The biodeterioration with blue-green algae has been studied since 1997 up to 2000 in the tomb of King Mooryong in Kongiu, Korea. Biodeterioration in the tomb initially started from the formation of micro-organismic biofilm that had been suggested to make

저온 조건하에서 추파 청예작물의 의한 질산태 질소 흡수 및 이용에 대한 대사기전을 규명하기 위해 호밀과 사초용 유채의 생육온도를 5 ∘ C 및 25 ∘ C 로 처리 후 뿌리를 양분하여 14 N 과 15 N 을 각각 공급하여 15 N 의 식물체내 이동을 추적하였다. 5 ∘ C 에서 9일간 호밀과 유채에 의해 흡수된 질산태 질소의 함량은 25 ∘ C 처리구에 비해 각각 59.3% 및 27.1%가 감소하였다. 25 ∘ C 조건하에서 9일간 호밀 및 유채에 있어 흡수된 질산태 질소의 약 2.5% 및 7.6%가 뿌리로 전이되었고, 5 ∘ C 조건하에서는 뿌리로 전이된 질산태 함량은 각각 3.8% 및 10.9%로 증가하였다. 목부를 통해 잎으로 전이된 질소의 함량은 25 ∘ C 조건하의 호밀 및 유채에서 개체당 각각 55.9 및 54.4 mg N이었으며, 5 ∘ C 에서는 각각 22.1 및 38.8 mg N으로 저온 처리에 의해 목부를 통한 전이된 질소 함량은 각각 60.4% 및 28.8%가 감소되었음을 보여 주었다. 호밀과 유채 공히 체관부를 통해 잎에서 뿌리로 전이된 질소의 함량은 다른 경로를 통한 질소 전이량에 비해 가장 낮았으며, 저온 처리에 따른 전이량의 변화폭 역시 가장 낮았다. 25 ∘ C 조건하에서 호밀 및 유채에 있어 총 흡수된 질소의 2.5% 및 0.5%이었으며, 5 ∘ C 조건하에서 이 비율은 각각 5.2% 및 0.9%로 증가하였다.

The root extracts of Paeonia lactiflora cv. ‘Red Charm’ has been studied by many groups, however, little attention has been paid to its flower petal. Paeonia is the genus in the Paeoniaceae family. ‘Red Charm’ Paeonia is a soft-stemmed herbaceous peony hybrid of P. officinalis and P. lactiflora. We previously showed the flower petal extract of Red Charm might have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, however, it was not clear which components might be involved in this activity. Bioinformatics analysis previously indicated these extracts have potential anti-oxidant materials. One of them is identified as paeoniflorin, which is major component in root extract of Red Charm. In this study, we compared paeoniflorin and oxypaeoniflorin using DPPH assays to measure its anti-oxidant activities. Oxypaeoniflorin showed higher levels of radical scavenging activity, similar to ascorbic acid control, whereas paeoniflorin did not. Furthermore, nitric oxide assay showed they have similar anti-inflammatory effects. Taken together, these results suggest oxypaeoniflorin may play a more important role in the anti-oxidant activity of the flower petal and root extracts of Red Charm, compared to paeoniflorin. Further studies may be able to provide a platform to develop potential dual effects therapeutics for oxidant-mediated and inflammation-mediated disease in the near future.

Satellite optical communication has gained significant attention owing to its many quality features (e.g., a larger bandwidth, license free spectrum, higher data rate, and better security) compared to satellite microwave communication. Various experiments have been performed during many space missions to demonstrate and characterize inter-satellite links, downlinks, and uplinks. Korea has also planned to establish an experimental communication system using a geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite and the Geochang station as an optical ground station for low Earth orbit (LEO)-to-ground optical relay links. In this study, the performance of inter-satellite communication links and downlinks was investigated for the new Korean experimental communication system in terms of link margin, bit error rate (BER), and channel capacity. In particular, the performance of the inter-satellite links was analyzed based on the receiving apertures and the transmitting power, while that of the downlink was analyzed in terms of atmospheric turbulence conditions and transmitting power. Finally, we discussed two system parameters of receiving aperture and transmitting power to meet the three criteria of link margin, BER, and channel capacity.

본 연구에서는 미숙과 복분자 추출물의 건강기능식품 기능성 원료 개발을 위하여 지표성분을 ellagic acid로 설정하였으며, HPLC 분석법의 유효성을 검증하였다. 또한 국내 재배종 미숙과 복분자인R. occidentalis와 중국 재배종 미숙과 복분자인 R. chingii의 ellagic acid 함량 차이와 시험법 적용을 통해 원료의 상호대체 및 혼용 가능성을 확인 하였다. 추출용매별 ellagic acid 함량을 분석한 결과, 5% 주정 추출물이 국내산과 중국산에서 각각 16.56 mg/g과 17.27mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 두 종간의 함량 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 향 후 두 종간의 생리활성 비교 연구를 통해 생리활성물질인 ellagic acid 함량 유사성과 같이 두 종간의 생리활성 유사성 부분의 추가 검증 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연구에서의 분석법 검증은 특이성, 직선성, 정확성 및 정밀성을 확인하였으며 그 결과, 표준용액의 피크유지시간과 spectrum이 미숙과 복분자 5% 주정추출물과 일치하여 특이성을 확인 하였다. 검량선의 R2은 0.9999으로 높은 직선성을 보였으며, 검출한계 0.25 μg/mL, 정량한계는 0.77 μg/mL였다. 회수율은 97.54-101.01%의 범위로 나왔고, 일내분석과 일간분석에서 상대표준편차는 국내산이 각각 0.54-1.30%와 2.23-3.15%, 중국산이 각각 0.48-2.21%와 1.57-2.79%로 나왔다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 기존의 문헌에서 제시된 ellagic acid 분석법이 미숙과 복분자 5% 주정추출물에서의 지표성분 표준분석법으로 적합한 시험법임을 재검증하였고, 건강기능식품 기능성 원료로서 ellagic acid를 지표성분으로 설정하였을 경우 국내산 미숙과 복분자인R. occidentalis와 중국산 미숙과 복분자인R. chingii의 수급 여건에 따라 상호 대체가 가능한 근거가 될 수 있는 자료중 하나로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Dendropanax morbifera Léveille (Araliaceae) is an endemic species growing in the south-western part of South Korea and has been used in folk medicine and health functional food. Several studies have indicated that extract of D. morbifera (DP) has cytotoxic activities on a number of human cancers, such as, breast cancer, lung cancer, hepatoma, and chorioepithelioma. Recently, polyacetylene and triterpene compounds have been isolated from the DP and showed to have anti-complement activity. β-Amyrin, α-amyrin, dendropanoxide, and β-sitosterol are isolated from DP. However, its biological activities in cancer have not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer activity of isolated triterpenoids from the DP leaves by measuring the levels of cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer and A549 human lung cancer cells. Six triterpenoids were isolated from the n-hexane fraction of DP leaves along with the known compounds. β-amyrin (1), α-amyrin (2), olean-12-en-3,24 β-diol (3), dendropanoxide (4), β-sitosterol (5), and stigmasterol (6). Compound 3 and 6 were isolated from DP for the first time. Cytotoxic activities of six compounds were evaluated against two human cancer cell lines by using the MTT in vitro assay. Among them, five compounds (1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) showed moderate cytotoxic activities toward the tested cell lines, and were safe to normal cells. Western blot analysis showed a decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increased levels of pro-apoptotic protein Bax in MCF-7 and A549 cells treated by β-amyrin and α-amyrin. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that five compounds (1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) treatment increased populations of sub-G1 (apoptosis) phase. The results of the present study revealed that triterpenoids from DP have the potential for further development as anticancer agents.

The aim of the study was to confirm whether the coriander seeds ethanol extract (CSEE) exhibited effective antioxidant activity and oxidative stability in corn oil. The results showed that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging activity were 24.4, 55.0, and 81.0, and 8.9, 16.8, and 34.3% at the concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) reduction power was 284.1 μM ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract, and the total phenol content (TPC) was 31.9 μM tannic acid equivalent/g extract. Furthermore, the TPC showed positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS cation radical scavenging, and FRAP value (p<0.01). oxygen radical absorbance by fluorescein (ORAC) analysis showed that the antioxidant activities of trolox 50 μM and CSEE 100 μg/mL were 3.1 and 4.4 times higher than those of blank AUC, respectively. In addition, CSEE reduced the amounts of conjugated diene and ρ-anisidine by 8.3 and 40.8%, respectively, in the oxidized corn oil. Thus, the coriander seeds ethanol extract is confirmed to have effective antioxidant activity and oxidative stability in corn oil, and it can be used as a natural antioxidant for preservation in food processing.

Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) is an endemic species growing in the south-western part of South Korea that has been used in folk medicine and health functional food. In this study, we investigated an extract of quercetin in Jeju D. morbifera by varying different parts (fruit, sprouts, leaves, sprigs, and branches), harvest times, and extraction solvents. In addition, we aimed to establish a simple and reliable HPLC/UV analytical method to determination of quercetin for the quality control and base line data of the Jeju D. morbifera extract as a health functional food ingredient. The analytical specificity was determined with retention time and photo diode array (PDA) spectrum by analyzing quercetin using HPLC and comparing the results to those of extracts. This analytical method for quercetin was validated for its limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. A high linearity in the standard calibration curve was obtained, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9996. Also, the LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.28 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL, respectively, and the recoveries of quantified compounds ranged from 97.91% to 104.10%. Furthermore, the relative standard deviation (RSD) values of data from the intra- and inter-day precision analyses were less than 1.36% and 3.65%, respectively. As a result, the highest quercetin content among the extracts of Jeju D. morbifera leaves was found to be 20.14 mg/g, which was extracted at harvest in May (cultivation period 10 years) with 60% EtOH. All in all, we believe that the results obtained would be helpful in the development of nutraceutics and natural medicines and for the quality control of D. morbifera.

The study investigates the validity of ‘subjecthood diagnostics’ in Korean proposed in the previous studies. Based on the studies on subjecthood diagnostics in Korean Single Subject Constructions (non-MSCs) and Multiple Subject Constructions (MSCs), the role of two subjecthood diagnostics―Honorific Agreement (HA) and Plural Copying (PC)―in these two constructions are examined through an empirical syntactic experiment. Seventy Korean native speakers participated in the experiment using acceptability judgment task designed to probe their intuition. The results show (i) that in the Non-MSCs, Honorific Agreement (HA) reliably seems to choose the subject (i.e., the only Nom-marked NP), whereas Plural Copying (PC) does not seem to pick out the subject in a less consistent manner; and (ii) that in the MSCs, neither Honorific Agreement (HA) nor Plural Copying (PC) seems to be a reliable subjecthood diagnostic. Possible reasons for these results are discussed.

The objective of the study was to identify 52 Asian pear accessions, two primary pear species, and one reference pear Asian pear with 12 microsatellite markers to maintain pear germplasm collection. The number of alleles of 12 microsatellites detected ranged from eight at CH03d12 to 18 at CH01f07. Gene diversity ranged from 0.7053 at CH01d08 to 0.9224 at CH01f07. The lowest value of PIC was 0.6600 at CH01d08 and the highest was 0.9171 at CH01f07. A group consisting of ‘Ooharabeni,’ ‘Bartlett,’ and P. calleryana was out-grouped and served as a reference to determine the relationship among Asian pear accessions. Except for the out-group, 50 Asian pears were segregated into two groups. Group I was divided in two small groups. Each small group was characterized by P. bretschneideri and P. ussuriensis, respectively. Group II was characterized as P. pyrifolia, and the group was divided in four small groups. The eigenvalue, difference, proportion, and cumulative of six principal components based on PCA to 12 microsatellite. The eigenvalue of the first principal components was 5.5850. The proportion of the first principal component was 0.9308. The cumulative value of the first two principal components was 0.9801. Consequently, nearly all of the results were elucidated by the two principal components. The results from analysis of the standard set of microsatellites in this study may be used as basic materials for the management of Asian pear germplasm collections, and the data might be useful in the development of a core collection.

In this study, we sought to identify primary pears species and Korean native pears, without the use of morphological characteristics. In addition, this study was to establish pear DNA fingerprinting data for Korean native pears using 12 microsatellite markers, and to accurately classify a database for management of the Korean pear collection. Forty two pear accessions (7 primary pears, 5 Asian pears, 29 Korean pears, and 2 reference pears) were analyzed with twelve primers covering whole pear genome. In the present study, all pear accessions were successfully classified along with their pedigrees, and the distribution of primary pears was parallel to those of the previous taxonomic results. Korean pears were divided into 3 groups. Group I was characterized by Pyrus calleryana, and included Korean pea pears. Group II was characterized by P. pyrifolia, and was classified into 2 small groups. The first small group comprised of ‘Najucheongbae’, ‘Sunchanggulimdolbae’, ‘Andongmookbae’, ‘Andongdangsilri’, and ‘Najucheongbae’ and was presumed to be cultivars of P. pyrifolia. The second small group consisted of ‘Cheongdangrori’ and ‘Pyeongchangsuhyangri’. These two accessions were assumed to be a hybrid of P. pyrifolia and the other cultivar. Group III was characterized by P. ussuriensis. ‘Goesanhwangbae’, ‘Andongcheongsilri’, ‘Gongjucheongsilri’, and ‘Yecheoncheongbae’ were assumed to be cultivars of P. ussuriensis. Contrary to ‘Ulreungdocheongbae A’, ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’ was classified as belonging to the P. ussuriensis group. It is possible that this is a consequence of, P. ussuriensis genes being transferred into ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’. The result of this research reaffirmed the efficiency of a standard set of microsatellite markers and provides data, which will be useful for developing a core collection of pears.

Korea is a origin of three basic species, P. ussuriensis, P. pyrifolia and P. fauriei. Genetic relationship among Korean pear cultivars compared with their parents were also identified that they are closely related P. pyrifolia, P. ussuriensis and/or hybrid between two species. SSRs or Microsatellites are co-dominant and typically neutral inheritance showing high degree of polymorphism, large number of alleles per locus, abundance in genomes, and suitability for automation. SSR markers were developed in apple and pear where they were used for construction of genetic linkage maps, evaluation of the genetic diversity, cultivar identification, genotype identification, and in the determination of genetic relatedness. Many apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) SSRs would be useful for genetic mapping in European and Asian pears in previous experiments and cross-species amplification was observed between apple and pear. The objectives of this study were to develop polymorphic SSR markers in ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, which were chosen as the representative cultivars of P. pyrifolia and P. ussuriensis in each among Korean pears, from ‘Golden Delicious’ genomic sequences generated by next generation sequencing technology and to evaluate the utility of the SSR markers based on ‘Golden Delicious’ sequences. Of 51 SSR markers, 18 were polymorphic in ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’. The cross-species transportability of primers designed in ‘Golden Delicious’ sequences makes SSR markers more useful, given the current high level of investment in mapping the genomes of related Rosaceae.

Currently, the type of short insertions and deletions (InDels) polymorphisms are increasingly focused in genomic research. InDels have been known as a source of genetic markers that are widely spread across the genome. Genetic relationship among Korean pear cultivars compared with their parents was also identified that they are closely related P. pyrifolia, P. ussuriensis and/or hybrids between two species. Lack of genetic resources including molecular markers has made it difficult to study pears severely. Recently developed next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms offer opportunities for high-throughput and inexpensive genome sequencing and rapid marker development. The main goal of this study was to develop polymorphic InDel markers in ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, which were chosen as the representative cultivars of P. pyrifolia and P. ussuriensis × pyrifolia in each among Korean pears using genomic sequences generated by NGS technology. In this study, more than 18.6 Gbp and 15.8 Gbp sequences were obtained from NGS of ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, respectively. ‘Whangkeumbae’ contained 197,210 InDels and 197,272 InDels in ‘Minibae’. In InDels validations between ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, the number of polymorphic InDels were 149,338 and non-polymorphic InDels were 122,572. For InDel primer set designing, 11,308 of primers were designed from polymorphic InDels and 10,919 of InDel primers were recommended. The study shows that the utility of NGS technology to design amount of efficient InDels and the developed InDel primers will be used for genetic mapping, breeding by marker assisted selection (MAS) and QTL mapping of Korea native pear as well as further genetic studies.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most frequent type among variations found in genomic regions and are valuable markers for genetic mapping, genetic diversity studies and association mapping in plants. There are three basic species known as Korean native which are Pyrus ussuriensis, P. pyrifolia, and P. fauriei. Genetic relationship among Korean pear cultivars compared with their parents was identified that they are closely related P. pyrifolia, P. ussuriensis and/or hybrids between two species. Lack of genetic resources, including molecular markers to study pears are very severe. Recently developed next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms offer opportunities for high-throughput and inexpensive genome sequencing and rapid marker development. The objective of this study was to develop polymorphic SNP markers in ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, which were chosen as the representative cultivars of P. pyrifolia and P. ussuriensis × pyrifolia in each among Korean pears, using genomic sequences generated by NGS technology. In this study, more than 18.6 Gbp and 15.8 Gbp sequences were obtained from NGS of ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, respectively. ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’ contained 2,712,288 and 2,747,224 SNPs, respectively. In SNPs validations between ‘Whangkeumbae’ and ‘Minibae’, the number of polymorphic SNPs were 2,516,438 and non-polymorphic SNPs were 1,179,391. For HRM primer design, 2,125,479 HRM candidate primers were obtained from polymorphic SNPs and 343,731 SNP primers were developed. This study shows that the utility of NGS technology to discover efficiently a large number of SNPs and SNP primers can provide valuable information in the genome study of Pyrus spp.

Pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit species in the world. The identification of Pyrus spp. based on analysis and comparison of their phenotypes has been causing a number of synonyms and homonyms among Pyrus spp. For accurate identification, genotype analysis with molecular marker such as microsatellite is necessarily to use. However, It is difficult to share and compare of microsatellite profiles obtained among different laboratories because no effort has made to standardize equipment or protocols. A strategy for data comparison by dint of reference to the alleles detected in well-known cultivars will be helpful for co-work with laboratories and developing international databases. Thus the study was performed to compare results between laboratories of microsatellite DNA profiling for reproducibility and standardize allele scoring by defining reference alleles efficiently. In this study, ninety pear species including forty-four comparison Asian pears, six of comparison suspicious Asian pears and reference pears, seven basic pear species, and twenty-seven Korean native pear cultivars to development of a standard set of SSR reference alleles. Twelve primers covering most of pear genome were chosen, which are CH02b10, CH03g07, CH04e03, CH03d12, EMPc117, CH01f07a, EMPc11, CH01d09, GD147, CH01d08, CH05c06, and GD96 located in pear chromosome of 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 17 respectively. Genotyping was conducted with Fragment Analyzer. After genotyping, a set of defined standard alleles based on reference pear cultivars can facilitate data comparison among laboratories and will permit the improvement of a common international database.

Recent climate changes due to global warming are gradually introducing adverse circumstances for winter survival of temperate fruit trees. Particularly, late winter or early spring thaws followed by hard freezes can cause severe injury to deacclimated flower buds. Thus, the selection of later or slower deacclimating cultivars is needed to avoid frost injury in late winter or early spring. This study was performed to investigate relationship between cold hardiness and bud development under an experimental deacclimation condition for 10 Prunus persica cultivars (Aikawanakajima, Daewol, Izumi Hakuto, Janghowon Hwangdo, Kiraranokiwami, Mihong, Misshong, Soomee, Suhong, and Sun Gold). The rate of deacclimation was not correlated with hardiness before the deacclimation treatment. On the other hand, a strong positive correlation was found between cold hardiness and stage of bud opening.

Changes in cold hardiness were confirmed with relative electrolyte leakage (REL) method in the shoots of two peach cultivars (Prunus persica Janghowon Hwangdo and Odoroki) during cold acclimation and deacclimation. Changes in proline (Pro) content and related gene expressions were also analyzed. Particularly, transcript accumulations of P5CS and P5CR were examined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. REL in the shoots of two peach cultivars was significantly different during the entire experimental period. Cold hardiness of two cultivars increased gradually to December 2012, and then decreased to April 2013, whereas Pro contents of ‘Janghowon Hwangdo’ and ‘Odoroki’ were reduced from the beginning of the experiment to February 2012 and then increased in the spring. Interestingly, P5CS gene encoding an enzyme, which catalyzes conversion from glutamic acid (Glu) into glutamic-γ-semialdehyde (GSA) in the first step of Pro pathway, showed the contrasting patterns with Pro contents of two cultivars. On the other hand, P5CR gene encoding an enzyme, which catalyzes conversion from Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate(P5C)intoPro in the final step of Pro pathway, showed the similar patterns to Pro contents in two cultivars. Our results demonstrate that Pro responds negatively to low temperatures in the shoot of different peach cultivars, including the supplemental 10 peach cultivars, and expression of both P5CS and P5CR genes could show contrasting patterns from each other. Our results suggest that identification of both P5CS and P5CR genes are required necessarily for accurate analysis of Pro biosynthesis because Pro accumulation is affected more by expression of P5CR gene.

Genetic variation and structure of 9 subpopulations of Symplocarpus renifolius Schott ex Tzvelev on Mt. Cheonma, in Korea, were determined via starch-gel electrophoresis. The genetic diversity at 10 loci for 8 isozymes (P99=66%, A=2.26, Ho=0.212, He=0.230) was found to be considerably higher than that seen in other long-lived perennial plants. On the whole, the genotype frequencies were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Approximately 5%(θ=0.049) of the total variability was among subpopulations. The high levels of observed genetic diversity in S. renifolius were attributed to a universal outcrossing system and other specific factors like differences in age classes and widely scattered individuals around the main distribution. Heterozygosity was highest at a mid-range of elevation(450m~600m). The lowest heterozygosity at lower elevation was attributed to the possible origin of seeds transported by water from upstream regions during the monsoon season. Spatial structure in a subpopulation evidenced a strong autocorrelation between closer individuals within 3~4m of distance. This was assumed to be attributable to the restricted seed dispersal characteristics of S. renifolius. In accordance with the findings generated in this study, some implications regarding the conservation of S. renifolius at the Mt. Cheonma were also presented.