Transient luminous events (TLEs; sprites, elves, jets and etc.) are lightning-related optical flashes occurring above thunderstorms. Since the first discovery of sprites in 1989, scientists have learned a great deal about the morphological, spectroscopic and electromagnetic characteristics of TLEs through ground and spacecraft campaigns. However, most of the TLE studies were based on events recorded over US High Plains. To elucidate the possible biasing effects, space-borne observations are needed and have their merits. Imager of sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on the FORMOSAT-2 satellite is the first instrument to carry out a true global measurement of TLEs from a low- earth orbit. In this short paper, we apply a common astronomical data analysis technique, two-color diagram, on the ISUAL spectrophotometer (SP) data. By choosing appropriated bandpasses and converting the measured flux of TLEs into the unit of magnitude, two-color diagrams of TLEs can be constructed. We demonstrate that two-color diagrams, which were constructed from the narrow-band spectrophotometer data, can be used to classify different types of TLEs and trace their temporal evolution. The amount of reddening due to Earth's atmosphere can also be estimated from two-color diagrams assembled from the broad-band spectrophotometer data.

To increase thennotolerance of forage crops, transgenic rice plants as a model for transformation of monocots were generated. A cDNA encoding the chloroplast-localized small heat shock protein (small HSP) of rice, Oshsp21, was introduced into rice plants

강원도 치악산 계류에서 하루살이과에 속하는 가는무늬하루살이와 무늬하루살이의 온도와 연관된 생활사 적응에 대하여 연구하였다. 하루살이 개체군의 고도분포에 따라 3개의 조사지점(상류와 중류지점: 가는무늬하루살이; 하류지점: 무늬하루살이)을 선정하였다. 채집은 1997. 2~1998. 1 동안 월 1회 실시하였고, 우화기에는 월 2회 실시하였다. 수온은 1997. 5~1998. 1 동안 시간대로 모니터링 하였다. 결과로서, 3개의 조사지점은 서로 다른 온도역(평균온도 상류: 9.39°C; 중류: 10.38°C; 하류: 12.70°C)을 나타냈다. 체장과 유충단계의 분석 결과 두 종 모두 명백히 연 1세대였고, 각 개체군은 2개의 무리(cohort)를 포함하였다. 우화는 늦은 5월부터 늦은 6월까지 일어났지만 하류로 갈수록 일렀다. 유충의 충원은 우화기(여름형)와 그 5~6개월 이후(겨울형)에 시작되었다. 이처럼 2회에 걸친 유충의 충원에 대하여 알의 휴면 또는 무성생식이 원인으로 작용하는 것으로 가정되었다. 상류와 중류에서 가는무늬하루살이의 총 적산온도는 각각 2380DD와 2668DD였고, 하류에서 무늬하루살이는 3220DD였다. 가는무늬하루살이의 경우 연평균수온이 1°C 내려감에 따라 알의 부화는 약 22일, 평균 유충성장은 약 15일 지연되는 것으로 추정되었다. 가는무늬하루살이는 냉온에 적응된 생활사 양상을 나타냈고, 다른 한국산 및 일본산 근연종과 비교하여 종내 및 종간 생활사 적응에 대하여 추가로 논하였다.

This study was conducted to construct of the transgenic plants wliich are resistant to oxidative stresses including ozone with B. mpestris cytosolic glutathione reductase cDNA using the binary vector system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The 1.8kb B. campe

We calculated the solar monopole abundance limit by comparing the observed solar neutrino flux and the calculation of non-fusion solar neutrino flux produced by Rubakov process in the solar core. We included the produced meson's enhancement effects by the surrounding ions in the solar core. We find that the monopole number N M < 1.9 × 10 20 ( 1 m b / σ 0 ) , where σ 0 is the characteristic proton decay cross section of Rubakov process. This is similar or stronger than strong limits obtained from neutron star's luminosity.

We test an evolution of a giant void using an N-body simulation. We find the void expansion is faster than the rest part of the universe and the shape of an isolated aspherical void becomes more spherical as it evolves.

본 연구는 예비유아교사의 다문화 신념, 다문화 수용성과 다문화 교수불안의 관계와 영향력을 분석해 봄으로써 예비유아교사 양성과정에서 필요한 다문화교육의 방향제시 및 다문화교수불안을 감소시킬 수 있는 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대구, 경북과 부산, 울산에 소재한 대학 유아교육과에 재학중인 교육 실습을 다녀온 예비유아교사 233명을 대상으로 다문화 신념, 다문화 수용성, 다문화 교수불안에 대한 일반적 경향과 각 변인간의 상관, 관련변인이 다문화교수불안에 미치는 영향력을 알아보았다. 연구결과 첫째, 예비유아교사는 다문화 교수를 실시할 때나 실시하기 전에도 불안을 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 예비유아교사의 다문화 신념과 다문화 수용성이 높을수록 다문화 교수불안이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 다문화 교수불안에 대한 다문화 신념과 다문화 수용성의 영향력이 유의미한 것으로 나타나 교사양성기관에서 다문화교육에 관한 다문화 신념과 다문화 수용성을 기를 수 있는 교육을 통해 다문화 교수불안을 감소시키기 위한 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

The objective of the current study is to investigate and evaluate the annual and seasonal rainfall trends and patterns of the Punjab province, Pakistan during the 1981-2015. The spatial patterns and temporal trends were identified through the Modified Mann Kendall test. Finding revealed that 13 weather stations of Punjab province have shown the statistically significant decreasing trend of annual and summer monsoon rainfall during the study period. From further investigation, the rainfall during the summer monsoon period (JJAS) found to be increased by 12.45%, similarly the rainfall during the whole of year be also increased by 18.75%. The significant decreasing trends observed with the higher percentage change in annual and monsoon rainfall for the stations of Sialkot and Lahore in the northern and central Punjab. The empirical evidences suggested that northern Punjab gets more moisture as compared the Southern and Western Punjab. This study suggests intensive empirical research in the future to evolve further spatio-temporal trends in the rainfall pattern of Punjab.

In order to examine the effects of four different light spectra (white, red, green, and blue) on the oocyte maturation, the change of reproductive parameters, via brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis in grass puffer, were investigated. After exposure four different light spectra for 7 weeks, the abundance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA which is a type of seabream (sbGnRH) and two different subunit of gonadotropin hormones mRNAs, follicle-stimulating hormone (fshβ) mRNA and luteinizing hormone (lhβ) mRNA, were analyzed in the brain and pituitary. Histological analysis showed that the mature oocyte ratio in the green spectrum was higher than other light spectra-exposed groups. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and oocyte developmental stage were also investigated in the gonad based on histological observations. GSI value with the presence of yolk stage oocytes was significantly increased in the green spectrum-exposed group when compared to that of the other light-exposed groups (white, red, and blue) (p˂0.05). The abundances of sbGnRH mRNA and fshβ mRNA in the green spectrum-exposed group were also significant higher than those of the other light spectra-exposed groups (p˂0.05). These results indicate that the maturation of oocyte in grass puffer can be accelerated by exposure to the spectrum of green. To better understand the molecular mechanism for the maturation of oocyte in grass puffer, further study examining the relationship between oocyte development and its related genes is required.

Sungshim Hong and Jaekeun Lee. 2017. Let’s Talk about Let+Us: English Hortative and Causative Constructions. Studies in Modern Grammar 96, 67-88. This paper deals with the two seemingly alike constructions in the English language, LET’S construction and LET+US construction. The foci of the current research include (i) whether or not LET’S is a mere phonological contraction of LET+US, (ii) how they are different in their distribution, as well as their interactions with negation/Tag questions, and (iii) why they are different; their asymmetries are attributed to the internal structures of the two. That is, in this paper, their internal structures are distinctively proposed within the Minimalist syntax (Chomsky 1995, 2004, 2005, 2007). On the basis of a garden variety of the already known asymmetries between the two (Seppänen 1977, Fries 1964, Davies 1986, Palmer 1988, Potsdam 1998, Huddleston and Pullum 2002, Quirk et al 1972, 1985), we support the idea that in spite of some of their superficial similarities and looks, the two constructions, both of which contain an identical lexeme LET, need to be analyzed independently from each other. Following the insight of Alcazar and Saltarelli (2014), the light verb, v, is poised for Hortative LET’S in a mono-clausal configuration. The occurrence of Causative LET+US may contract into the isomorphic LET’S, the Hortative LET’S as well. Nonetheless, the Causative LET+US occurs in a bi-clausal configuration with a Tdef intervening, whose Spec is US or any other DP. This paper presents the internal structures of the Hortatives and Causatives differently so that their morpho-syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic disparities can be easily accounted for. It is suggested that the Hortative LET’S underwent syncretism (Radford 2004, Gelderen 2004, 2008), whereas the lexical LET survives as a main verb.

Background : Cellular oxidative stress as reactive oxygen species (ROS), whether produced endogenously as a consequence of normal cell functions or derived from external sources, pose a constant threat to cells living in an aerobic environment as they can result in severe damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. The effects of Valeriana fauriei extract and fractions on hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell damage are studied. Methods and Results : Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases. Valeriana fauriei extract (VFE) and EA fractions (VFEA) was investigated total phenolic contents using method. VFE of total phenolic contents had 2.54 ± 0.01 mg/g, also, VFEA had a 18.78 ± 0.03 mg/g. High phenolic content of the VFEA is expected to better the inhibition of oxidative stress. VFE and VFEA were experimented to inhibit ROS induced 200 μM 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). VFE of inhibit SIN-1 induced-ROS dose dependently and signficantly. In addition, VFEA inhibition was also dose dependant and significant. Moreover, The treatment of SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells with VFEA significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced generation of intercellular ROS. Conclusion : From the above results, we may suggest that VFEA might have useful as a material for functional food and pharmaceutics for the pathological process of neurodegenerative diseases.

Being a rare form of sentence formation, not many languages seem to have Tag question constructions as English does (Culicover 1992:193). Besides, Cuenca (1997:4) notes that the English Tag question construction has received less and less attention in the later period of generative syntax, due to the colloquial characteristics of the construction. Of the two major distinct approaches to English Tag question constructions including Mono-clausal approaches such as Klima (1964), Arbini (1969), and den Dikkien (1995), and bi-clausal approaches such as Huddleston (1969), Culicover (1992), McCawley (1998), and Sailor (2009), the current paper proposes a Minimalist approach to Tag Question Construction using a series of Head movement, Focalization of vP, a Polarity reversing functional projection, PolP, which contains an abstract morpheme [NEG], and adjunction mechanism. Through these thorough and meticulous steps, the English Tag question construction receives a Minimalist facelift.