Background: Patients with stroke have limited ankle range of motion (ROM) due to soft tissue abnormalities around the ankle and thus experience functional impairment. Increased muscle tension and reduced ankle ROM impair gait and hinder the activities of daily living. Joint mobilization and stretching are effective interventions that improve gait performance by enhancing the ankle ROM. Objectives: To investigate the effects of ankle joint mobilization and calf muscle stretching on gait speed and gait performance in patients with stroke. Design: This was a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty patients with stroke patients were randomized into two groups. The joint mobilization group (JMG) underwent anteroposterior mobilization of the talocrural joint and the joint mobilization stretching group (JMSG) underwent calf muscle stretching in addition to joint mobilization. Gait speed and gait parameters were measured using the 10-meter walk test and the GAITRite. Results: Both the JMG and JMSG groups showed significant improvements in gait speed, affected-side step length, and cadence after the intervention (P<.05). Conclusion: Joint mobilization and stretching were effective interventions for improving gait performance by enhancing ankle function in patients with stroke.

Background: Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by an impaired static balance. A change in poor posture after stroke may worsen static balance. The balance control through an upright posture may include kinesiology taping of the middle back. Objectives: To investigated the effect of kinesiology taping of middle back on static balance in patients with stroke. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 10 patients with stroke were divided into two groups. The experimental and control groups received kinesiology taping and placebo taping of the middle back, respectively. After 24 h, static balance (i.e., sway area and path length) was measured in closed eyes condition. Results: The experimental group (kinesiology taping group) showed a significant decrease in sway area and path length after the intervention. In addition, kinesiology taping group showed a significant decrease in sway area and path length compared to the control group. Conclusion: Kinesiology taping of the middle back can improve static balance in stroke patients.

Background: This study evaluated the effectiveness of upper thoracic manipulation (UTM) and proprioceptive training versus proprioceptive training alone on forward head posture (FHP) and cervicocephalic joint position sense (CJPS) in asymptomatic university students during a short interval of time. Objectives: To evaluate whether the suggested combination would provide greater benefit, and be superior to proprioceptive training alone in improving proprioceptive acuity and head posture. Design: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty-three university student volunteers with asymptomatic FHP were recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned to a manipulation group (n=16) receiving UTM combined with proprioceptive training or a proprioception group (n=17) receiving proprioceptive training only. The intervention period lasted 5 weeks in total, and consisted of one 15 to 20-minute session per week. FHP and CJPS were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: A significant pre- to post-intervention decrease in FHP and joint position error was identified in both groups (P<.05). Subjects in the manipulation group demonstrated greater improvements in CJPS and head posture compared to the proprioception group (P<.05). Conclusion: These findings support employing either intervention for treating asymptomatic students with FHP. However, the addition of UTM to proprioceptive training was more effective than proprioceptive training alone in reducing joint position errors and improving head posture.

Background: The therapeutic exercise method using kinesiology taping (KT) has been reported to be effective in activating the suprahyoid muscle in healthy adults. However, its applicability and effectiveness are not known to the physically vulnerable elderly. Objectives: To investigate the effects of kinesiology taping on the activity of suprahyoid muscles in community-dwelling elderly people. Design: Repeated measure design. Methods: We enrolled 23 healthy elderly adults (age range 60–75 years) with no history of neurologic disease. Participants performed five consecutive spontaneous swallowing actions at 5-second intervals under three conditions (KT with 80% stretch, placebo-KT, and non-KT. Activation of the suprahyoid muscles during swallowing in the three conditions was measured using surface electromyography (sEMG). In addition, a 0–10 numerical rating self-report scale was used to evaluate the required effort and the resistance felt during swallowing. Results: KT with 80% stretch were significantly higher in sEMG mean value, peak value, required effort, and resistance felt during swallowing compared to other two conditions (P<.05, all). KT with 80% stretch required the most effort during swallowing and, consequently, has a positive effect on increasing suprahyoid muscle activation. Conclusion: Our results could be taken into consideration in therapeutic exercise method for suprahyoid muscle in dysphagia rehabilitation.

Background: More women than men experience genu recurvatum, which can lead to knee pain and arthritis if left unattended. Pilates combined with taping is a suitable rehabilitation method for women with genu recurvatum. Objectives: To aimed the effect of taping and Pilates stabilization exercise on physical alignment and improvement of genu recurvatum in women with genu recurvatum. Design: A Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-one women were divided into three groups: taping group (back of knee taping and quadriceps femoris taping, n=7), Pilates exercise group (hip, knee and abdominal muscles exercise, n=7), and combined group (taping with pilates exercise, n=7). The measured variables were sagittal plane alignment and back and abdominal muscle, knee flexor and extensor strength. Results: After the intervention, all sagittal plane alignments were significantly improved in both the Pilates and combined groups. Sagittal plane alignment was significantly improved in the combined group compared with the taping group. Back and abdominal muscle strength were significantly improved in the Pilates and combined groups compared with the taping group. Knee flexor and extensor were significantly improved in the combined group compared with the Pilates group and in the Pilates group compared with the taping group. Conclusion: Pilates exercise with taping or Pilates exercise alone was effective intervention methods to improve physical alignment and strength in women with genu recurvatum.

Background: Stroke patients have weak trunk muscle strength due to brain injury, so a single type of exercise is advised for restoring functionality. However, even after intervention, the problem still lies and it is suggested that another intervention method should be applied with exercise in order to deal with such problem. Objectives: To Investigate the effect of bridge exercise combined with functional electrical stimulation (FES) on trunk muscle activity and balance in stroke patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: From July to August 2020, twenty stroke patients was sampled, ten patients who mediated bridge exercises combined with functional electrical stimulation were assigned to experiment group I, and ten patients who mediated general bridge exercises were assigned to experiment groupⅡ. For the pre-test, using surface EMG were measured paralyzed rectus abdominis, erector spinae, transverse abdominis/internal oblique muscle activity, and using trunk impairment scale were measured balance. In order to find out immediate effect after intervention, post-test was measured immediately same way pre-test. Results: Change in balance didn’t show significant difference within and between groups, but muscle activity of trunk was significant difference rectus abdominis and erector spinae within groups I (P<.01), also between groups was significant difference (P<.05). Conclusion: Bridge exercise combined with FES could improve trunk function more effectively than general bridge exercise due to physiological effect of functional electrical stimulation.

Background: Back pain is associated with a high risk of recurrence. Various physical therapy techniques for back pain have been studied, including reprogramming the central nervous system by integrating sensation and motion with sensory exercise training. Objectives: To aimed verify the effectiveness of sensorimotor training in improving postural stability and pain levels. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: The study population was randomized into a sensory exercise training group and trunk stabilization training group and treated three times a week for 4 weeks. Each group took part in sensorimotor training for 15 minutes or lumbar stabilization exercise for 15 minutes. Results: After the intervention both groups showed Improvements in the variables. There was a significant difference in the dynamic postural stability, limit of stability, and modified visual analog scale scores in the sensorimotor training group compared to the lumbar stabilization exercise group (P<.05). Conclusion: Sensorimotor training appears to be an effective physical therapy exercise program that can be applied in patients with low back pain to improve muscle control ability.

Background: Although the scapular posterior tilt movement could facilitate the lower trapezius (LT) muscle activity, no study identified the effects of the scapular posterior tilt movement on the selective activation of the LT muscle during prone shoulder extension. Objectives: To examine the influences of additional scapular posterior tilt on electromyography (EMG) of the upper trapezius (UT) and the LT muscles during prone shoulder extension. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: There were 15 asymptomatic male participants in this study who performed prone shoulder extension with and without scapular posterior tilt movements. For the scapular posterior tilt movements, participants performed visual biofeedback training for scapular movement using motion sensor. During the exercises, the EMG activity of the UT and LT was recorded using surface EMG system. Results: The EMG activity of the LT significantly increased during prone shoulder extension with scapular posterior tilt compared to that of general prone shoulder extension, whereas that of the UT was not significantly different between the two exercises. Moreover, scapular posterior tilt application significantly decreased UT/LT muscle activity ratio. Conclusion: Scapular posterior tilt movement may be emphasized during exercise when facilitating LT muscle activation.

This paper presents the characteristics of gentamicin-loaded into cetyl trimethyl ammonium intercalated montmorillonite (GtM/CTMA/Mt) as a hybrid composite for a slow-released antibacterial delivery systems. The work describes the successful immobilization of gentamicin into the interlayers of surfactant-modified montmorillonite. Physicochemical characterization of the material is carried out by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetics of the gentamicin release is investigated by in vitro study and analyzed based on UV–Vis spectrometry. In addition, antibacterial study is performed towards Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The results show that the gentamicin loading into CTMA/ Mt increases the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity, as shown by the higher inhibition zone for all tested bacteria, compared to gentamicin as a positive control. The kinetics study suggests that the gentamicin release obeys the modified Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The physicochemical study and activity test demonstrate the feasibility of the GtM/CTMA/Mt for practical applications.

In this study, photocatalytic degradation of ammonia in petrochemical wastewater is investigated by solar light photocatalysis. Two-dimensional ultra-thin atomic layer structured MoS2 are synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. We examine all prepared samples by means of physical techniques, such as SEM-EDX, HRTEM, FT-IR, BET, XRD, XPS, DRS and PL. And, we use fullerene modified MoS2 nanosheets to enhance the activity of photochemically generated oxygen (PGO) species. Surface area and pore volumes of the MoS2-fullerene samples significantly increase due to the existence of MoS2. And, PGO oxidation of MB, TBA and TMST, causing its concentration in aqueous solution to decrease, is confirmed by the results of PL. The generation of reactive oxygen species is detected through the oxidation reaction from 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) to 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO). It is found that the photocurrent density and the PGO effect increase in the case with modified fullerene. The experimental results show that this heterogeneous catalyst has a degradation of 88.43% achieved through visible light irradiation. The product for the degradation of NH3 is identified as N2, but not NO2−or NO3−.

In this study, Ni nanoparticle supported by graphene oxide (GO) (Ni-GO) is successfully synthesized through hydrothermal synthesis and calcination, and Cr(VI) is extracted from aqueous solution. The morphology and structure of Ni- GO composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), trans mission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and XRD confirms the high dispersion of Ni nanoparticle after support by GO. Loading Ni on GO can obviously enhance the stability of Ni-GO composites. It can be calculated from TGA that the mass percentage of Ni is about 60.67%. The effects of initial pH and reaction time on Cr(VI) removal ability of Ni-GO are investigated. The results indicate that the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) is greater than that of bared GO. Ni-GO shows fast removal capacity for Cr(VI) (<25 min) with high removal efficiency. Dynamic experiments show that the removal process conforms to the quasi-second order model of adsorption, which indicates that the rate control step of the removal process is chemical adsorption. The removal capacity increases with the increase of temperature, indicating that the reaction of Cr(VI) on Ni-GO composites is endothermic and spontaneous. Combined with tests and characterization, the mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by rapidly adsorption on the surface of Ni-GO and reduction by Ni nanoparticle is investigated. The above results show that Ni-GO can be used as a potential remediation agent for Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater.

Composite materials offer distinct and unique properties that are not naturally inherited in the individual materials that make them. One of the most attractive composites to manufacture is the aluminum alloy matrix composite, because it usually combines easiness of availability, light weight, strength, and other favorable properties. In the current work, Powder Metallurgy Method (PMM) is used to prepare Al2024 matrix composites reinforced with different mixing ratios of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) particles. The tests performed on the composites include physical, mechanical, and tribological, as well as microstructure analysis via optical microscope. The results show that the experimental density slightly decreases while the porosity increases when the reinforcement ratio increases within the selected range of 0 ~ 20 wt%. Besides this, the yield strength, tensile strength, and Vickers hardness increase up to a 10 wt% Y2O3 ratio, after which they decline. Moreover, the wear results show that the composite follows the same paradigm for strength and hardness. It is concluded that this composite is ideal for application when higher strength is required from aluminum composites, as well as lighter weight up to certain values of Y2O3 ratio.

Ti-Al-Si target and Cr-Si target are sputtered alternately to develop a multi-layered nitride coating on a steel mold to improve die-casting lifetime. Prior to the multi-layer deposition, a CrN layer is developed as a buffer layer on the mold to suppress the diffusion of reactive elements and enhance the cohesive strength of the multi-layer deposition. Approximately 50 nm CrSiN and TiAlSiN layers are deposited layer by layer, and form about three μm-thickness of multi-layered coating. From the observation of the uncoated and coated steel molds after the acceleration experiment of liquid metal injection casting, the uncoated mold is severely eroded by the adhesion of molten metallic glass. On the other hand, the multi-layer coating on the mold prevents element diffusion from the metallic glass and mold erosion during the experiment. The multi-layer structure of the coating transforms the nano-composite structured coating during the acceleration test. Since the nano-composite structure disrupts element diffusion to molten metallic glass, despite microstructure changes, the coating is not eroded by the 1,050 oC molten metallic glass.

Bi2MoO6 (BMO) via the structure-directing role of CO(NH2)2 is successfully prepared via a facile solvothermal route. The structure, morphology, and photocatalytic performance of the nanoflake BMO are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectrum analysis (PL), UV-vis spectroscopy (UVvis) and electrochemical test. SEM images show that the size of nanoflake BMO is about 50 ~ 200 nm. PL and electrochemical analysis show that the nanoflake BMO has a lower recombination rate of photogenerated carriers than particle BMO. The photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) by nanoflake BMO under visible light is investigated. The results show that the nanoflake BMO-3 has the highest degradation efficiency under visible light, and the degradation efficiency reached 75 % within 120 min, attributed to the unique hierarchical structure, efficient carrier separation and sufficient free radicals to generate active center synergies. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism of TC degradation on the nanoflake BMO is proposed.

Effects of growth variables and post-growth annealing on the optical, structural and electrical properties of magnetron-sputtered Ga0.04Mg0.10Zn0.86O films are characterized in detail. It is observed that films grown from pure oxygen plasma showed high resistivity, ~102 Ω·cm, whereas films grown in Ar plasma showed much lower resistivity, 2.0 × 10− 2 ~ 1.0 × 10−1 Ω·cm. Post-growth annealing significantly improved the electrical resistivity, to 4.3 ~ 9.0 × 10−3 Ω·cm for the vacuum annealed samples and to 1.3 ~ 3.0 × 10−3 Ω·cm for the films annealed in Zn vapor. It is proposed that these phenomena may be attributed to the improved crystalline quality and to changes in the defect chemistry. It is suggested that growth within oxygen environments leads to suppression of oxygen vacancy (Vo) donors and formation of Zn vacancy (VZn) acceptors, resulting in highly resistive films. After annealing treatment, the activation of Ga donors is enhanced, Vo donors are annihilated, and crystalline quality is improved, increasing the electron mobility and the concentration. After annealing in Zn vapor, Zn interstitial donors are introduced, further increasing the electron concentration.

Understanding of effects of changes in the particle size of the matrix material on the mullite whisker growth during the production of porous mullite is crucial for better design of new porous ceramics materials in different applications. Commercially, raw materials such as Al2O3/SiO2 and Al(OH)3/SiO2 are used as starting materials, while AlF3 is added to fabricate porous mullite through reaction sintering process. When Al2O3 is used as a starting material, a porous microstructure can be identified, but a more developed needle shaped microstructure is identified in the specimen using Al(OH)3, which has excellent reactivity. The specimen using Al2O3/SiO2 composite powder does not undergo mulliteization even at 1,400 oC, but the specimen using the Al(OH)3/SiO2 composite powder had already formed complete mullite whiskers from the particle size specimen milled for 3 h at 1,100 oC. As a result, the change in sintering temperature does not significantly affect formation of microstructures. As the particle size of the matrix materials, Al2O3 and Al(OH)3, decreases, the porosity tends to decrease. In the case of the Al(OH)3/SiO2 composite powder, the highest porosity obtained is 75% when the particle size passes through a milling time of 3 h. The smaller the particle size of Al(OH)3 is and the more the long/short ratio of the mullite whisker phase decreases, the higher the density becomes.

본 논문은 독립된 음악창작 카테고리로서의 ‘소극장오페라’의 특성을 서사적, 음악적, 극적, 연출적, 그리고 관객의 체험적 층위로 나누어 살펴보았다. 첫째, 소극장오페라는 ‘작은규모’의 무대를 위해 작곡된 오페라로, 1000석 이상 규모의 극장 을 위해 작곡된 ‘그랜드오페라’와는 구분된다. 소극장오페라는 ‘프로시니엄 무대’가 아닌 독특한 형태의 무대와 객석 구조를 갖고 있으며, 공간의 협소함 때문에 실내악 편성이 반주를 담당하는 경우가 많다. 주연성악가들의 숫자 및 전체 프로덕션 규모도 상대적으로 작다. 둘째, ‘소극장오페라’는 ‘작은 공간’에 모인 ‘소규모 관객’을 대상으로 한다. 따라서 기존에 비판받던 ‘대극장’ 위주의 오페라와는 구분이 되는 소재 및 서사, 그리고 관점을 보여준다. 이를 테면 기존 그랜드오페라에서는 고전문학, 영웅, 역사적 인물 등을 장엄한 오케스트레이션 및 웅장 한 합창과 결합시킴으로써 대규모 관객의 ‘집단적 체험’을 이끌어냈다. 하지만 소극장오페라는 문학이나 철학 등에 기반하는 독특한 텍스트, 그리고 기존의 서사를 뒤집고 비트는 새로운 시선과 관점을 ‘개인이’ 음미하는 구도를 띈다. 셋째, 소극장오페라의 관객은 독특한 감각으로 무대를 바라보게 되며 이를 통해 강렬한 현전성(現前性)을 체험한다. 이는 단지 라이브로 진행되는 공연을 보고 느끼게 되는 공연예술의 일반적인 속성으로서의 현전성과는 구분되는 것으로서, 상자형무대, 개방형무대 등 독특한 형태의 작은 공간 안에 놓인 관객들이 제의성이나 비사실적 재현, 성악가의 육체 등과 대면함으로써 생성 된다. 넷째, 소극장오페라에는 다양한 유형의 음악적이고 극적인 실험이 일어난다. 이런 실험은 소극장오페라의 제작비가 적고, 비교적 소규모의 인원이 프로덕션을 구성하며, 이미지ㆍ영상ㆍ소품 등을 다채롭게 활용할 수 있다는 점에 기반한다. 특히 음악적으로는 무조에서 조성을 넘나드는 다양한 음악을 사용하는 것에서부터, 극적으로는 전통적인 무대극의 형식을 빌려오는 등 다양한 방식의 실험이 시도된다. 다섯째, 소극장오페라는 변화한 연출을 통한 작품의 재해석이 자유롭다. 이는 연출가들이 ‘작은 무대’를 완전히 통제하는데 드는 장비 및 기술, 자본이 큰 무대에 비해 수월하기 때문이기 도 하며, 비교적 신인 연출가에게 열려있고, 이들이 기존의 해석과는 다른 참신한 연출을 제시함으로써 극대화된다. 또한 그랜드오페라에 비해 ‘연극적인 부분’의 비중이 상대적으로 크며 관객과 밀착되어 있는 공간에서 진행된다는 점도 연출을 통한 재해석의 가능성을 증가시킨다. 위와 같은 특성을 통해 독립된 음악창작 카테고리로서의 ‘소극장오페라’가 분명하게 자리매김 될 수 있으며, 이 개념을 통해 한국의 창작오페라에 대한 비판 및 분석 등이 보다 정교하게 이뤄질 수 있을 것이다.

National concerns about air pollution are growing. The importance of indoor air quality is emerging because people live in an indoor environment more than 90% of the day. In particular, the indoor air quality of schools needs to be managed as teenagers are vulnerable to environmental pollution. The government has designated the School Health Act in order to manage indoor air quality in schools. Air purifiers have been operated to improve indoor air quality in the classroom since 2018. In this study, we performed on-site evaluations in some classrooms, and then we proposed a plan for improving the air quality in the classroom. In this study, PM10, PM2.5, and CO2 in classrooms in Chungnam were measured to analyze the effect of air cleaner supply. A portable aerosol spectrometer (PAS, model 1.109, Grimm) and CO2 meter (TES 1370, TES) were used as measuring instruments. Schools A and B exceeded the recommended standards, while school C met the standards. The ratio of PM10, PM2.5 in classrooms A and B was 0.58 and 0.5, respectively. Correlation analysis was performed between indoor and outdoor pollutants to analyze the effects of particulate pollutants present in each classroom. First, the measured concentration of fine particles was classified according to/on the basis of factors that affect/influence the internal environment of the classroom. Then, fine dust concentrations measured at the same time as AQMS were classified with regard to the external factors. The gradients for each classroom were 1.57, 1.63, and 1.54, although there were differences in concentration, but they were relatively similar. It is necessary to develop and disseminate customized air purifiers considering the activity of the occupants of classrooms. It is important to consider the areas in which s tudents breathe when installing air purifiers in the classroom. In addition, follow-up management of air purifiers is an essential element. For efficient operation and management of indoor air quality, it is necessary to develop and disseminate standard manuals for air purifiers. It is proposed that an environmental manager should be deployed in schools to manage environmental issues. Standardization of air purifiers, management guidelines for standard manuals, and field support for environmental sheriffs should be established on a legal basis.

본 연구는 북미 음악이론계에 역사적인 사건으로 남을 2020년 쉔커식 이론과 인종주의 사이의 연관성에 대한 논란과 그로 인한 미국 음악계의 움직임에 대해 소개한다. 2019년 11월 미국 음악이론학회(Society of Music Theory)의 총회 모임에서 흑인 이론가 필립 유엘은 “미국 음악 이론계의 백인종 프레임”(Music Theory’s White Racial Frame)이라는 연구 발표를 통해 미국 학계에 뿌리 깊게 박힌 백인 중심주의를 고발하였다. 사회학적 개념을 바탕으로 유엘은 북미의 쉔 케리안 이론가들이 인종주의자인 쉔커의 이론을 ‘화이트워싱’(whitewashing)해왔음을 주장하였고, 음악이론과 인종의 관계를 부정하는 백인 학자들의 태도를 ‘컬러블라인드 인종주의’(color-blind racism)로 규정하였다. 같은 해 말 북텍사스 대학교(University of North Texas)에서 발간된 『쉔커연구저널』(Journal of Schenkerian Studies)의 12호에는 유엘의 발표에 응답하는 15명의 쉔커 이론가들의 지면 토론이 게재되었는데, 토론에 참여한 백인 학자들은 2020년 확산된 흑인 시민운동 “흑인의 생명도 소중하다”(Black Lives Matter)의 분위기 속에 인종차별주의자라는 비난을 받게 된다. 조직적 인종차별(systemic racism)을 근절하기 위한 젊은 이론가들은 온라인 매체를 통해 쉔케리안 이론가들을 비판하였고, 북텍사스 대학교의 대학원생들은 저널의 폐간과 함께 책임자인 티모시 잭슨(Timothy Jackson) 교수를 해임할 것을 학장에게 요구하였다. 음악이론학회는 『쉔커연구저널』12호의 반(反)흑인적 진술과 유엘을 향한 개인적인 인신공격을 규탄하였으나, 유럽의 이론가들은 미국 음악 이론계의 이러한 대처에 회의적인 시각을 보이며 쉔커식 이론의 앞날을 위 한 세계적인 토론의 기회를 촉구하였다. 한편 2021년 2월 유엘의 트위터에는 흑인 역사의 달을 기념하기 위한 흑인 음악가들의 연구가 연재되었고, “피부색 지우기 삭제하기”(Erasing Colorasure)라는 개인프로젝트는 RILM을 통해 온라인으로 발행되었다. 지난 2년 북미에서 큰 위기를 겪은 쉔커식 이론과 인종주의에 대한 논란의 영향을 국내에서 감지하기는 힘들다. 그럼에도 국내에서 연주 전공자들에게 조성음악을 쉽게 이해시키기 위한 실용적인 방법론으로 자리매김한 쉔커식 이론이 미국사회에서 오늘날 어떠한 상황에 있는지를 살펴보는 것은 미국 교육의 모델을 따르고 있는 우리나라 음악 대학들의 나아갈 방향을 위하여 반드시 필요한 작업임을 제안한다.

This study was undertaken to investigate whether HEPA filter-equipped air purifiers can remove aerosolized virus, whether the removed virus can re-scatter through the filter, and how long the removed virus keeps its infectivity in the filter. For this investigation, six HEPA filter-equipped air purifiers produced by different companies were tested against PhiX174 and MS2 phages aerosolized by nebulizers. For viral detection from the air, LB agar plates covered with Escherichia coli hosts and an Andersen air sampler were used, and from the surface, the swab method was used. Both the aerosolized PhiX174 and MS2 viruses absorbed by the HEPA filters in the air purifiers were not detected from the air through filters or the surface of the outlet of the air purifiers. During the operation of the air purifiers at medium mode, the infectious viral concentration of these viruses in the HEPA filters decreased to 0%~12.3% as the time period passed. These results regarding infectious viral concentration differences were assumed to be due to the different wind speed and air volume among the six air purifiers. Based on observations over 5 days, the infectious viral concentration of the PhiX174 phage was 8,600 times lower when the air purifier was operated than when it was not operated. Overall, our results demonstrate that HEPA filter-equipped air purifiers can efficiently remove the two aerosolized viruses and the removed viruses in the HEPA filter could not re-spread and maintain their infectivity.