In order to establish artificial indoor rearing techniques for the black soldier fly (BSF), we developed indoor rearing instructions and collection manual for each developmental stage of the fly. The fly collection was conducted between June and October at 1 month interval. Calf feed and food waste were most effective to attract adults. Collection efficiency is higher from the trap installed in a shady spot than that in an open spot. It was highest to collect flies in August and September. As the egg-laying medium for the artificial egg collection, calf feed and food waste were most effective. The optimal number of the medium (W*D*H=60*40*15cm) was 8 for 2000 adults (male:Female=1:1) in the egg-laying net (W*D*H=4*2*2m). Flower foams and wooden blocks with holes were used as egg-laying sites. Adult females preferred the holes on average 3～5mm in diameter and 7～10mm in depth for oviposition. Larvae reared in low density (2～4 individuals/㎠) showed superior practical traits than those reared in an overcrowded environment (6～10 individuals/㎠). It is important to place the fly pupae in moist sawdusts (humidity: 20~40%), since a pupa tends to hide in a refuge. Adult insects should be employed for laying eggs for food waste processing immediately after emergence. When treated at 10℃ for 10 days after pupation, emergence rate of the insect was still 93.3%. By keeping pupae at the low temperature, emergence timing could be manipulated with about 10 day flexibility.

We have previously shown that the larvae of swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, exhibit substantial antibacterial activity in the hemolymph, upon challenging with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here we report the isolation and molecular characterization of several immune inducible genes that are specifically expressed by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based GeneFishing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from P. xuthus the larva. Using 120 arbitrary ACPs, we identified 24 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are up-regulated in response to injected LPS. Sequence analysis showed that 18 DEGs revelaed a high sequence similarity to the previously characterized genes of other insects, although 6 DEGs showed no significant similarity to any known genes. Among these inducible transcripts we found 8 putative immune-related genes including cecropin and attacin. Finally, we analysed the expression profiles of potential immune-related genes by RT-PCR and found all of them were considerably increased in the mRNA levels by LPS injection.

Protease from various sources have been studied biotecnologically. For biotechnological applications, one highly preferred enzyme is protease. There have been no reports of cloned genes encoding digestive proteases in the Laccotrephes japonenis, Ranatra unicolor, Muljarus japonicus. These insects are considered to be a predator of aquatic insects. RT-PCR was used to amplify cDNA fragments for digestive proteases from total RNA the hole body of the insects. The flanking sequences of the 5'- and 3'- end of the these genes were characterized by RACE-PCR. Sequence analysis showed that these genes contained complete ORF. The deduced amino acid sequences of these protease showed 62% identity to the serine protease of Creontiades dilutus, 58% to Lygus loneolaris trypsin-like serine proteinase , 54% to Triatonatoma infestans salivary trypsin. In the further study, to generate digestive protease, the DNA fragment coding for serine protease, trypsin-like serine protease were cloning into suttle vector pBACⅠ, and infected to Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) insect cell. After that, we expect to carry out the proteolytic activity of these recombinant proteases. This is intended as a basis for future studies on the digestive protease in the insects.

This study was conducted to investigated the distribution, ecological character and life cycle of Black Soldier Fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens. The distribution of BSF was defined in all parts of the country in Korea. Its main habitat was found to be areas near cattle sheds, manure sheds, living waste dump grounds, and food waste dump grounds. Observed characteristics of BSF by developmental stage may be summarized as follows: eggs were a long oval shape of 886.9±19.7 ㎛ in major axis and 190.1±9.7 ㎛ in minor axis; they were 24.0±1.6 ㎍ in weight. One adult insect laid 1001±247 eggs in quantity; days to hatch from eggs (27℃, 60% R.H.) were 81.3±12.5 days. Last instar larva ranged from 20.7±1.1 mm in size, the length of larval stage was approximately 15～20 days. Pupae exhibited red brown, 19.2±1.1 mm in size; pupal state lasted 15.5±1.4 days for female, 14.7±1.4 days for male, exhibiting the tendency of males having shorter period than females. Adult insects were sized about 13～20 mm and colored black. Mating started 2 days after emergence and was most active during the 3rd day. Mating mostly occurred between 10:00 and 16:00 during which light intensity is high. Laying eggs started 3 days after emergence and was most frequent during days 4～6. Time of laying eggs during the day was similar to copulation time, showing the highest laying rate between 10:00 and 16:00.

This paper introduces the basic classification of Ondol, the number and form of main entrance, distribution as a basis for classification. And it introduces the various practices and structural characteristics of Ondol. Details are introduced in various forms Ondol of the working principle. In the paper, it also did a more detailed exposition for some of the concepts right.

Gluten proteins play a key role in the unique baking quality of wheat by determining the water absorption capacity, cohesivity, viscosity, and elasticity of the dough. However, gluten from wheat, barley, rye, and oat can induce gluten sensitivity as well as celiac disease in susceptible populations. Hence, the gluten levels in foods labeled “gluten free” should be monitored. In this study, gluten-containing samples (sample: 600 g, water: 390 g) were treated with the commercial enzyme Protamex® (0.1-0.3% of sample weight) for 1-4 h and then measured with three ELISA kits. In the more viscous sample after treatment with 0.1% Protamex® for 1 h, the measured gluten contents were 1,802.6, 1,718.6, and 1,698.7 mg/kg using the G12, GLUTEN-CHECK, and Wheat/gluten (Gliadin) ELISA kits, respectively. The sample treated with 0.3% enzyme for 4 h had a lower viscosity (32.2 cps), and all three kits gave its gluten content as around 8.4 mg/g. When gluten breaks down, it does not act as gluten and its degradation is due to the enzyme. However, even when Protamex® was used at the same concentration for the same time, the measured values seem to be different for samples with and without the final heating treatment.

A 40-year-old G1 P0 L0 A1 woman was referred to our clinic with 6-year history of infertility. Before visiting the clinic, she had 3 cycles of In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) procedures (2 cycles of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation-IVF and 1 cycle of frozen-thawed Embryo Transfer (ET)) at other clinic. She had medical history of abortion at early gestation following FET (frozen-thawed-ET). The patient had complete type of septate uterus, double cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum. Vaginal septotomy was done first and 1 month later, hysteroscopic septoplasty was followed using ballooning filled with dye. After septoplasty, we inserted ballooning and left for several days to compress septal endometrium on the septectomy area. All procedures were done in the ambulatory operating room without laparoscopy or admission. 3 months later, she had in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and FET procedures in our clinic. She had successful pregnancy and now is at 22 weeks of gestation. New ambulatory septoplasty using dye-filled ballooning is easy, safe and minimally invasive surgery for treatment of complete septate uterus.

In this study, β-1,3/1,6-glucan, lactic acid bacteria, and β-1,3/1,6-glucan+lactic acid bacteria were tested for 10 weeks using an immunodeficient animal model infected with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus On the immune activity. Cytokines production, plasma immunoglobulin concentration, T cell and B cell proliferation were measured. As a result, the T cell proliferative capacity which was weakened by immunization with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus increased significantly T cell proliferative capacity compared with the red ginseng control group. B cell proliferative capacity was significantly higher than the infected control group. Increased B cell proliferation was reduced. In the cytokine production, IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 in the Th1-type cytokine increased the secretion of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 compared to the infected control. The proliferative capacity of the treated group was higher than that of the mixed treatment group. TNF-α was significantly decreased compared with the infected control group. The IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly inhibited in the infected control group and the Th1/Th2 type cytokine expression was regulated by immunohistochemistry. IgE, IgA, and IgG levels were significantly lower in the immunoglobulin secretion assay than in the control. As a result, the immunomodulatory effect of β-1,3/1,6-glucan+lactic acid bacteria was confirmed by mixing with LP-BM5 murine AIDS virus-infected immunodeficient animal model.

대나무 죽력의 ACE 저해효과와 마우스모델에서의 혈행 개선 효과를 보았다. 혈전용해능에서 청국장추출물은 2.56 unit, 미정제죽력에서 4.71 unit, 정제죽력에서 4.32 unit를 나타내어 모두가 plasmin 보다 유의하게 높은 활성이 높고, ACE 활성 저해 효과에서는 죽력 원액, 미정제 죽력과 정제 죽력에서 각각 70.25%, 69.01%, 68.23%로 대조군으로 사용된 청국장이 26.56%으로 나타나 높은 억제효과를 보였다. 마우스모델시험에서 고지방식이군과 함께 고지방식이군+ 정제죽력 0.01%와 0.05%를 투여, 혈청 중 지질변화에서 triglyceride의 함량은 고지방식이군이 일반식이군(271.1 mg/dL)에 비해 314.4 mg/dL로 증가하였고, 고지방식이+죽 력 0.01%군은 301.5 mg/dL로 나타났으며, 고지방식이+죽 력 0.05%군은 289.2 mg/dL으로 유의하게 중성지질이 감소를 나타내었고, total-cholesterol 함량은 327.2 mg/dL로 증가 하였으며, 고지방식이+죽력 0.01%군은 311.9 mg/dL로 나타났으며, 고지방식이+죽력 0.05%군은 293.7 mg/dL로 고 지방식이군에 비교, 유의하게 total-cholesterol이 감소세를 나타내었다. 한편 HDL-cholesterol은 일반식이군이 206.0 mg/dL로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 고지방식이+죽력 0.01%군 196.6 mg/dL, 고지방식이+죽력 0.05%군 189.2 mg/dL, 고지방식이군 162.2 mg/dL순으로 나타났고, 죽력첨 가군 0.01%군과 0.05%군간의 유의성은 없었다. 혈류개선 효과에서는 고지방식이에 비하여 고지방식이+죽력 0.05% 군이 고지방식이군, 고지방식이+죽력 0.01%군보다 모두 유의하게 빠르게 모세관을 통과하여 빠른 혈액 유동성을 나타내었다. 혈소판응집 억제능에서는 고지방식이군의 경우 대조군인 일반식이군에 비해 혈소판 응집이 증가한 반면 고지방식이+죽력 0.01%군과 고지방식이+죽력 0.05%군은 고지방식이군에 비해 혈소판응집이 억제되는 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, strain properties of high strength concrete (HSC) have been evaluated at elevated temperature. To evaluate the strain behaviour of HSC at elevated temperatures, ø100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimens of HSC with compressive strengths of 80, 130 and 180 MPa concrete were heated to 700 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min. As a results, Total strain of HSC was showing shrinkage with compressive strength increasing.

This study investigated the effect of NH4 + concentrations on microalgae growth by appling mixotrophic microalgae chlorella vulgaris in order to treat anaerobic digested food waste leachate. The growth rate and final microalgae growth were an order as 400 > 100 > 800 > 1300 mg-N/L. As results, The growth rate and final growth of microalgae were highest at ammonia concentration of 400 mg-N/L, On the other hand microalgae growth was inhibited when ammonia concentrations were over 800 mg-N/L. high concentrations of nitrogen over 800 mg-N/L interrupt the growth of microalgae. All of nitrogen and phosphorus were removed by microalgae at the ammonia concentration of 100~400 mg-N/L. In addition, when ammonia concentration was over 800 mg-N/L, the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus was limited mainly due to the microalgae growth limit. It was possible to treat anaerobic digested food waste leachate with mixotrophic microalgae when the ammonia concentration was controlled below 400 mg-N/L.

There is about 80% organic acid in the Food wastes leachate and organic acid can be used as organic carbon source for mixotrophic microalgae. The mixotrophic cultivation is that the combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation, where inorganic and organic carbon sources are used in their methabolism simultaneously. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of various organic acid on the microalgae when Food wastes leachate treatment. Chlorella vulgaris was used in this study, also NaHCO3 is supplied at all conditions as inorganic carbon source. In order to see the effect of organic carbon sources centrally, the carbon source conditions was set in 5 conditions - glucose known to have excellent effectiveness to increase of biomass productivity 1500 mg-COD/L, acetate 1500 mg-COD/L, isobutyrate 1500 mg-COD/L, propionate 1500mg-COD/L and the mixed organic acid (acetate, isobutyrate, propionate each 500 mg-COD/L). This study evaluated final biomass production, consumption of organic carbon, and N,P removal. In the result, the final biomass productivity by using glucose, acetate and isobutyrate is the highest level, followed by mixed organic acid and propionate. This is same aspect in N,P removal; the more rapid growth rate is, the more rapid N,P removal rate is. In the view of consumption of organic carbon, acetate make best use among organic acid.