The plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC)-domain proteins play important roles in plant development and stress responses. Comparative time-course expression analyses were carried out to analyze the expression levels of 62 soybean NAC genes during drought stress in order to search for the stress-inducible NAC genes. Ten GmSNAC (Glycine max stress-inducible NAC) genes having the significant differential expression in response to the drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) hormone application were further investigated for their expression profiles with various stresses such as drought, high salinity, cold and with ABA treatments by the quantitative real-time PCR analyses. In this research, the full-length cDNAs of eight GmSNAC were isolated for the further studies. Eight GmSNAC proteins were tested for their transcription activation in the yeast assay system. Two GmSNAC proteins showed the very high transcriptional activities and the other two GmSNAC proteins displayed moderate levels of transactivation while the remaining four GmSNAC proteins lacked transactivation in yeast. Subcellular localization of eight GmSNAC proteins was analyzed via the green fluorescent protein-GmSNAC fusion protein in tobacco plant cell. Three GmSNAC proteins with the C-terminal transmembrane domain were localized to the nucleus and cytoplasmic fractions. The other five GmSNAC proteins were targeted to the nucleus. The function of GmSNAC49 gene was further investigated using the overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis. Germination rate in transgenic plants over-expressing GmSNAC49 was delayed in the media supplemented with mannitol or ABA compared with that of wild-type (WT) plants. The 35S:GmSNAC49 transgenic Arabidopsis displayed improved tolerance to drought stress compared to the WT. The results of this systematic analysis of the GmSNAC family responsive to abiotic stress will provide novel tools and resources for the development of improved drought tolerant transgenic soybean cultivars

Comparative time-course expression analyses were carried out to analyze the expression levels of 60 soybean WRKY genes during abiotic stress in order to search for the stress-inducible WRKY genes. Five GmWRKY(Glycine max WKRY) genes having the significant differential expression in response to the drought stress and abscisic acid(ABA) hormone application were further investigated for their expression profiles with various stresses such as drought, high salinity, cold and with ABA treatments by the quantitative real-time PCR analyses. In this research, the full-length cDNAs of five GmWRKY were isolated for the further studies. Five GmWRKY proteins were tested for their transcription activation in the yeast assay system. GmWRKY3 proteins showed the very high transcriptional activities and the other two GmWRKY proteins displayed moderate levels of transactivation while the remaining two GmWRKY proteins lacked transactivation in yeast. Subcellular localization of five GmWRKY proteins was analyzed via the green fluorescent protein-GmWRKY fusion protein in tobacco plant cell and all of GmWRKY proteins were targeted to the nucleus. In order to analyze the function of GmWRKY genes in plant, 35S:GmWRKY overexpression(OE) transgenic Arabidopsis were generated. Root growth and germination rates in transgenic OE plants were investigated in the media supplemented with mannitol, NaCl or ABA compared with that of wild-type(WT) plants. The 35S:GmWRKY42 transgenic Arabidopsis displayed reduced tolerance to drought stress compared to the WT. The results of this systematic analysis of the GmWRKY family responsive to abiotic stress will provide novel tools and resources for the development of improved drought tolerant transgenic soybean cultivars

The tight regulators of fruit set initiation, gibberellin (GA) and auxin, have been applied for decades to induce parthenocarpy, fruit set without fertilization. The integration of GA and auxin signaling mediated by either GA or auxin application during parthenocarpy has been actively reported in tomato, and recently we reported that GA application at pre-bloom also activating auxin signaling and down-regulated negative regulators of fruit set initiation in grapevines. However, the activation of auxin signaling upon GA application without up-regulation of auxin biosynthesis is still unclear. In this study, expression patterns of three auxin efflux transporter genes, VvPIN1a, VvPIN2 and VvPIN4, were monitored during inflorescence development in ‘Tamnara’ grapevines with or without GA application. Without GA application, transcription levels of VvPIN1a and VvPIN4 gradually increased from 14 days before full bloom (DBF) to 2 and 5 days after full bloom (DAF), respectively, except down-regulation of VvPIN1a during 5 DBF to full bloom. However, VvPIN2 expression declined steadily after peaking at 10 DBF. With GA application, VvPIN1a did not show significantly different expression patterns when compared to no GA application, with the exception of 4-fold up-regulation at full bloom, but transcription of VvPIN4 was reduced between 5 and 2 DBF. In addition, VvPIN2 was down-regulated between 12 and 10 DBF by more than 50% compared to levels in the absence of GA application. These reductions of both VvPIN2 and VvPIN4 with GA application prior to pollination suggest that GA application might regulate auxin distribution, instead of auxin biosynthesis, to activating auxin signaling during parthenocarpic fruit initiation.

In this study, 80 F7:8 recombinant inbred lines (RIL), derived from a cross between dent corn and waxy corn, were evaluated for 10 grain yield and eating-related traits over a two-year period. A total of 39 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 74 epistatic interactions were confirmed in 2011 and 2012. All QTLs detected in 2011 and 2012, qAC9 (amylose content), qEH4 (ear height), qSEL6 (setted ear length), and q100KW10 (fresh 100 kernel weight) had higher phenotypic variance and were observed in both years; therefore, they may be considered major QTLs. We reported that the QE interaction affects (QTLs and environmental changes) for qEH4, qSEL6, and q100KW10 in discussion. Some new QTLs identified in this study were located on different loci compared with other studies. The genetic region (bin 4.08) strongly controls plant height and ear height, and results from pleiotropy and/or tight linkage. qST3 (including stem thickness) and qEH3 were co-located within two common adjacent simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (umc2275 and umc1273), whereas qEL6 (ear length) and qSEL6 were co-located within two common adjacent SSR markers (umc2309 and bnlg238). Thus, these SSR markers are a useful selection tool for screening grain yield and yield component traits.

포름알데히드의 고농도와 저농도에 따른 식물의 생리적 반응을 보기 위하여 실험을 실시하였다. 실내식물은 관음죽, 팔손이나무, 스킨답서스를 이용하였으며, 포름알데히드는 0, 2(2.5), 10(12.3), 100(123) ppm(mg･m-3)농도로 처리하였다. 그 결과 포름알데히드 처리에 대한 잎 피해증상은 100 ppm의 고농도에서 5시간 처리 후 검은 반점으로 나타났다. 외관상 피해증상은 어린잎과 노화된 모두에서 나타났으며, 팔손이나무의 경우에는 줄기에서도 일부 나타났다. 피해 잎의 책상조직과 해면조직이 파괴되거나 변형되었다. 전체적으로 Peroxidase와 Catalase 함량은 관음죽>팔손이나무>스킨답서스 순서였으며, 처리농도가 높아질수록 함량도 대체로 증가하였다. 피해가 심한 스킨답서스의 경우 고농도 처리시에 기공이 닫히는 비율이 약 80% 가장 높았으며, Catalase 증가량도 가장 컸다. 결과적으로 100 ppm의 고농도에서 포름알데히드 흡수를 저해하기 위해 기공이 닫히거나 효소 함량의 변화가 일부 나타났으나, 저농도에서 적극적 흡수를 위한 반응은 보이지 않았다.

Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE), the most serious gastrointestinal complication, has been reported as a clinical syndrome that occurs in the setting of disease- or chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Complications of NE include bowel necrosis with perforation, fistula, stenosis, massive bleeding, abscess formation, and pneumatosis intestinalis (PI). Most physicians recommend initial conservative management with bowel rest, intravenous fluids, total parenteral nutrition, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and normalization of neutrophil counts. Surgical intervention is recommended in the event of obstruction, perforation, persistent gastrointestinal bleeding despite correction of thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy, or clinical deterioration. We experienced a patient whose abdominal computed tomography scan showed pneumoretroperitoneum, intramural gas in the colon, and inferior vena caval gas. Her condition improved after treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and broad-spectrum antibiotics. We report on this case along with a review of the literature.

Use of nature-derived matrices of a part of body tissues has been used to repair damaged tissues in practical terms. Recently, the same idea has also been applied to regenerate whole organs including the heart, liver, lung, and pancreas etc. Thus, so-called bio-artificial organ technology becomes a promising way of overcoming the lack of donor organs and immune rejections in organ transplantation if we can obtain recipient stem cells. Although the regenerated heart in vitro so far may demonstrate some typical organ's responses in vitro and vivo, it is still far from a fully functional organ for transplantation. We initiated a study to look at changes occurring during the generation of bio-artificial organ using the mouse model. Adult hearts were dissected out and perfused for acellularization with SDS-containing buffer and washed several times. Enzymatic treatment also evaluated the acellular purity by isolating genomic DNA and total RNA before and after DNase and RNase treatments. For recellularization, differentiating H9C2 cell or cells derived from P19 EC cells along with mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the finally obtained heart matrix several times before submerging culture for generating the heart. Histological analyses revealed that complete removal of cellular components. The intensive staining of alcian blue (pH 1.5 and 2.5) suggests that acid mucopolysaccharides, glycocomponents and sulfate-containing saccharides are widely spread within the heart matrix. There was little DNA and RNA in the heart matrix after the enzymatic treatments as judging by the DAPI or PI staining. Cell seeding and subsequent submerging culture showed substantial heart tissue development as evidenced by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR in the recellularized and grown heart. From these results, we suggest that each procedure for bio-artificial organ has to be carefully examined to improve the entire process.

Gibberellic acid (GA) is a well-characterized plant hormone, which plays a critical role in various plant growth and development. including stem elongation, floral indcution and seed development. GA is known to cause enlargement of ripening fruits and, especially in grapevines, GA shows a unique function: the induction of seedlessness in seeded grape varieties. However, despite extensive previous studies about GA, there has been no clear verification of the mechanism that induces seedlessness in grapes. To understand how GA treatment results in artificial parthenocarpy of seeded grapes at molecular levels, we analyzed transcriptional changes in seeded grapes with and without GA application in various inflorescence developmental stages using RNA-seq. At 14 days before flowering (DBF), seeded grapes were treated with 100 ppm GA and clusters were collected at three developmental stages: 7 DBF, full bloom, and 5 days after flowering (DAF). Of a total of 28,974 genes that were mapped to grape genome reference sequences, 7,013 and 9,064 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the GA-treated grape as compared to the non-GA-treated control at 7 DBF, full bloom, and 5 DAF. Clustering analysis revealed that these genes could be grouped into 9 clusters with different expression patterns. We also carried out functional annotation based on gene ontology categories. There were significant differences in the expression of the GA and auxin-related gene families. These findings expand our understanding of the complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of GA-induced parthenocarpy of grapes and provide a foundation for future studies on seed development in grapevines.

Our study is performed to confirm the level of genetic diversity and population structure with 80 maize inbred lines (40 waxy inbred lines and 40 flint inbred lines) and to explain the genetic basis of agronomic traits using an association mapping. The 200 SSR loci are confirmed a total of 1,610 alleles in total 80 maize inbred lines. The average number of alleles per locus was 8.05. The average GD was 0.72. The average PIC value was 0.68. The average MAF was 0.40. Population structure was revealed for K=2. Total 80 maize inbred lines were divided by groups I, II and admixed group. The 14 waxy inbred lines were assigned to group I. The 45 inbred lines include 5 waxy inbred lines and 40 flint inbred lines were contained to group II. The 21 waxy inbred lines were contained in the admixed group with lower than membership threshold 0.8. Association mapping between 200 SSR markers and 10 phenotypic traits of waxy/flint maize inbred lines were performed by Q GLM and Q+K MLM. In significant level at 0.01, 72 SSR markers were associated with 10 phenotypic traits using Q GLM. The 4 marker-trait association were detected in Q+K MLM. The results derived from this study will be used for designing efficient new maize breeding programs.

Ultrastructural characteristics of the germ cells and accessory cells in testis during spermatogenesis and taxonomic values of mature sperm morphology of Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by the transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope observations. The testis is the diffuse organ that consists of branching acini containing developing germ cells and accessory cells associated with spermatogenesis. The morphology of the spermatozoon is of the primitive type and is somewhat different to those of other bivalves. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus type and the acrosome shape of this species have a cylinderical type and a modified cone shape, respectively. As some ultrastructural characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle, the peripheral parts of two basal rings show electron opaque part, while the apex part of the acrosome shows electron lucent part. These characteristics of sperm belong to the family Veneridae in the subclass Heterodonta, unlike a characteristic of the subclass Pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part. In particular, a cylinder-like nucleus of the sperm is curved. The spermatozoon is approximately 48-51 μm in length, including a long acrosome (about 2.40 μm in length), a curved sperm nucleus (about 3.40 μm in length), and a tail flagellum. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure.

In this study, we were conducted the construction of the framework map using SSR markers in the F2 population derived from a cross between waxy corn inbred line (02S6140) and sweet corn inbred line (KSS22), and also identifying of QTLs associated with eating quality traits by employing genetic linkage map of F2:3 population. The linkage map was constructed using 295 SSR markers on the 158 F2 individuals derived from a cross of 02S6140 and KSS22. The map comprised a total genomic length of 2,626.5cM in ten linkage groups and an average distance between markers of 8.9cM. Chi-square test revealed that 254 markers (86.1%) associating with all ten chromosomes exhibited a segregation of 1:2:1 Mendelian ratio. A total of 10 QTLs each for pericarp thickness (PER), amylose content (AMY), dextrose content (DEX), and sucrose content (SUC) were detected in the 158 F2 families. The number of QTL per each trait was ranged from 2 to 4, and also phenotypic variance was ranged from 4.26 to 30.71%. For PER, 4 QTLs were found to be controlled by four genomic regions at locations chromosomes 4, 5, 8, and 9 contributing 10.43, 6.71, 6.74, and 7.79% of phenotypic variance, respectively. While 2 QTLs for AMY, DEX, SUC traits, were found to be controlled by two genomic regions at locations chromosomes 4, 6, 8, and 9 contributing between 4.26 and 30.71% of phenotypic variance, respectively. Among them, 4 QTLs, such as qAMY4 (10.43%), qAMY9 (19.33%), qDEX4 (21.31%), and qSUC4 (30.71%), may be considered as a major QTLs, while the remaining six QTLs might be regarded as minor QTLs. In our study, qAMY9 for amylase content was detected on chromosome 9 in marker intervals phi027-umc1634, which was the same locus as encoding wx1 gene. Thus qAMY9 may be thought very useful molecular marker for selecting amylase content trait. The other QTLs may be thought very useful molecular marker for eating quality traits. The resulting genetic map will be useful in dissection of quantitative traits and the identification of superior QTLs from the waxy hybrid corn, and also this study may provide valuable information for the further identification and characterization of genes responsible for eating quality-related traits in waxy corn and sweet corn.

In order to clarify the chromosomal location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the yield and agronomic traits in waxy corn and sweet corn (Zea maysL.), we were conducted identifying of QTLs associated with yield and agronomic traits by employing genetic linkage map of F2:3 population. A total of 14 QTLs each for days to silking (DTS), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), ear height ratio (ER), ear length (L-Ear) and kernel setting length (L-Sear) were detected in the 158 F2 families. The number of QTL per each trait was ranged from 1 to 6, and also phenotypic variance was ranged from 3.55 to 16.86%. For DTS, one QTLs was found to be controlled by genomic regions at locations chromosomes 1 contributing 9.21% of phenotypic variance. While three QTLs for PH, were found to be controlled by 3 genomic regions at locations chromosomes 1 and 2 contributing 6.68, 6.85 and 8.17% of phenotypic variance, respectively. For EH, six QTLs were found to be controlled by 6 genomic regions at locations chromosomes 1, 7, 8 and 10 range from 3.55 to 11.44% of phenotypic variance. The one QTLs for ER was found at locations chromosomes 1 contributing 7.25% of phenotypic variance. For L-Ear, two QTLs were found to be controlled by 2 genomic regions at location chromosome 7 and 10 contributing 7.40 and 11.63% of phenotypic variance, respetively. The one QTLs for L-Sear was found at locations chromosomes 3 contributing 16.86% of phenotypic variance. Among them, three QTLs, such as qEH8 (11.44%), qLEar10 (11.63%), and qLSear3 (16.86%) may be considered as a major QTLs, while the remaining 11 QTLs might be regarded as minor QTLs. This study may provide valuable information for the further identification and characterization of genes responsible for agronomic traits in waxy corn and sweet corn.

In this study, 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were used to analyze the genetic diversity, genetic relationships, and population structure among 96 accessions of the two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types in East and Southeast Asia. A total of 168 alleles were identified at all the loci with an average of 9.3 and a range between 3 and 18 alleles per locus. Of the 168 alleles, 21 alleles (12.5%) were private, 67 alleles (39.9%) were rare (frequency < 0.05), 96 alleles (57.1%) were detected at an intermediate frequency (range, 0.05 - 0.50), and five alleles (3.0%) were abundant (frequency > 0.50), respectively. The gene diversity values varied from 0.443 to 0.898 with an average of 0.749. The PIC values varied from 0.397 to 0.890 with an average of 0.721. The gene diversity of each locus for accessions of cultivated var. frutescens, weedy var. frutescens, cultivated var. crispa, and weedy var. crispa were respectively showed 0.662, 0.744, 0.540, and 0.584. On the analysis of population structure using software program STRUCTURE 2.2, the 96 Perilla accessions were divided into Groups I, II, and admixed group. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the 96 accessions cluster into three major groups. No clear geographic structure and also between two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types were detected. The present study has demonstrated the utility of SSR analysis for the study of genetic diversity, genetic relationships and population structure among 96 accessions of the two cultivated types of Perilla crop and their weedy types in East and Southeast Asia. In our study, SSR markers helped improve our understanding of the genetic diversity, genetic relationships, and population structure of the two cultivated types of P. frutescens and their weedy types in East and Southeast Asia.

본 연구는 전․의경에 대한 체계적이고 효율적인 인적자원 관리를 위한 기초 자료로써의 성격을 갖는다. 우선 전·의 경과 경찰관을 대상으로 방사선 검사 중 단순 X-선검사, CT 검사, MRI 검사를 시행한 환자를 대상으로 분석을 실시 하였다. 질환별 분류에 있어서는 신체부위별로 일반 질환과 근 골격계 질환으로 분류하였다. 근 골격계 질환은 다시 검 사 부위별로 세분화하여 분석하였다. 경찰관과 전 의경의 정량적 비교에 있어서는 단순 X-선검사, 전산화 단층 촬영 술, 자기공명영상검사의 부위별 평균 인원을 비교하였다. 연구 결과 전 의경은 단순 X선 검사, CT 검사, MRI 검사 등 세 검사 모두 Lower extremity 검사가 다른 부위에 비해 가장 많이 차지하고 있으며 Lower extremity 검사 중에서 특히 Knee 검사 비율이 가장 많이 차지하고 있다.