Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in blood, and ApoA1 genetic polymorphisms modulate the blood lipid profiles. This study was conducted in order to investigate the association between three genetic polymorphisms (rs670, rs5069, and rs5070) of ApoA1 and blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal Korean women. A total of 130 post- menopausal women who visited a hospital in order to undergo screening tests were subjects of this study. Genetic polymporphisms and blood lipid profiles were determined using a direct sequencing and spectrophotometric assay, respectively. A significant linkage disequilibrium was observed between all tested single nucleotide polymorphisms. ApoA1 rs5070 genetic polymorphism showed a marginally significant association with HDL cholesterol levels (p=0.066). After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, medication, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, we found that the ApoA1 rs5070 genetic polymorphism is a significant determinant of HDL cholesterol levels (β=4.421, p=0.037). According to the results of this study, ApoA1 rs5070 genetic polymorphism may be an important genetic marker associated with HDL cholesterol in postmenopausal Korean women.

The goal of this study is optimization of transparency liquid chemical coating process. At coating process in the maintenance of the coating gap is an important factor. Specially, at a small split from the substrate using the existing methods is difficult to maintain the uniformity of coating. In this study, slit coating uniformity and compare inkjet uniformity and thickness profile was analyzed using alpha-step. Also, the pencil hardness test and the color difference measurement were performed. As a result, changes of the coating process need to be made depending on the type of substrate and inkjet coating was suitable for substrate of a small split.

It has been over two decades since the Japanese practice of enforced sexual slavery began to receive widespread attention. Yet despite numerous international efforts to urge Japan to squarely acknowledge its moral and legal responsibility, there has been no meaningful progress to resolve this matter. This work revisits the issue of enforced sexual slavery as it stands today. The Japanese practice of enforced sexual slavery was a clear violation of international law at the time. Therefore, individual victims have valid legal claims for reparation against the Japanese government. The first half of this article reconfirms the illegality of the practice of enforced sexual slavery. The remainder summarizes and vindicates the claims of the victims once again. This research suggests how to remedy the victims’ rights and discusses how to implement reparation. It also contends that Japan owes reparations and legitimate remedial measures to the victims that go beyond monetary compensation in line with the rules of contemporary international law.

The purpose of this study was to provide a practical guide to the use of various stretchers that rescue workers use by analyzing muscle fatigue degree associated with lifting a patient. The experiment was conducted with working male and female rescue crews. Having mixed groups of gender complete tasks such as lifting, moving, and unloading a patient using four different types of stretcher, we recorded each muscle fatigue degree in the shoulder and lower back regions of each subject. The data showed, in terms of muscle activity, differences within each group of genders and its combinations were significant in certain muscle groups depending on the types of stretcher used and body sizes of each subject, and, when it comes to Elerctor Spenae, the female subjects used more muscular strength than the males did. In regards to the muscle fatigue degree, there was no significant difference found within each group of the genders, body sizes, and their combinations. However, in the case of applying different models of stretcher, there were significantly differences in the fatigue degree.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), was recently invaded into Korea, which causes serious damage to blueberries. In the blueberry production regions, the gall midge affects most blueberry varieties, Vaccinium spp., such as rabbiteye and highbush blueberries, causing substantial yield loss by damaging flower and leaf buds. Last year we investigated and collected the midges in the blueberry farms from Korea and USA (New Jersey and Georgia). To confirm inter- and intra-specifc variations of D. oxycoccana, we tested COI DNA barcode using 180 collective individuals plus 37 GenBank references including other Dasineura species. As results, we found the same haplotype from 126 individuals in Korea, USA, and Canada. Most of the remaining haplotypes were closely related to the former, whereas there were 7 unique haplotypes genetically very distant from the major haplotype. Especially, the two haplotypes in Cheonan, Korea, were genetically farthest from the major, and the existence of two different species in New Jersey and Sunchang were confirmed. We would present haplotype diversity and geographic relationships of D. oxycoccana.

Bemisia tabaci, sweetpotato whitefly, has been recognized one of the most destructive insect pests worldwide because of increased resistance to some insecticide groups requiring alternative strategies for its control. We conducted a study of the influence of relative humidity, temperature and different developmental stages on the susceptibility of sweetpotato whitefly to conidia of Isaria javanica isolate, which had been reported high virulence against Q biotype of B. tabaci. The mortality of tobacco whitefly was low at low constant relative humidities, but was high when kept high humidity for first 24 hours and transferred to low humidity. The Isaria isolate had wide range of temperature (15℃ to 35℃) to control sweetpotato whitefly. The isolate has virulence to the egg and all developmental stages of nymph of B. tabaci. These results indicated that the isolate had good control effects at various environmental conditions and is an excellent candidate to develop a microbial pesticide to control sweetpotato whitefly.

Time runs at a constant speed twenty four hours per day and seven days a week. However ancient poets of Korea, China, and Japan had sung songs that time had run at different speeds according to the situations of the poets. The poets of the three countries had visualized agony, 'Han(恨),' and hope according to the slow and fast flows of time. They had sung human limitations not to control the flows of time and importance of present time with rises and falls of human lives. 'BaiJuyi' sang songs combining into time and human lives in 'Chang-Han-Ka' and 'Bi-Pa-Hang.' 'Chang-Han-Ka' describes the love of King, 'Xuanzong,' and 'Yang Guifei,' a royal concubine; the tragic death of her; his yearning, sorrow, 'Han,' and hope for the lost in the flows of time. ‘漢皇重色思傾國’, ‘天旋地轉迴龍馭’,‘春風桃李花開日’ ‘秋雨 梧桐落葉時’, ‘悠悠生死別經年’, ‘昭陽殿裏恩愛絶’ ‘蓬萊宮中日月長’, ‘天長地久 有時盡,’ and ‘此恨緜緜無絶期’ are typical poetic expressions about them. 'Bi-Pa-Hang' describes the miserable stories of a relegated poet 'BaiJuyi' and the sad stories of a woman who was an excellent harp player but finally became a wife of an old merch ant in the flows of time. ‘千呼萬喚始出來’, ‘今年歡笑復明年’,‘秋月春風 等閑度,’ ‘暮去朝來顔色故,’ ‘門前冷落鞍馬稀’, ‘老大嫁作商人婦,’ ‘終歲不聞絲 竹聲,’ and ‘春江花朝秋月夜’are typical poetic expressions about those. There is no literature having no connection with time. Literature is expressions of happiness and sadness which happen in the flows of time. Therefore, it is important to understand the meaning of time in Chinese poetry. In order to teach Chinese poems, one must understand the slow and fast flows of time which were embedded in them.

This study researched the relationship between the element of "Favorable and Friendly" emotion on product design and the consumer's reaction to it. The emotional elements used here were proposed in the existing study. The research method was divided into 1st test and 2nd test. In the 1st test result, Favorable was related to "want to own, simple, new product and high-class", and also connected with "digital product, gaming product and computers". The products related to Friendly had association with the items about "interesting, cute, familiar, warmth and soft", and also connected with "simple product (toylike, household items, etc), low-price product, product which likes a friend, soft product, kitchen product and beauty treatments product, and so on". In the 2nd test, the preference of emotional product was high than general product, and it was known from the evaluation about design preference and design elements. If the preference was high following the order as: "Formativeness> Trend> Aesthetics> Color", the difference among the scores were small. And then the result about the relationship of emotional design factor "Favorable & Friendly" and evaluation of design preference & design elements was extraction.

Human natural killer (NK) cells are major players in innate immune response. The functions of these cells as a scavenger of cancer cells are enhanced by cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), which play an important role in immune response in both tumors and virally infected cells. Liver cancer has a high incidence rate and is a major cause of death in Korea. We provide evidence that human NK cells inhibit tumor growth of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SNU-354. NK cells were cultured with human IL-2 for 14 days, yielding an enriched NK cell population containing 35% CD8+ cells, 6% CD4+ cells, and 51% CD16+ /CD56+ cells. Intravenous injection of NK cells at doses from 2.5 to 10 million cells/mouse was administered once per week in a nude mouse model that retains human liver tumor induced by implantation of SNU-354 cells. The results showed that human NK cells were recruited within tumor tissue and inhibited SNU-354 tumor growth by 32%, 58%, and 65%. The current data suggest the potential for use of NK cell-based immunotherapy for treatment of human liver cancer.

We present a photometric study of the globular clusters (GCs) in the Virgo giant elliptical galaxy M86 based on Washington CT1 images. The colors of the GCs in M86 show a bimodal distribution with a blue peak at (C − T1) = 1.30 and a red peak at (C − T1) = 1.72. The spatial distribution of the red GCs is elongated similar to that of the stellar halo, while that of the blue GCs is roughly circular. The radial number density profile of the blue GCs is more extended than that of the red GCs. The radial number density profile of the red GCs is consistent with the surface brightness profile of the M86 stellar halo. The GC system has a negative radial color gradient, which is mainly due to the number ratio of the blue GCs to the red GCs increasing as galactocentric radius increases. The bright blue GCs in the outer region of M86 show a blue tilt: the brighter they are, the redder their mean colors get. These results are discussed in comparison with other Virgo giant elliptical galaxies.

SERPINB3 (also known Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1, SCCA1) is involved in apoptosis, immune response, cell migration and invasiveness of cells. It has been investigated in various types of squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore we investigated the functional role of SERPINB3 gene in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) using laying hens, the most relevant animal model. In 136 laying hens, EOC was found in 10 (7.4%). We compared the expression and localization of SERPINB3 using RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, and SERPINB3 activation was detected in chicken and human ovarian cancer cell lines using immunofluorescence microscopy. Thereafter, we examined the prognostic value of SERPINB3 expression in patients with EOC by multivariate linear logistic regression and Cox’ proportional hazard analyses. In present study, SERPINB3 mRNA was induced in cancerous ovaries (p< 0.01), and it was only expressed in the glandular epithelium(GE) of cancerous ovaries of laying hens. SERPINB3 protein was localized predominantly to the nucleus of glandular epithelium in cancerous ovaries of laying hens, and it was abundant in the nucleus of both chicken and human ovarian cancer cell lines. In 109 human patients with EOC, 15 (13.8%), 66 (60.6%) and 28 (25.7%) of those patients showed weak, moderate and strong expression of SERPINB3 protein, respectively. Strong expression of SERPINB3 protein was a prognostic factor for platinum resistance (adjusted OR, 5.94; 95% Confidence Limits, 1.21-29.15). Therefore SERPINB3 may play an important role in ovarian carcinogenesis and be a novel biomarker for predicting platinum resistance and a poor prognosis for survival in patients with EOC. This research was funded by the World Class University (WCU) program (R31-10056), Basic Science Research Program (2010- 0013078) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology and by the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No.PJ008142), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

The South China Sea has long been regarded as a major source of tension and instability in Pacific Asia. To clarify the position of claimants is a research task for creating the confidence building measures and promoting efforts to manage the possible conflicts in the region. The purpose of this article is to address the Vietnamese position on the sovereignty disputes over the Paracels and Spratlys, and maritime zones in the South China Sea. The Vietnamese position will be examined from three aspects: (1) the sovereignty of the Paracels and the Spratlys; (2) the maritime zones around these islands; and (3) the settlement of disputes in the South China Sea.

Brentidae, a family of primitive weevils, is associated with dead woods mainly in the tropical rain forests and includes approximately 1,750 species worldwide. The genus Cyphagogus has been known more than 60 species from Madagascar to Samoa and Fiji islands and from Japan to Australia and Tasmania. Twelve species were previously recognized from Asia and Oriental region, among them three species from Japan, two from China. One male of the genus Cyphagogus was collected during faunal studies of wood-boring insects in the Gwangneung forest of South Korea in 2011. The species was identified as C. iwatensis Morimoto, which was described on two female specimens in 1976. This is the first discovery of the male of C. iwatensis as well as the first record of the genus and species in the country. Diagnosis and photographs of the detailed diagnostic characters including line drawing of male genitalia are provided in the present study, with a key to the East Asian species of bipunctatus-group.

The purpose of this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch height during walking. We selected 9 young and healthy people who have been normal foot. And we selected 7 young and healthy people who have been flatfoot. So, people were divided into 2 groups and walked platform during 2 minutes twice for checked by 3D motion analysis. These data were characterized by EMG measurements of three muscles( tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius) while they were walking. The collected data were analyzed by Independent t test using the SPSS statistics program(Ver 12.0). In foot arch change, there were no significant difference in three muscles 3D motion analysis also found that there were no significant difference in joint angles. In this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch, but there were no significant difference in 6 muscles neither joint angles.

This study purposed to examine the effect of low power laser on pain response and axonal regeneration. In order to prepare peripheral nerve injury models, we crushed the sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats and treated them with low power laser for 21 days. The rats were divided into 4 groups: normal group(n=10); control group(n=10) without any treatment after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury; experimental group I(n=10) treated with low power laser(0.21mJ/㎟) after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury; and experimental group II(n=10) treated with low power laser(5.25mJ/㎟) after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury. We measured spontaneous pain behavior(paw withdrawal latency test) and mechanical allodynia(von Frey filament test) for evaluating pain behavioral response, and measured the sciatic function index for evaluating the functional recovery of peripheral nerve before the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury and on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 after the induction. After the experiment was completed, changes in the H & E stain and toluidine blue stain were examined histopathologically, and changes in MAG(myelin associated glycoprotein) and c-fos were examined immunohistologically. According to the results of this study, when low power laser was applied to rat models with sciatic nerve crush injury for 21 days and the results were examined through pain behavior evaluation and neurobehavioral, histopathological and immunohistological analyses, low power laser was found to affect pain response and axonal regeneration in both experimental group I and experimental group II. Moreover, the effect on pain response and axonal regeneration was more positive in experimental group I to which output 0.21mJ/㎟ was applied than in experimental group II to which 5.25mJ/㎟ was applied.

The near explosion of attention given to graphene has attracted many to its research field. As new studies and findings about graphene synthesis, properties, electronic quality control, and possible applications simultaneous burgeon in the scientific community, it is quite hard to grasp the breadth of graphene history. At this stage, graphene's many fascinating qualities have been amply reported and its potential for various electronic applications are increasing, pulling in ever more newcomers to the field of graphene. Thus it has become important as a community to have an equal understanding of how this material was discovered, why it is stirring up the scientific community and what sort of progress has been made and for what purposes. Since the first discovery, the hype has expediently led to near accomplishment of industrial-sized production of graphene. This review covers the progress and development of synthesis and transfer techniques with an emphasis on the most recent technique of chemical vapor deposition, and explores the potential applications of graphene that are made possible with the improved synthesis and transfer.

본 논문은 예이츠와 히니 시를 갈등과 그것에 대한 해결이라는 관점으로 읽고 분석해 그 두 시인이 경험했던 갈등과 그 해결법에서 공통점과 차이점을 고찰한다. 그런데 그들의 갈등은, 예이츠의 경우에는 그가 1920년대 현대 아일랜드 초기 독립을 위해 싸웠던 시기 그가 앵글로 아이리쉬였다는 점에서 주로 파생되었고, 히니는 1960-70년대의 북아일랜드 사태 때 영국령에 살았던 카톨릭 아일랜드 인이란 점에서 주로 기원한다. 그런데 그들 자신의 갈등을 풀어 가는 해결법에서 두 시인은 모두 아일랜드인의 영혼의 중심인 “이시나흐”를 추구했다는 공통점이 발견된다.

하나님의 선교의 목적은 회심과 교회개척을 통하여 하나님의 나라를 확장하는 것이다. 하나님의 나라는 미래에 완성될 것이지만 현재에도 임재한다 (마6:10). 더 나아가, 하나님의 나라에는 항상 의와 평강과 기쁨이 가득차 있다(롬 14:17). 예수 그리스도는 죄인들을 구원하시기 위하여 오셨으며 그들을 하나님의 나라로 인도하시기 위하여 오셨다. 하나님의 선교는 문화, 인종, 그리고 언어상 다양하다고 할지라도 교회들의 일치를 추구한다. 예수 그리스도는 그가 하나님 아버지와 하나인 것과 같이 교회가 하나 되기를 위하여 기도하셨다 (요 17:21). 기독교의 역사는 예수 그리스도가 원하신 것처럼 하나 되기 위하여 교회들 간에 일련의 에큐메니칼 운동들이 있었음을 보여준다. 교회들은 1910년에 개최되었던 에딘버러세계선교사대회 이후 예루살렘대회(1928), 탐바람-마드라스대회(1938), 휘트비대회(1947), 빌링겐대회(1952), 그리고 가나대회(1957-58) 등 여러 가지 선교대회들을 통하여 연합과 일치를 실현하기 위한 운동에 참가하도록 격려되었다. 특히 휘트비대회와 가나대회는 회해와 일치를 더욱 강조하였다. 그러나 복음주의 교회들은 에큐메니칼 운동들에 참가하기를 기뻐하지 않았는데 그 이유는 크게 에큐메니칼 교회들이 교회들 간의 일치를 강조하면서 하나님의 선교(Missio Dei)의 이름으로 인간화와 세속화를 강조하였기 때문이다. 복음주의 교회들은 인간과 하나님 사이의 화해는 예수 그리스도 없는 하나님과 세계 사이의 화해가 다르다는 것을 주장하면서 일치보다는 화해를 강조한다. 그렇다면, 세계에서 화해와 평화를 창조하기 위한 효과적인 도구는 무엇인가? 마타이어스 자나이져는 창세기를 통하여 화해와 평화의 모델을 제시하였다. 그는 아브라함과 그의 아들 이삭을 교차문화적 선교사의 모델로 제시하였는데, 그들은 창세기 13장과 26장에서 보여준 것처럼 화해와 평화를 추구하였다. 아브라함은 그의 목자들과 롯의 목자들 사이에서 평화를추구하였으며 이삭은 그 자신과 블레셋의 왕 아비멜렉 사이에서 평화를 추구하였다. 하나님의 축복 속에서 아브라함과 이삭은 평화를 추구하였다. J. H. 바빙크는 그의 책『선교학 개론󰡕(An Introduction to the Science of Missions)에서 화해와 평화 중심의 교차문화적 선교에 대한 엘렝틱 접근을 제시하였다. 그것을 요약하면, 엘렝틱스는 교차문화적 선교가 진행될 때에 복음의 능력을 확신하는 한편 타문화들/종교들에 대하여 예민한 감수성을 갖는 것을 포함한다. 같은 맥락에서, D. J. 보쉬는 교차문화적 선교사들이 여러 가지 사역들에 참여할 때에 선교활동의 취약성을 강조하였다. 다시 말해서 선교사들이 선교지에서 쉽게 상처를 받는 예민함과 연약함을 강조하였다. 그는 십자가군의 공격성보다는 십자가의 깊은 의미를 가리켰다. 더 나아가서 필자는 화해와 평화의 중요한 근거가 용서라고 본다. 아브라함은 롯을 용서하였고 이삭은 아비멜렉을 용서하였기 때문에 화해와 평화가 이루어진 것이다. 그러나 가장 드라마틱한 용서는 요셉에게서 발견할 수 있다. 형들이 그를 애굽에 노예로 팔아버렸는데도 불구하고 그는 형들을 너그러운마음으로 용서하고 그들을 환대하였을 뿐만 아니라 그의 부친을 비롯하여 가족들을 가뭄과 기아에서 구원하였다. 예수 그리스도는 죄인을 용서하셨을 뿐만 아니라 용서하라고 가르치셨다(막 2:5-10). 결론적으로, 현대의 교차문화적 선교가 하나님 나라를 세우고 그것을 지금 여기서 세상에 확장하기 위해 필요로 하는 것은 식민주의에서 실행된 제국주의적 모델이 아니라 예수 그리스도에 의해 보여진 성육신적 모델이다. 하나님의 선교는 항상 화해와 평화가 영원히 현존하는 하나님의 나라를 바라본다.