제충국과 멀구슬을 이용하여 주요해충의 살충효과를 검정하고 벼멸구 방제를 위해 멀구슬과 제충국을 중심으로 시제품을 만들어 살포횟수를 조사한 결과, 벼멸구의 살충율은 멀구슬은 95.4%, 제충국은 89.4%로 살충효과가 아주 높았다. 이들 제품에 창포를 혼합한 결과 멀구슬+창포에서는 97.0%로 효과가 약간 올라갔으나 제충국+창포에서는 오히려 효과가 떨어져 72.7%로 낮게 나타났다. 점박이응애에 대해서 멀구슬, 제충국, 멀구슬+창포 추출물에서 95% 이상의 살비효과를 보여 우수하였으나 제충국+창포는 역시 효과가 떨어져 77.9%에 불과하였다. 원예작물 난방제 해충인 담배거세미나방에 대해서는 제충국과 멀구슬 시제품이 66.7%와 59.8%로 효과가 있었으며 혼합의 경우 오히려 효과가 떨어졌다. 제충국+창포, 멀구슬+창포로 만든 시제품을 가지고 살포회수에 따른 일자별 생충수를 조사한 결과 1회 살포에 있어서 22일 후에는 급격히 밀도가 늘어나는 경향이었으나 3회 살포 시에는 38일까지 낮은 밀도를 유지하였다. 또한 살포 간격별로는 제충국+창포혼합 추출물은 7일, 간격으로 살포한 경우는 3회 살포 후 3주까지 이들 시제품 모두 7일 간격으로 3회 처리한 경우에는 38일째까지 밀도를 억제시켰다. 그러나 14일 간격으로 3회 살포할 때는 살포간격이 길어서 38일 후에는 밀도가 급격히 높아졌다. 멀구슬에 창포를 혼합한 경우에는 7일 간격으로 살포한 때 80% 이상의 효과를 보였으나 10일과 14일에서는 약간 떨어졌다. 제충국에 창포를 혼합한 시제품에서는 살포간격에 관계없이 방제가가 다른 시제품에 비하여 떨어졌다.

본 연구는 국내 단감 유기재배 선도농가의 병해충 방제 실태조사, 주요 병해충에 대한 친환경 방제자재 선발, 수립한 방제시스템의 현장실증시험을 2013년부터 2015년까지 3년 동안 수행하였다. 유기재배 선도농가의 주 재배품종은 부유였으며, 병해충 방제를 연간 9~17회 유기농업 자재를 살포하였다. 피해가 가장 심한 병해충은 탄저병, 노린재, 감꼭지나방, 깍지벌레 등 이었으며, 사용한 방제자재는 결정석회황합제, 황토유황, 유화제, 보르도액 그리고 마늘, 은 행, 소나무를 이용한 자가제조 식물추출물제를 이용하였다. 탄저병 방제에 효율적인 자재 는 결정석회황, 황토유황이었고, 마늘유+ 시트로넬라유제, 고삼종자 추출물+차추출물제가 톱다리개미허리노린재와 독나방에 효과적이었다. 감꼭지나방 교미교란트랩을 60개/10a 설 치하면 감 착과율을 30% 향상시켰다. 유기재배 단감에 연간 10회 방제하는 방제시스템의 현장실증시험 결과 70.7%의 과일을 수확할 수 있었다. 그러나, 수확기 즈음인 9월, 10월에는 약제를 살포할 수 없기 때문에 이 때 가해하는 노린재류의 피해는 감소하지 않았으며, 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

본 실험은 감과수원의 지표면 관리방법(녹비작물 재배, 초생재배, 청경재배)이 감 해충 발생량과 생물다양성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 감 과수원의 녹비작물을 가해하는 해충은 알팔파바구미, 긴꼬리볼록진딧물, 아카시아진딧물 등 7종이며 가장 피해가 심한 해충은 알팔파바구미였으나 감나무에 피해를 주는 해충은 없었다. 과수원 지표면 피복식물에 서식하는 해충과 천적은 재배방법 즉 유기재배와 초생재배에 따라 발생량의 차이는 없었다. 차잎말이나방은 연 3회 발생최성기를 나타내는데 감나무에 피해는 경미하였으며 재배방법별 총 발생량은 유기재배 1,261마리, 관행초생재배 1,003마리, 청경재배 621마리로 청경재배 포장에 비해 지표면에 식물체가 존재하는 포장에서 발생량이 많았다. 복숭아순나방은 연 4회 발생하였는데 역시 감나무에 피해는 극히 적었다. 재배방법별 토양내 서식 미소동물 종과 개체수는 유기재배 22종 838개체, 초생재배 17종 421개체, 청경재배 15종 381개체였으며 종 풍부도는 유기재배 3.12, 초생재배 2.65, 청경재배 2.36으로 유기 > 초생 > 청경 순으로 개체수와 풍부도가 높았다.

Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes Vaporariorum, is the most important insect pest in environmental friendly tomato production. Natural enemies, Nesidiocoris tenuis and environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) are major control agents in Korea. The aim of the present work is to evaluate release time of N. tenuis in controlling of T. vaporariorum and to select environmental friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) to suppress both T. vaporariorum and N. tenuis which if the density were high causing necrotic rings. Six EFAM selected to control of Trialeurodes Vaporariorum in three times spray with seven days intervals. Three EFAM showed high mortality 67.7~70.5% in spray after release plot but low in release after spray plot. It should be careful to spray with N. tenuis. When N. tenuis were early release at 7 days after transplanting which before occurring and establishment of greenhouse whitefly, it could suppress the density. Extracts of bead tree + matrin, matrin 1, Chrysanthemum showed high mortality on T. vaporariorum adults and N. tenuis. The results suggested that tms three EFAM could be control agents of the damage of necrotic rings from N. tenuis.

This research was carried out to investigate invertebrate fauna with organic and conventional pear orchards, which used four collected methods; soil sampling for soil microorganism, pitfall, malaise, and black light trap for over ground species. Collected species were 37 species, 1,184 individuals in organic and 28 species, 501 individuals by soil sampling in conventional pear fields. Those were 38 species, 646 individuals and 29 species, 440 individuals by pitfall trap, 55 species 650 individuals and 47 species, 508 individuals by malaise trap, and 23 species, 201 individuals and 9 species, 42 individuals by black light trap. Collembola was collected 389 individuals in organic which was 5 times than in conventional in soil sampling. In pitfall trap, that was 183 individuals which was 3 times. The diversity indices of organic pear orchards were 1.956 in May, 2.638 in August and those of conventional was 1.426 in May, 2.011 in August in soil sampling. In pitfall trap, the dominant species were spiders, collembollan, and coleopteran. Among Coleoptera, indicator insects for the evaluation of agricultural environment suggested were Eusilpha jakowelewi as organic pear orchard and Anisodactykus punctatipennis and Pheropsophus jessoensis as conventional. Malaise trap was collected dominant species as Diptera and Hymenoptera of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. The diversity indices of organic pear orchards were 2.952, 3.120, and 2.010 in pitfall, malaise and black light trap in over ground invertebrate sampling. The highest diversity was in malaise trap. The higher diversity indices, the lower dominance indices.

This study was carried out to evaluate characteristics of Chrysanthemum sp. and to bioassay Tetranychus urticae, Nilaparvata lugens, and Aphis gossypii by different extracts part and method. Flower type of Chrysanthemum sp. line was anemone except 0706 line which was pompon. The flowering date was from April to June but 0721 line kept up November. They could overwinter except 0706 line. The Ethanol extracts of 0718 line of flower was high mortality as 63.8% on Tetranychus urticae. Ethanol mixed emulsifier extracts were the highest mortality as 69.4% at 5 days after. Mortality in water extract was lower than in ethanol and ethanol mixed emulsifier extracts. Ethanol mixed emulsifier extracts were higher mortality as 69.4% at 5 days after in 0718 line on Nilaparvata lugens. Mortality in water extract was lower than in ethanol and ethanol mixed emulsifier extracts. On Aphis gossypii, Chrysanthemum flower extracts could decrease the density of aphids in early days but the density of that was increase as time goes by because aphids produce offspring.

This study carried out to evaluate toxicology of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Melia azedarach against natural enemies in the laboratory, and the diamond backmoth, Plutella xylostella, on chinese cabbage. In the evaluation of the toxicity on predatory mite of phytoseiid Phytoseiulus persimilis, Hypoaspis aculeifer, Amblyseius cucumeris, A. wormersleyi, A. swirskii, the two plant extracts were classified into moderate selective toxicity as recommended by international organization of biocontrol (IOBC). The mummies parasitic natural enemies, Trichogramma evanescens, Aphidius ervi, Aphidius colemani, Eretmocerus eremicus, Encarsia formosa were found to be relatively safe to the plant extracts except Eretemocerus eremicus. In the field study for the control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, single spray of C. cinerariefolium indicated that the control effect dropped from 21th days after the spraying. In the 3 times of spray with 7 says intervals, the mortality effect low at the beginning, but increased to 91.1 at 21 days after spraying. Single spray of M. azedarach showed a 96.7% mortality on P. xylostella at 14 days after spraying, and thereafter decreased. In the three times of spray with 7 days intervals of M. azedarach, the mortality of P. xylostella was 100% at 14 days and its effect was maintained to 28 days after treatment. Consequently, it was suggested that M. azedarach be sprayed before C. cinerariaefolium application.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of plant extracts, Chrysanthimum cinerariefolium and Melia azedarach to natural enemies and management of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae in organic strawberry fields in Jeonnam area. Plant extracts were highly toxic against Phytoseiulus persimilis, but low against Orius laevigatus. In the residual effect against Phytoseiulus persimilis, C. cinerariefolium showed lower level than M. azedarach which safe at least 1 day after spray. Emergence rates of parasitoids were about 40% at seven days after spray. Eretmocerus eremicus has very low emergence rate in treatment of M. azedarach, so it should release after spray of M. azedarach. To control of T urticae C. cinerariefolium (CC) sprayed first and then sprayed C. cinerariefolium or M. azedarach (MA) for two and three times at a week interval. In the treatment of CC+MA and CC+CC+MA, the density of T urticae was inhibited by 15th day but increased afterward. In CC+MA+CC, that of T urticae inhibit from 8 days but also increased after 15th day. In case of spray M. azedarach (MA) first, the treatment of MA+CC, MA+MA+CC, MA+CC+MA suppressed T urticae from the first day so the densy of T urticae maintained low level to 30 days after spray. It suggested that M. azedarach should spray first and then alternative spray. When C. cinerariefolium sprayed before and behind to release of P. persimilis, the density of P. persimilis maintained unchanged but could not suppress T. urticae after 8 days which T. urticae increase time. When M. azedarach sprayed, the density of T. urticae rapidly decreased. It was accompanied with P persimilis so T. urticae did not occur at 8 days after treatment.

Total collected benthic macroinvertebrates in rice paddy fields were identified 3 phylum, 5 class, 13 order, 25 family, 32 genera and 36 species, those in organic rice field were 12 order, 22 family and 28 species, and in conventional rice field were 10 order, 19 family and 25 species. The almost collected species inhabit lentic zone but Semisulcospira libertina, Corbicula fluminea, and Tipula sp. were habitat on lotic zone. The number of benthic macroinvertebrates species was higher in organic paddy field than in conventional field. Eleven species were collected only on organic but eight species only on conventional field. The number of individuals were 870 on organic rice field which higher 3.6-fold on conventional field. The diversity indices of organic rice field were 1.57-2.45 and 0.71-2.61 in the first and second survey, respectively. The higher diversity indices, the lower dominance indices.