This study was performed to analyze a saltiness enhancement at the same salt content through multiple emulsion. We compared the samples with different conditions to determine the optimum stability conditions of water-in-oil through layer separation rate, microscopic observation and size analysis. Four electrolytes such as NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 were used and agar contents ranged from 0 to 1% were experimented at different volume ratios including 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9 of water and oil. As a result of this study, the droplet size according to the electrolyte type did not show significant differences (p<0.05). Therefore, KCl was used to facilitate in-body excretion of NaCl in the outer water phase, and corn oil containing 8%(w/w) polyglycerol polyricinoleate was used as oil phase. When the volume ratio of water and oil was 3:7, 2:8, and 1:9, the layer separation rate was relatively slow and droplet size was also small. It reveals that the particle size becomes smaller as the water volume ratio decreases. However, considering the amount of water to be stored and eluted on the inner water, appropriate volume ratio of water and oil should be adopted to 3: 7. At Microscopic observation depending on agar concentrations, small particle size appeared at 0.2% and 0.4% agars. When the water and oil ratio was fixed at 3:7, the particle size was measured at 0.2% and 0.4% agar using a zeta sizer. In conclusion, the droplet size of 0.2% agar was smaller than 0.4%. Therefore, the most stable water-in-oil emulsion was obtained with 0.2% agar, when water to oil ratio was 3:7.

Probiotics are defined as advantageous microorganisms to human when they are ingested. However, without any protection, the viability of microbes and their adhesive ability to surface of colon decreases through acidic condition such as stomach and intestines. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to figure out to enhance not only the viability of probiotics, but also its adhesion for increasing effect of probiotics. In this study, extrusion method was conducted to encapsulate Enterococcus faecium. E. faecium-alginate solution was injected to CaCl2 solution with regular side air injection. To prevent coagulation of beads, stirring was conducted in CaCl2 solution and encapsulated alginate-Ca2+ microspheres were produced. For optimal encapsulation condition, air pressure was 100 mbar, flow rate of E. faecium solution was 0.02 ml/h and stirring rate was 200 rpm. For mucoadhesive ability, Monolayer of HT-29 cells used as a colon cell and encapsulated cells were inoculated and incubated in 37℃, 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere for 1 h. Encapsulation efficiency of the encapsulation method used in this study was 98.2%. For mucoadhesive test, the concentration of inoculated E. faecium was 9.9×108 CFU/ml and the concentration of adhered E. faecium was 1.6×106 CFU/ml. In conclusion, encapsulation efficiency of extrusion method was high enough to be accepted for this study, however, alginate-Ca2+ microspheres revealed lower adhesive ability compared to expectation. Therefore, it needs further studies to increase adhesive ability with other polymers.

Metcalfa pruinosa was first reported in 2009 in Gimhae persimmon farms in Korea, and in Chungnam province in 2011, they first occurred in Dangjin and Taean. M. pruinosa adults are known to lay eggs among the crevices beneath the bark of the host plants, and they are reported to lay mainly on Robinia pseuroacacia trees. However, in order to solve the problem that the time and effort are too much to investigate by moving the 10 cm branch of R. pseudoacacia and removing the whole bark, we investigated the number of wintering eggs at different parts of branches from R. pseudoacacia and surveyed occurrence of them in Chungnam province. 14.5 times and 5.4 times more eggs were observed in the hair tissues of the twigs and thorms bases than the surface of R. pseudoacacia trees, respectively. There was no difference in the number of branches according to the thickness of branches. M. pruinosa in Chungnam province were mainly occurred in Taean, Geumsan and Dangjin, and showed patterns that occurred mainly in highways.

The main focus of this study was to investigate effects of lumbar central posteroanterior (PA) mobilization on isometric knee extension (IKE) ability and patellar tendon reflex amplitude (PTRA) in healthy university students. University students aged 19-26 (male; 10, female; 10) without any neurological disorders participated voluntarily and excluded the subjects with abnormal reflexes. The participation had an average body mass of 64.25±13.52 kg, an average height of 1.66±0.08m, and an average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 23.07±3.21. Every student was randomly assigned to be received squatting exercise and PA mobilization sequentially with 5 days of wash out period. IKE and PTRA were not significantly different between the two groups after the intervention. All the outcome measures were arranged into two data groups; PA mobilization and squatting exercise data group. In the PA mobilization data group, IKE and PTRA significantly increased after the intervention, however, these aspects were decreased in the squatting exercise group. These findings suggest that IKE and PTRA increase immediately after PA mobilization, therefore PA mobilization could be a valuable topic for controlled clinical trials.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of traction and decompression therapies on the cervical muscle tone and disc height. The decompression group (n=16) received decompression therapy and Mckenzie exercises once a day and four times a week respectively, for three weeks. The traction group (n=15) also received traction therapy and Mckenzie exercises for the same period. Muscle tone was measured with a myotonometer, and the disk height was measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), before the interventions. Three weeks later, we investigated the therapeutic effect by repeating these measurements. The difference in disk height between the two groups was not significant. There was a significant difference in the disk herniation index (p<.05). A significant difference was found only in the upper trapezius muscle after comparison of muscle tone and stiffness between the groups (p<.05). Findings from this study suggest that the decompression therapy is a more effective intervention for patients with cervical intervertebral disc herniation.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique on the pulmonary function of smokers. Subjects were individuals who had a smoking habit of at least a year. Subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups: the incentive spirometry group (n=8), Ujjayi breathing technique (n=9), and a group applying both incentive spirometry as well as Ujjayi breathing technique (n=8). Each intervention was performed twice a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 8 weeks whereupon the change in pulmonary function was evaluated. A spirometer was used to measure FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC. The survey used for this study included the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (SOBQ). Study results for the comparison within groups showed that in the group that performed both the incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique, FEV1 improved with statistical significance (p<.05). Furthermore, within this comparison the FEV1/FVC improved with statistical significance. Comparison amongst the groups showed no statistically significant differences in all areas. Following, to effectively increase pulmonary function in young adult smokers, both incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique should be employed together.

The purpose of this study was to measure the mean peak mobilization forces to the cervical spine 3-5 with grade III and grade IV of posteroanterior (PA) mobilization. Asymptomatic 25 college subjects were participated in the trial and eligible physical therapists performed cervical mobilization. The mean peak mobilization force was measured during the PA mobilization with grade III and grade IV by attaching a flexible force transducer over the C3-C5 spinous process. Three cycles of PA mobilization were performed in each spine and the therapist took approximately 2.5s to complete mobilization. After applying the grade III mobilization to the C3-C5, 30 minutes later, the grade IV mobilization was applied to the same area again. There were no significant differences between C3, C4 and C5 during grade III as well as grade IV. Upon comparing the mean peak force of grade III with mean peak force of grade IV at the C3, C4 and C5 respectively, an insignificant difference was also observed. The mean peak mobilization force was 4.53±1.79 N at the C3, 5.10±1.91 N at the C4, and 5.17±2.63 N at the C5 during grade III force was applied. The mean peak mobilization force was 4.40±1.56 N at the C3, 5.53±2.01 N at the C4, and 5.38± 2.73 N at the C5 during grade IV force was applied. This study suggested that the mean peak force of the grade III and grade IV mobilization in the C3-C5 was similar each other, also there was no difference between mean peak force of grade III and grade IV on C3, C4 and C5.

Since Japonica rice is recognized as the premium rice in some subtropical region such as Philippines, the development of new cultivar adaptable in subtropical region has been conducting. However typical Japonica rice show earlier flowering in subtropical region due to the short day length and high temperature conditions. In such a condition, it is difficult to secure enough yields. Therefore it is need that selection of Japonica cultivar showing suitable heading characters in subtropical region. Here we try to check the basic vegetative phase and heading sensitivity on temperature condition using 37 kinds of Korean cultivars. BVP is between 14 to 39 days and 37% of cultivar had basic vegetative phase between 26 to 30 days. When temperature became lower on sensitive and reproductive stage, heading was more delayed. However the 24oC condition showed the greatest impact on heading delay among temperature condition. Among cultivars, 56% of cultivars have basic vegetative phase over 25days.We checked temperature effect on heading especially sensitivity stage in those materials. Joun, Manho, Joan and Cheonga showed stable heading date under different temperature conditions. With this data, we suggest that Joun, Manho, Joan and Cheonga could be a good cultivar in subtropical region in heading characters.

Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is a common cause of pain that occurs during shoulder movement, thereby restricting shoulder rotation in clinical practice. Although most patients respond to pain relief treatment (NSAID or corticosteroids) by improving their range of motion, it remains poorly understood without any definitive treatment algorithm. In addition to immune cells, synoviocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the joint are known to produce pro-inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators, presumably contributing to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and adhesive capsulitis. Although inflammation and also fibrosis are proposed to be the basic pathological changes of a frozen shoulder, there is a lack of information regarding the downstream targets of the pro-inflammatory ROS signaling pathway in the synoviocytes and also how these ROS targets are modulated at the transcription level by a corticosteroid - dexamethasone. In this study, we used human fibroblast like synoviocytes (HFLS) to characterize the signaling targets of ROS by employing a human DNA microarray tool and studied the role of dexamethasone in this process. Our data suggest that several genes such as FOS, FOSB and NFkBIZ, which are known to be involved in pro- or anti- inflammation response, are modulated at the transcription level by ROS and dexamethasone.

Salt is generally used for food seasonings and preservations as a common ingredient. However, excess salt intake has generated health issues such as high blood pressure, osteoporosis, stroke, and heart diseases. Recently, desires and interests of low-salt cooking have been increased among people who want healthy diets. The aim of study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics of a fermented squid sauce added with vitamin C and commercial low-salt soy sauces. Thawed and crushed squids were fermented until the solid squid became liquid at 25°C with an addition of 5% (g/g) vitamin C. Then, fermented squid sauce was heated at 100°C for 30 min and filtered. All samples were measured in multiple aspects of amino acid nitrogen, salt, sugar and water content, pH, chromaticity and brown color, and sensory test. In the results, color values showed no significantly difference between all the samples (p>0.05). Water content value of the fermented squid sauce was the highest among samples. Brown color, salt contents and sugar contents of the fermented squid sauce were significantly different than other low salt soy sauces with an exception of the sauce made with functional salt. These results showed a similar tendency as those of sensory evaluation. As conclusion, the possibility of fermented squid sauce added with vitamin C showed a possibility as a candidate of low-salt soy sauce.

In this study, we investigated the change of physical properties associated with the temperature of vegetable mixed oil and fat in order to produce vegetable oil and fat suitable for plant meat production. The canola oil and coconut oil were mixed at various weight ratios, and the phase change temperatures by the ratio of two oils were measured using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G") and viscosity were measured using a rheometer at 20-40°C and 0.4 Hz-100 Hz. Storage modulus (G') at constant frequency (10 Hz) was measured in a continuous section of 10-50°C. As the coconut oil content increased, the peak of the melting point moved to the lower side. The viscosity was higher in order of canola oil, mixed oil, and coconut oil, and the viscosity showed a tendency to decrease as the temperature increased. In the liquid state, it showed a tendency to increase after the value of storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G") decreased from 0.634 Hz-1 Hz. The conversion time point of storage modulus (G') of continuous temperature change is consistent with the melting point temperature of DSC, as the passed start at 10°C, storage modulus (G') increased with an exception of canola oil. Using these results, we will pursue to produce a mixed plant oil applicable to the production of vegetable meat.