm, and fragment type particles accounted for 98.9% of the total. These results indicate that respirable microplastics are commonly present in urban air and that polymer composition may reflect both material properties and usage patterns. This research provides baseline data for future exposure and risk assessments and supports the need for international standardization of airborne microplastic analysis protocols.

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of meteorological factors influencing odor emissions based on odor complaint records and meteorological observation data collected from 2014 to 2021 in Seoul, a megacity with a high population density and no regulated facilities or management zones apart from public environmental infrastructure and neighborhood living facilities. A total of 134,976 odor complaints were recorded over eight years (2,922 days), with a daily peak of 946 cases. From 2018 onward, daily complaints consistently exceeded 200 cases, reaching their highest level in 2019. Complaints were regularly and intensively concentrated during specific periods of the year. Among meteorological factors, dry tide time and dominant wind direction exhibited bimodal distributions within the observation range, while the other 11 meteorological factors were concentrated at a single value. The average meteorological conditions during the period with the highest number of odor complaints and observation days were: temperature 24.2oC, surface temperature 26.7oC, local pressure 1,000.4 hPa, sea-level pressure 1,010.8 hPa, vapor pressure 4.3 hPa, solar irradiance 10.5 MJ/m2, precipitation 0.6 mm, relative humidity 61.5%, wind speed 2.2 m/ s, and dominant wind direction 57.9o. These factors corresponded with the periods of highest odor complaints and observation days; however, dew point temperatures (15.3oC and 19.1oC), dry tide times (14.7 hours and 9.7 hours), and sunshine times (15.1 hours and 9.0 hours) did not coincide with those periods. The meteorological factors with the highest odor complaint emission rates (SROCE, cases/day) across 13 sections, ranked in descending order, were: dry tide time (73.5), surface temperature (67.7), solar irradiance (65.1), sea-level pressure (64.3), temperature (62.7), local pressure (62.7), dew point temperature (60.3), vapor pressure (58.7), sunshine times (54.1), relative humidity (53.1), wind speed (51.2), dominant wind direction (48.7), and precipitation (46.3). The intensity of odor complaint emission (IOCE, cases/day), calculated across the entire meteorological observation range, was highest in the following order: solar irradiance (63.8), dry tide time (60.5), sunshine times (60.3), local pressure (57.2), surface temperature (57.1), sea-level pressure (57.0), temperature (56.4), vapor pressure (55.8), dew point temperature (55.7), relative humidity (49.4), dominant wind direction (49.2), wind speed (49.0), and precipitation (46.5). The IOCE for solar irradiance was 37.2% higher than that for precipitation, which had the lowest IOCE. Additionally, the average IOCE of sunlightrelated meteorological factors such as dry tide time, sunshine times, and solar irradiance was 61.5 cases/day, which is 29.5% higher than that of moisture-related factors, including precipitation and relative humidity (47.5 cases/day). These results suggest that sunlight-related factors significantly contribute to odor complaints. This study evaluated the characteristics of odor emissions associated with complaints within the meteorological observation range, identified meteorological factors corresponding to the highest observed odor emissions, and assessed the contribution of these factors to odor emissions based on the IOCE metric. Based on these results, we anticipate being able to predict odor emission levels using weather forecast data.

This study utilized real-time particulate matter (PM10) monitoring equipment mounted on vehicles and drones to measure PM10 concentrations in industrial complexes and track potential emission sources. This research was conducted in four industrial complexes located in Gyeonggi Province and Incheon Metropolitan City (Hwaseong Songsan Technopark, Incheon Geomdan, Incheon Namdong, and Hwaseong Mado) from August to October 2022, with a total of five measurement sessions. A vehicle-mounted light-scattering PM-monitoring device, Sniffer4D, was used to measure PM10 concentrations across the industrial complexes, followed by additional drone-based measurements in high-concentration areas. The results revealed significant variations in PM10 concentrations across different industrial complexes, ranging from an average of 10.3 mg/m3 to 51.6 mg/m3. In certain areas, PM10 levels exceeded the air quality threshold for poor conditions (80 mg/m3). Notably, in the high-concentration areas of Namdong and Mado Industrial Complexes, where PM10 exceeded the threshold, elevated measurements were observed at altitudes of 25~40 m, with concentrations reaching 164.4 mg/m3 and 189.0 mg/m3, respectively. These findings suggest that PM10 emissions from industrial facilities may be more concentrated at specific altitudes rather than at ground level. This study demonstrated that conventional ground-based monitoring alone has limitations in accurately identifying emission sources and that three-dimensional drone-based measurements provide a more effective approach for emission source tracking.

This study prepared a (TiO2-CeO2)/Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+,Dy3+ heterojunction photocatalyst by coating (TiO2-CeO2) nanoparticles on a Sr4Al14O25:Eu,Dy phosphor substrate using a hydrothermal reaction method. The fabricated (TiO2- CeO2)/Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+,Dy3+ composites were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV/Vis DRS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Raman spectroscopy. The photocatalytic performance of the (TiO2-CeO2)/Sr4Al14O25: Eu2+,Dy3+ composites was investigated through the decomposition of toluene gas for various ratios of TiO2 to CeO2 (3:7, 5:5, and 7:3) and heat treatment ranging from 300 to 700 °C. The coupling between (TiO2-CeO2) and the highly persistent Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+,Dy3+ phosphor reduced the energy band gap and enhanced visible light absorption. In particular, the 5:5 ratio of TiO2 to CeO2 on Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+,Dy3+ showed excellent photocatalytic performance, decomposing over 85 % of the toluene gas within 150 min even under visible-light irradiation. The results suggest that the CeO2 particles might increase the specific surface area, and effectively suppress the recombination of electrons and holes generated from TiO2, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic reactivity.

Researchers have made significant strides in developing high-performance anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). These cells feature a thin, dense electrolyte made of Ba(Zr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2)O3-δ (BZCY). The fabrication process involved several key steps. First, fine BZCY powder was prepared using a co-precipitation method. Next, Ni-BZCY anode tubes were created via an extrusion process, boasting a 34 % porosity and an average pore size of 0.381 μm. To optimize cell performance, a Ni-BZCY/BZCY nanocomposite slurry was applied as an anode functional layer (AFL) using a dip-coating method. The BZCY electrolyte itself was then coated with a vacuum slurry coating, and finally, an LSCF-BZCY cathode was added, prepared with dip-coating methods. Impedance analysis, conducted under open-circuit conditions at 700 °C, revealed impressive electrical characteristics. The BZCY electrolyte showed an ohmic resistance of approximately 0.79 Ωcm-2 and a very low polarization resistance of about 0.036 Ωcm-2. When tested in a humidified hydrogen atmosphere (3 % H2O) at temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 700 °C, these tubular BZCY cells delivered outstanding power output. Specifically, they achieved a remarkable maximum power density of roughly 0.51 Wcm-2 at 700 °C. This research highlights the potential of these advanced tubular solid oxide fuel cells based on the BZCY as a proton conductor for efficient energy conversion.