The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is one of the famous insect pests in the world. Although the species reveals several morphological variations, it is largely divided into two lineages, Southern (Africa, Southern Europe, Southern Asia, and Australian) and Northern (East Asia, Eurasian continent). In 2014, a large number of L. migratoria nymphs with red-brown color were suddenly occurred in the southern region (Haenam-gun, Jeollanam-do), Korea. In this study, mitochondrial COI sequences were analyzed to recognize the genetic identity of L. migratoria with nymph or adult samples collected from 9 localities in Korea. The analysis results reveal that all individuals are belonging to the Northern lineage.

Insecticidal toxicities of the isolated constituent of Eucalyptus dives oil and its analogues were bioassayed. 3-Carvomenthenone was isolated by chromatographic techniques and determined by EI-MS, 13C-NMR,1H-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and HMQC. In the fumigant bioassay against P. interpunctella, cyclohexenone exhibited the strongest insecticidal toxicity (LD50 against larvae and adults, 2.45 and 3.63 μg/cm3), followed by methylcyclohexenone, seudenone, and 3-carvomenthenone. In the structure-activity relationships between 3-carvomenthenone analogues and insecticidal toxicity, the mode of the insecticidal action of 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone was through the dermal organs of T. castaneum and P. interpunctella. This study indicates that 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone have potential capacity for the development as safety natural agents to control the stored grain insects.

The purpose of this study was to isolate an active constituent from the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata leaves and evaluate its insecticidal activity against Pochazia shantungensis nymphs and adults. According to chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses, the active constituent of E. caryophyllata leaves was identified as eugenol. Based on LC50 values and structural analogues of eugenola gainst the P. shantungensis nymphs and adults, isoeugenol (LC50, 83.29 and 91.03 mg/L) exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, followed by methyl isoeugenol (105.61 and 114.48 mg/L), eugenol (124.44 and 143.24 mg/L), methyl eugenol (126.31 and 143.84 mg/L), and acetyl eugenol (165.11 and 170.06 mg/L). Insecticidal activity against P. shantungensis was dependent on the presence of a functional group in 4-ally-2-methoxyphenol. These results indicate that E. caryophyllata oil and eugenol analogues might be potential alternative synthetic insecticidal agents.

Phototactic behavioral responses of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), adults were determined to different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven wavelengths, and their behavioral responses were compared to that using a commercial luring lamp (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive responses under optimal light conditions (60 lx luminance intensity and 30 min light exposure time), the green LED (520±5 nm) showed the highest attractive rate (520±5 nm, 52.2%), followed by the blue LED (470±10 nm, 33.9%), the yellow LED (590±5 nm, 32.2%), BLB (28.9%), UV LED (365 nm, 22.8%), the red LED (625±10 nm, 14.5%), the white LED (450-620 nm, 10.6%), and IR LED (730 nm, 9.5%). In addition, the green LED to P. interpunctella adults was approximately 1.81 times more attractive than BLB. These results indicate that the green LED could be most useful for monitoring of P. interpunctella adults.

Phototactic behavioral responses of Tribolium castaneum adults to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven different wavelengths were determined under various conditions (light exposure times, light sources, and luminance intensities) and compared with those of a black light bulb (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive rate (%) of T. castaneum adults under optimal conditions (50 lx and an 48 h exposure time) in the dark, red LED (625±10 nm) exhibited the highest potential attractive rate (97.8%), followed by yellow (590±5 nm, 68.9%), green (520±5 nm, 55.6%), infrared (IR) (730 nm, 54.4%), white (450-620 nm, 41.1%), blue (470±10 nm, 34.4%), and ultraviolet (UV) (365 nm, 0.06%) LEDs. In comparison, red LED (97.8%) was approximately 3.4 times more attractive to T. castaneum adults than the BLB (28.9%). These results indicate that a red LED trap could be useful to control T. castaneum adults.

Two different types of acetylcholinesterae (AChE1 and AChE2) are present in majority of insects, including the Western honey bee. Out of the two honey bee AChEs (AmAChEs), the soluble AmAChE1 with little catalytic activity is widely distributed in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, including fat body. In this study, to identify stresss factors that can induce AmAChE expression, we tested various conditions that honey bees can encounter in natural setting, including heat shock, cold shock, bacterial challenge (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and Varroa mite infestations, and evaluated their effects on AmAChE expression. Among the stress factors tested, only heat shock condition induced AmAChE expression in a dose dependet manner. This finding suggests that one function of AmAChE1 is related with thermoregulations, especially against heat shock stress in honey bees.

Honey bee swarming is a natural phenomenon that occurs when the colony encounters changes in the in-hive (i.e. population size and queen condition) and environmental conditions. To better understand the molecular basis of swarming, we conducted the transcriptomic profiles of worker bees between before swarming [pre-swarming colony (PSC)] and after swarming [swarming group (SG) and remaining group (RG)]. Based on the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we predicted the biological processes associated with swarming. In addition, we analyzed the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared their profiles between different bee groups. GSEA results showed that there were a little differences between PSC and RG while many of the pathways related with metabolism and protein processing were down regulated in SG relative to PSC and RG. CHCs profiling revealed a similar CHCs composition between PSC and RG but some differences in CHCs composition (i.e. heneicosane, octacosane, octacosanol) were detected between SG and RG. These differences in gene pathway and CHC composition were discussed with respect to physiological changes and social communication.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme for hydrolyzing neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Soluble form of AChE is generated via alternative splicing and functions as a bioscavenger in Dropsophila melanogaster. In this study, effects of ethanol and acetic acid on the soluble AChE expression were investigated. Treatment of ethanol and acetic acid results in over-expression of soluble AChE in the abdomen in a dose-dependent manner. However, no apparent change in AChE expression was observed in the head. Our finding suggests that the soluble AChE is involved in chemical defense against high concentration of ethanol, which is a common by-product from fermented food，and acetic acid, the main metabolite of ethanol. Thus, high level of ethanol and acetic acid resistance in D. melanogaster appears to be evolved via the induction mechanism of soluble AChE expression.

Colony collapse disorder (CCD), a phenomenon of honeybees disappearance, has been reported since 2006. Chronic exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides, particularly imidacloprid, has been suggested to impair forager’s ability for foraging and be a main cause of CCD. Recently, it has been reported that imidacloprid induces insulin resistance in animal cell line by blocking glucose uptake. Similarly to human insulin, insulin-like peptide (ILP) of insects is involved in maintaining blood glucose contents in hemolymph by regulating the concentration of trehalose and glycogen. Therefore, we have hypothesized that sublethal concentration of neonicotinoid may affect the metabolic pathway of honey bees as well. We investigated the transcription levels of the genes involved in the insulin/insulin-like signaling (IIS) pathway, such as AmILP and AmInR, following an acute or a chronic dietary exposure of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid to foragers. In both experiments, honeybees showed increased expression levels of ILP and InR in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that sublethal dose of imidacloprid likely upregulates IIS pathway, thereby rendering honey bees to become resistant to insulin.

This studies was conducted to compare functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods in commercial apple orchards under conventional and organic practices. We collected terrestiral arthropods using pitfall traps in four conventional and seven organic apple orchards from April to October, 2012-2014. Sampled arthropods were identified at the species level and then classified three functional groups (detritivores, herbivores and beneficial arthropods included pollinators, parasitoids and predators). Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and shannon index for each group and compared between conventional and organic orchards. In results, species richness of detritivores and benefical arthropods were higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards (detritivores: t=-2.68, df=9, P=0.03; beneficial arthropods: t=-3.98, df=9, P=0.003). Organic orchards showed significant difference at abundance of beneficial arthropods (t=-3.33, df=9, P=0.008) and higher shannon index at detritivores (t=-2.36, df=9, P=0.04) than conventional orchards. However, all biodiversity indices of herbivores were not significantly different between conventional and organic orchards at 95% confidence level.

The genus Saissetia Deplanche is newly reported from Laos, including two new species, Saissetia simulocoffeae Choi & Lee, sp. n. and S. quasioleae Choi & Lee sp. n., and a first record of S. miranda (Cockerell & Parrott, 1899). A key to all five species of Saissetia known from Indochina is provided. The DNA barcodes (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I-mtCOI) of the two new species were obtained for future use.

The jumping plant-lice of Laos are reviewed based on material collected during recent expeditions by the Seoul National University (2012−2015) and the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel (2003−2012). To date, only three psyllid species, viz. Diaphorina citri, Heteropsylla cubana and Pseudophacopteron tuberculatum, are recorded from Laos. In the material at hand, 22 species (of 6 families and 16 genera) are represented. This collection includes the three previously reported species and eight species reported for the first time from Laos. Eleven species are identified only to genus due to insufficient material.

The essential oils of three Coriandrum sativum seeds cultivated from India, Russia and America were evaluated for acaricidal toxicities against Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The oils of three C. sativum seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography. The oil of C. sativum seeds cultivated from India included substantially linalool (66.8%) and camphor (6.46%). In the fumigant bioassay, based on the LD50 values against D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and T. putrescentiae, the oil of C. sativum seeds cultivated from America (LD50, 2.62, 2.74, and 2.88 μg/cm3) was about 3.75, 3.32, and 4.17 times more active higher than benzyl benzoate (9.85, 9.10 and, 12.01 μg/cm3). The acaricidal activity of the oil of C. sativum seeds cultivated from India was 2.27, 2.03, and 2.64 times higher than that of the benzyl benzoate, followed by Russia oil. These results suggest that the oils of three C. sativum seeds might be used as suitable acaricides.

The habitat of the cockroach varies by species. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) lives in human dwellings, while the Japanese field roach (Blattella nipponica) lives in a mountainous region. Based on phylogenetic analysis of mtCO I, the two species are closely related to each other and B. germanica is divergent from wild species such as B. nipponica. Their habitats and walking speed differ even though the two species have similar morphology. We hypothesized that habitats might influence walking speed via changes to appendage morphology and enzyme-based physiological differences. We found that phenotype such as appendage length and esterase isozyme expression were clearly different between the two species. These differences might be responsible for the observed difference in walking speed.

An Oriental genus Paraleprodera Breuning, 1935 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Monochamiini) has been found for the first time in Korea in the form of Paraleprodera diophthalma diophthalma (Pascoe, 1857) from South Korea. We provide the first description of the genital structure and immature stage of Paraleprodera. A diagnosis of the genus, re-description, biological information and illustrations of P. diophthalma diophthalma are also provided.

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are well known as micro-insect pests, which are very specific to their host plants, sucking phloem for acquiring nutrients, and most of them have successfully maintained parthenogenetic generations cyclically or permanently. In the world, the approximately 5,000 described aphid species belong to the family Aphididae, which has taxonomically been subdivided into 27 subfamilies. We have revised the checklist of the Korean aphids based on 54 publications which include the catalogues, checklists, faunistic researches, and taxonomic reports treating the aphids in the Korean Peninsula since 1927. As results, we confirmed that a total of 438 valid species (species names) of 143 genera in 16 subfamilies had been historically recognized in the Korean Peninsula after checking classifications and invalid names (misidentifications, synonyms, and etc.). We also will introduce the diversity of the Korean aphids.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are toxic nitrogenous compounds and formed by the microbial decarboxylation of amino acids during fermentation. Consumption of fermented foods high in BAs can pose the adverse health effects. The objective of current study was to develop a reduction method of BAs in fermented soybean paste by applying catechins during fermented koji manufacturing step. Analysis of BAs in fermented soybean paste was conducted using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The levels of Putrescine decreased for 63.7%, 60.1%, 76.1%, 73.4% for 0.3% addition of Epicatechin, Epicatechin gallate, Epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin gallate, respectively. The levels of Cadaverine decreased for 24.3%, 34.3%, 42.6%, 37.2% for 0.3% addition of Epicatechin, Epicatechin gallate, Epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin gallate, respectively. Especially, The best reduction effect of BAs appeared for 0.3% addition of Epigallocatechin. Current study demonstrated the potential use of catechins for reduction of biogenic amines in fermented soybean paste model. Finding from this research can practically guide fermented food industry by providing practical application of additives for reduction of BAs.

4(5)-methylimidazole (4(5)-MI) is carcinogenic, nitrogen-containing compound, mainly found during the manufacturing of caramel coloring. Hence, presence of 4(5)-MI is well-known in any food products with addition of caramel coloring for desirable sensory characteristics, such as cookies. Limited work has been conducted to develop suitable analytical method and to investigate effect of caramel coloring in cookies. This study aimed at developing the analytical method for quantification of 4(5)-MI and confirming influence of caramel coloring on level of 4(5)-Mi in cookies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized for qualification and quantification of 4(5)-MI. Sample preparation procedure specialized in bakery products was fully developed in this study. The concentration of 4(5)-MI in 15 commercial cookies and biscuits ranged from 71.5 to 1254.8 ng/g. Correlation equation (y = 706.42x + 21.792) was obtained to estimate effect of caramel colorant on level of 4(5)-MI in cookies. Further, analytical method developed and results of correlation equation can be utilized in future studies on reduction of 4(5)-MI in many food.

Even though klotho deficiency in mice exhibits multiple aging-like phenotypes, studies using large animal models such as pigs, which have many similarities to humans, have been limited due to the absence of cell lines or animal models. The objective of this study was to generate homozygous klotho knockout porcine cell lines and cloned embryos. A CRISPR sgRNA specific for the klotho gene was designed and sgRNA (targeting exon 3 of klotho) and Cas9 RNPs were transfected into porcine fibroblasts. The transfected fibroblasts were then used for single cell colony formation and 9 single cell–derived colonies were established. In a T7 endonuclease I mutation assay, 5 colonies (#3, #4, #5, #7 and #9) were confirmed as mutated. These 5 colonies were subsequently analyzed by deep sequencing for determination of homozygous mutated colonies and 4 (#3, #4, #5 and #9) from 5 colonies contained homozygous modifications. Somatic cell nuclear transfer was performed to generate homozygous klotho knockout cloned embryos by using one homozygous mutation colony (#9); the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were 72.0% and 8.3%, respectively. Two cloned embryos derived from a homozygous klotho knockout cell line (#9) were subjected to deep sequencing and they showed the same mutation pattern as the donor cell line. In conclusion, we produced homozygous klotho knockout porcine embryos cloned from genome-edited porcine fibroblasts.

Firms acquire customers using myriad forms of marketing media (Neslin & Shankar 2009), and different media strategies yield different results to the firms. Therefore, allocating media strategy given a firm’s spending raises important questions for managers. This is especially the case since the media landscape has changed dramatically, with new media channels incorporating online, mobile, and social media now being considered the mainstream. It is crucial to understand how each form of media influences consumers and how it operates alongside traditional media. Based on Stephen and Galak (2012), marketers distinguish earned media from paid media. Earned media is defined as media activity that a company does not directly generate, such as press mentions on the internet and online community posts in consumer-generated social media. On the other hand, paid media refers to the media activity which a company generates (for example, television, radio, print, and direct mail). It is common for firms to consider using earned media and paid media at the same time when developing marketing communication strategies. Despite the coexistence of paid and earned media channels, previous empirical findings focus either on paid media or earned media and suggest that these individually will increase a firm’s marketing outcomes. However, there is a lack of research that examines the question of whether the use of paid media and earned media at the same time is synergistic. The effects of a cross media synergy only focuses on the resource allocation within paid media (for example, TV–Radio (Edell & Keller 1989), TV–Magazine (Confer & McGlathery 1991), TV–Print (Dijkstra, Buijtels, & Van Raaij 2005), and TV, Radio, Print and Outdoor (Briggs, Krishnan, & Sheeran 2003)). Thus, by considering paid media and earned media concurrently, this study investigates whether the synergies between paid and earned media have a stronger effect on a firm’s long term profitability than the isolated effects of TV or word of mouth (WOM) alone. In addition, the research on earned media has focused on short-term outcomes such as customer actions (for example, website sign-ups) and sales growth, sales rank, cross-product sales, and ratings (Trusov, Bucklin, & Pauwels 2009; Li & Hitt 2008; Moe & Trusov 2011). Moreover, in the limited research on the relationship between earned media and long-term outcomes, the outcomes are restricted to those related to soft metrics of communication effectiveness (for example, attitude and brand awareness). Therefore, we use customer equity, which is regarded as a forward looking firm outcome variable, thereby enabling marketers to monitor and measure the long-term financial impact of marketing spending (Kumar & Shah 2015). Moreover, cross-media synergy can be accurately measured by customer equity, which incorporates both customer acquisition and retention. Based on Villanueva, Yoo, and Hassens (2008), customers acquired through paid media focus more on trials, whereas customers acquired through earned media provide the firm with more repeats. In other words, paid media plays a key role in the acquisition of customers, while, on the other hand, earned media increase the retention of customers. Thus, it is appropriate to measure the cross-media synergy with the customer equity (long term profitability) that can capture the customer acquisition and retention simultaneously. Regarding the long term impact of the firm’s media strategy, previous research has used the economic impact of traditional marketing channel (for example, television, radio, magazine or newspaper, advertisement, e-mail links, and direct mail) versus that of WOM (for example, links from Web sites, magazine, or newspaper articles, referrals from friends or colleagues, referrals from professional organizations or associations, and referrals from search engines) on customer equity. Traditional marketing had a stronger effect than WOM in the short term, while WOM is a quiet, gradual-impact, long lasting driver (Villanueva, Yoo, & Hassens 2008). This result can be attributed to the different characteristics of each media channel. Although earned media, including WOM, is not entirely controlled by the firm, earned media may be more likely to last longer for various reasons. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is that earned media has greater credibility than conventional marketing activities that are implemented by the firms, and is therefore more persuasive than conventional advertising (Brown & Reingen 1987, Villanueva, Yoo, & Hassens 2008). In other words, considering the impact of each type of media in itself, earned media is more effective in increasing long-term profitability. However, the interaction effect of earned and paid media has not been empirically tested yet. Thus, it is conceivable that a cross-media synergy (incorporating the implementation of earned media and paid media at the same time) will last longer than the implementation of each isolated media. As Armelini and Villanueva (2010) pointed out, earned media and paid media have complementary effects. For example, offline advertising increases website visitation by influencing consumer awareness, while online advertising directly leads to website traffic (Ilfeld & Winer 2002). The consumer buying process involves distinct stages such as awareness, consideration, and purchase (Lavidge & Stener 2000) and each media influences customer buying behavior in a different way. Hence, it enhances the effectiveness in terms of long-term profitability to utilize the cross-media effect properly. For example, in the car industry, 64 % new car buyers become aware of the features and benefits of a car by obtaining information online, even though they purchase their cars from an offline dealership (J.D. Power and Associates 2004). This finding implies that a firm’s implementation of both paid and earned media properly will maximize the customers’ arousal of the target brands. Furthermore, converging paid media and earned media is expected to proliferate the growth of a firm’s profitability, such as sales, revenue, and customer’s equity, at an exponential rate. For example, the effects of TV advertising execution can be enhanced by press mentions that a company does not directly generate; this is because press mentions support the credence of TV advertising. Inversely, since paid media activities reach the audience relatively more than WOM (due to the high audience penetration share), the online share of press mention can proliferate rapidly with the execution of paid media activities. Therefore, the interaction between earned media and paid media has a greater effect on customer equity than isolated media implementation. The impact of a media synergy has more positive effect and last longer than isolated media implementation (and our model is displayed in Fig. 1). We collect data on marketing efforts, word-of-mouth circumstance, and performance of a telecommunication company. Based on customer equity models and quarterly marketing and performance data, we first estimate the lifetime value of the newly acquired and existing customers. Thereafter, we determine the customer equity of the company over each period. We develop and employ a time-series model for examining the relationship between cross media efforts (paid media vs. earned media) and the estimated firm’s customer equity. Finally, we examine the synergistic effect of cross media on the firm’s long-term profitability.