Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a key gene involved in multiple stress tolerance in all living organisms, though it is still to be disclosed the gene function in teff grass [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter].The objectives of this study were to clone and molecular characterization of GST gene in teff grass. We characterized GST1 from teff grass (EtGST1), it composed of a 645-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 195 amino acid residue. Further, we transformed EtGST1 in E.coli BL21 (DE3) cells. This recombinant EtGST1 in E.coli BL21(DE3) induced at 37°C temperature. In addition, Growth of cells overexpressing EtGST1 rapidly increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (5%), heat (46°C), NaCl (0.6%), and arsenic (1 mM) than that of cells harboring an empty vector. These results suggest that EtGST1 would be suitable candidate for improving tolerance in forages and/or grasses species against multiple abiotic stresses.

Cold, salt and heat are most critical factors that restrict full genetic potential, growth and development of crops worldwide.. In this study, we applied an annealing control primer (ACP) based GeneFishing approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in annual ryegrass (cv. Kowinearly) leaves under cold, salt and heat stresses. Two-week-old seedlings were exposed to cold (4°C), salt (NaCl 200 mM) and heat (42 °C) treatments for 6 h. A total 8 differentially expressed genes were isolated form ryegrass leaves. These genes were sequenced then identified and validated form National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. We identified several promising genes encoding light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, alpha-glactosidase b, chromosome 3B, elongation factor 1-alpha, FLbaf106f03, complete genome, translation initiation factor SUI1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These genes were potentially involved in photosynthesis, plant development, protein synthesis and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. These genes might be useful for the enhancement of abiotic stress tolerance in fodder crops along with crop improvement under unfavorable environmental conditions.

An earthquake of ML 5.8 hit the Gyeongju area on September 12, 2016. A sequence of foreshock-mainshockaftershock of 588 events with equal to or greater than magnitude 1.5 occurred for six months in this area. Around ninetynine percentage (98.8%) of the total energy was released intensively within a day, and about 80% of the total events took place within a month after the Gyeongju earthquake. The epicentral distribution of aftershocks of major events (ML 5.1, 5.8, 4.5, and 3.5) were elongated in the direction of N30 o E. They correlate well with the focal mechanism solution. These facts support the inference that the Gyeongju earthquakes occurred on a sub-parallel subsidiary fault of the Yangsan fault zone or on the linking damage zones between Deokcheon and Yangsan fault. During the last six years before the Gyeongju earthquake, there were few events within 10-km radius from the epicenter. This seismic gap area was filled with a sequence of the Gyeongju earthquakes. The b value for aftershock of the Gyeongju earthquakes is 1.09.

In this study, an experiment is performed to recover the Li in Li2CO3 phase from the cathode active material NMC (LiNiCoMnO2) in waste lithium ion batteries. Firstly, carbonation is performed to convert the LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li2MnO3 phases within the powder to Li2CO3 and NiO, CoO, and MnO. The carbonation for phase separation proceeds at a temperature range of 600oC~800oC in a CO2 gas (300 cc/min) atmosphere. At 600~700oC, Li2CO3 and NiO, CoO, and MnO are not completely separated, while Li and other metallic compounds remain. At 800 oC, we can confirm that LiNiO, LiCoO, and Li2MnO3 phases are separated into Li2CO3 and NiO, CoO, and MnO phases. After completing the phase separation, by using the solubility difference of Li2CO3 and NiO, CoO, and MnO, we set the ratio of solution (distilled water) to powder after carbonation as 30:1. Subsequently, water leaching is carried out. Then, the Li2CO3 within the solution melts and concentrates, while NiO, MnO, and CoO phases remain after filtering. Thus, Li2CO3 can be recovered.

목적: 레이저굴절교정수술 후 다시 근시가 발생한 근시퇴행안에 역기하디자인하드(reverse geometry rigid gas permeable, RGP) 렌즈로 교정하고, 교정 전과 후 굴절검사 방법에 따른 검사값의 차이를 확인하 였다. 방법: 레이저굴절교정수술 후 양안 또는 단안에 근시퇴행이 발생한 46안(24명, 평균 32.04 ± 4.74세)을 대상으로 굴절이상을 RGP 렌즈로 교정하고 교정 전과 후에 각각 자동굴절검사, 검영법 그리고 자각적굴절 검사를 실시한 후 굴절이상도를 비교하였다. 결과: 레이저각막굴절수술 후 발생된 근시퇴행안에서 자동굴절검사, 검영법 및 자각식굴절검사로 측정한 등가구면굴절이상도는 -2.58 ± 1.23 D, -1.98 ± 1.14 D, -1.93 ± 1.08 D로 유의한 차이가 있었고 (p=0.013), RGP 렌즈 교정 1개월 후에는 각각 -0.98 ± 0.69 D, -0.26 ± 0.69 D, 및 -0.29 ± 0.64 D로 유의한 차이가 있었으며(p=0.000), 자동굴절검사기로 측정한 굴절이상도가 근시 쪽으로 높게 측정되었다. 레이저각막굴절수술 후 근시퇴행안에서 RGP 렌즈 교정 전과 후의 자동굴절검사값과 자각식굴절검사값의 차이는 구면굴절력, 원주굴절력 및 등가구면굴절력값에서 모두 중등도의 상관성을 보였으며, 근시도가 크면 근시도가 작은 경우보다 측정값 차이가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론: 자동굴절검사는 정상 안의 예비검사에는 유용하지만, 레이저굴절교정수술 후 근시가 유발된 근시 퇴행안과 RGP 렌즈 착용안의 굴절검사에는 자각식굴절검사가 더 유용하며, 자동굴절검사를 예비검사로 사용할 때에는 측정값에 차이가 있을 수 있다는 점을 고려해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

One of the characteristics of suicide phenomena in the Korean society is that it witnesses suicide committed by entertainers quite often. Some entertainers choose suicide as a way to resolve crises and conflicts, and those suffering from maladjustments, when seeing this, are highly likely to follow their suit, committing copycat suicide. For this reason, society needs to pay close attention to entertainers’ suicide. Many entertainers with depressive, negative sentiments relate themselves easily to other entertainers’ suicide in terms of both their jobs and feelings, which in turn make them choose suicide. This study explores what psychological effect entertainers’ suicide has on those entertainers suffering from psychological maladjustment. This is done through analyzing texts appearing on different kinds of media. At the same time, the study discusses possible ways to help them think less about suicide, at a preventive level.

To be better fit for highways, pavement systems are required to provide comfortable and safe driving and be structurally durable. Composite pavements can be an effective option as they are more durable by placing a high functional asphalt overlay on a rigid concrete base layer. In order to apply a composite pavement system to the field, it is necessary not only to develop technologies that prevent reflecting crack and deterioration of the base layer, but also to improve bonding performance of materials and ensure structural performance as a pavement system against traffic loading. In advanced countries like Japan, USA and Europe, high-functional composite pavement systems are being put into practice across new highway networks. In this study, we evaluated structural performance (rutting, reflecting crack, and deflection) by applying traffic loads of actual highways through an accelerated pavement tester (APT) of a composite pavement section made up of a quiet porous surface laid over a water-proofing layer, a continuously reinforced concrete base, and a lean concrete sub-base layer, which was developed with new pavement methods used for each layer prior to field application. The APT specimen was constructed with paving materials and equipment actually used on site in the same dimensions (W3.5m*L14m*H2m) as actual highway sections in Korea, and 3-axle double-wheel heavy load (45ton) cart type KALES(Korean Accelerated Loading and Environmental Simulator) traveling on the specimen in both directions was used to simulate traffic loading. After applying around 8,574,000 ESALs of traffic loads, no reflecting crack occurred on the asphalt surface of the composite pavement, without surface distress except for rutting. In order to examine what causes rutting of pavements, we surveyed thickness of pavements by layer and measured asphalt density.

As mobile shopping has increased in the new media age, fashion consumers’ decision making and product consumption processes have changed. The volume of consumer-driven information has expanded since media and social networking sites have enabled consumers to share information they obtain. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting information searching strategies and information sharing about fashion products. An online survey collected data from 466 respondents, relating to the influence of product price level and consumer SNS commitment level on information search and information sharing. Experimental design of three product price level and two consumer SNS commitment level was used. Analysis of the data identified factors in fashion information searching as ongoing searching, prepurchase web portal information search, and prepurchase marketing information search. For low-price fashion products, prepurchase product-detail influenced intention to share information. For mid-priced products, ongoing search significantly affected intention to share information. Both ongoing search and prepurchase marketing information search showed significant effects for high-price products. Consumers who are more committed to SNS engaged in significantly more searching in all aspects of information search factors. Significant interaction effect was detected for consumer SNS commitment level and product price level. When consumers with low consumer SNS commitment search for information on lower-priced fashion products, they are less likely do a prepurchase web portal information search.

Phthorimaea operculella is a pest causing serious damages in worldwide potato cultivation. As climatic factors are considered to be the most crucial on species’ distribution, we tried to compare climatic conditions between a native area of Phthorimaea operculella with cities in South Korea and other areas in Asia based on climatic similarity provided by 'Match Climates' function of CLIMEX software. Even though there is arguing regarding origin of Phthorimaea operculella, we selected Peru and Bolivia as home climate, and compared its climatic similarity to other areas in Asia with application of SRES A1B 2030 climate change scenario. Result showed that South Korea has favorable climatic condition for Phthorimaea operculella. Also, most of Asia except north China and south Russia showed the similar climate suitable for Phthorimaea operculella.

Climatic factors are known to be the most critical on estimating potential distribution of species, suggesting that an area having similar climate to origin of a pest may be vulnerable to its invasion. In this study, we selected Leptoglossus occidentalis, a pest causing significant forest damage in South Korea, and compared current climate of its 3 known origins with that of 74 cities in South Korea by using ‘Match Climate’ function in CLIMEX software. Result showed that overall climatic similarity between them was moderately high, indicating consistency of climatic similarity with the current distribution of Leptoglossus occidentalis in South Korea.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, possesses a cholinesterase expressed exclusively in the salivary gland (ClSChE). In this paper, we investigated the molecular structure, tissue distribution patterns, and biochemical properties of ClSChE and showed that ClSChE exists as a soluble monomeric form or a soluble dimeric form connected by a disulfide bridge. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ClSChE was expressed in the epithelial cells of both the salivary gland and the duct. In addition, the secretion of monomeric ClSChE through the proboscis during feeding was detected by western blotting using a ClSChE-specific antibody. To predict the role of ClSChE injected into the tissue of an animal host, we analyzed the extent of sequestration and hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh)/choline (Ch) by ClSChE by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kinetic analysis revealed that ClSChE possesses extremely low Km (high affinity to ACh) and Vmax values. These findings suggest that ClSChE functions as a sequestering enzyme specific to ACh (not to Ch) by having a very strong affinity to ACh but an extremely long turnover time.

Methyl benzoate (MB) is a natural compound in many plants and shows insecticidal toxicity against various insect pests. We determined contact, fumigant, and repellent activities of MB against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci and the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Complete contact mortality was obtained by 4% MB. Contact mortality at 2% MB into eggs, 4th instar nymphs and adults were 69.4%, 91.6% and 80%, respectively. Fumigation of 2% MB killed 95% of adults. In addition, treatment of 4% MB repelled 60% adults. There was no significant different between two species. Our results suggest that MB has high potential as an natural pesticide for sustainable pest management in crop production.

Fungus gnat, Bradysia impatiens is the most serious pest of different vegetable crops, mushroom and ornamental crops. In this study, we compared the control efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode; Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabdistis indica in Bradysia impatiens last instar maggots at 25℃ in laboratory. Our present study shows that, nematode infection and reproduction both were higher in the warm adapted nematode H. indica than the cold adapted S. carpocapsae. Therefore, entomopathogenic nematode H. indica can be use for control the Badysia impatiens as the efficient biological control agent.

The genus Aphidius is one of the largest groups of aphid parasitoids. Aphidius colemani is most common and commercially available for the aphid control. Recently, the mummies of Rhopalosiphum padi were collected from barley banker plants in Yecheon. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified its parasitoid as A. transcaspicus, which is morphologically similar to A. colemani. Interspecific variation of both COI and ITS2 between two species was 5.13 and 10.73%, respectively. Intraspecific variations of both COI and ITS2 of A. transcaspicus was 1.85 and 4.96%, respectively. We assume the barley banker plants for A. colemani were contaminated by A. transcaspicus. Thus, precise identification of natural enemies is required for more effective pest control.

Bemisia tabaci is a vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) but Trialeurodes vaporariorum is not. To determine the effect of TYLCV acquisition on vector and non-vector, we compared various physiological characteristics between two species. Our results showed that TYLCV acquisition significantly affected B. tabaci but not T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci increased susceptibility against thermal stress but weakened chill coma recovery, shortening of longevity, low fecundity and abbreviated developmental time by virus acquisition. At the molecular level, B. tabaci increased hsp70 and hsp90 levels by TYLCV ingestion. However, T. vaporariorum did not shown any changes of those characteristics. Therefore, the physiological manipulation of TYLCV was specific to vector species but not non-vector species.

목적: 이물감 및 자극감을 줄이기 위해 개발한 쉬르머용지의 신뢰도 및 임상적 유용성을 평가하고자 하 였다. 방법: Whatman 용지(#41)를 길이 41 mm, 너비 5 mm, 삽입되는 부분의 폭 3 mm의 스트립 형태로 만 들고 청색 염료가 포함되도록 제작하여 K-쉬르머용지라 명명하였다. 검사법의 신뢰도, 용액의 양과 흡수된 길이의 상관성은 2-10 ㎕의 용액을 1분간 10회씩 흡수시킨 후 평가하였고, 임상 시험의 경우에는 3회 반복 측정하여 평가하였다. 건성안 감별을 위한 민감도 및 특이도 평가는 TBUT 측정값을 기준으로 하여 ROC curve를 이용하여 평가하였다. K-쉬르머용지와 현재 사용되는 쉬르머용지를 비교·평가하기 위해서 시판되 고 있는 Schirmer tear ®(EagleVision Inc., Menphis, TN, USA)를 이용하여 동일한 조건에서 평가하고 비교하였다. 반복측정에 의한 신뢰도는 급내상관계수로 평가하였고, ROC curve는 통계프로그램 Medcalc version 17.5.5(Medcalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium)를 사용하여 cut-off 값과 곡선아래면적을 정확 도의 지표로 활용하였으며, 유의수준은 p<0.05로 하였다. 결과: K-쉬르머용지와 쉬르머용지 검사법의 신뢰도는 모두 99.9%로 높았고, 용액의 양과 흡수되는 길이 의 상관성 또한 각각 0.982, 0.981로 매우 높았다. 임상검사에서 K-쉬르머검사 결과는 쉬르머검사보다 작 게 측정되었지만(p=0.03), 반복측정에 의한 신뢰도는 66%로 쉬르머검사의 신뢰도 58%에 비하여 높게 측정 되었고, 자극감은 쉬르머검사에 비해 더 작았다(p=0.02). K-쉬르머검사와 쉬르머검사는 상관성을 보였으며 (r=0.59), K-쉬르머검사와 쉬르머검사의 건성안에 대한 민감도와 특이도는 각각 40.35%, 79.07%는 50.88%, 62.79%로 나타났다. 결론: K-쉬르머용지는 신뢰도가 높고 기존의 쉬르머용지에 비해 자극감을 줄일 수 있어 눈물검사도구로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.