Ranunculus asiaticus characterizes colorful and attractive flower shapes that are related with the ornamental value of bulbous plants. Improving ornamental value of bulbous flowers has been the general goal of floricultural market. Gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyladenine (BA) play an important role in growth and developmental processes in floriculture. Combinational treatments of these two hormones have been used in floriculture to improve flower quality. We assessed the effects of combined GA3 and BA, as well as the individual effects of each hormone, on growth characteristics using soil drench application to eight R. asiaticus cultivars, ‘Giallo Millepetali’, ‘Bianco Millepetali’, ‘Arancio Millepetali’, ‘Rosa SC’, ‘Arancio Pratolino’, ‘Giallo Pratolino’, ‘Bianco Pratolino’, and ‘Rosa Ch Pratolino’. GA3 treatments increased plant height and first flower size of R. asiaticus cultivars. Moreover, about 5 to 9 days to flowering were averagely shortened by GA3 treatments compared to controls. On the other hand, the opposites, including first flower size and days to flowering, were observed for cultivars treated with BA, compared with controls. Treatments of GA3 + BA generally affected growth traits, such as plant height, flower size, and the timing of flowering on some R. asiaticus cultivars. In particular, about 5 to 6 days to flowering were reduced on average by Treatments of GA3 + BA. Our results showed positive growth effects, including plant height, days to flowering, first flower height, number of flowers from the application of individual and combined hormones to R. asiaticus cultivars and demonstrate a role for these hormones in future bulbous floriculture.

Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae are one of the most serious insect pests in many crops, vegetables, flowers, and fruit trees worldwide. Many insecticides have been developed to control green peach aphid and two spotted spider mite, but resistance to almost all insecticides has reduced their control effect. Particular groups of plant-beneficial microbials are not only root colonizers that provide plant disease suppression, but in addition are able to infect and kill insect larvae. Antimicrobial compounds produced by biocontrol microbes are effective weapons against a vast diversity of organisms such as fungi, nematodes, and viruses. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of mixtures plant extracts and improvement of culture process biocontrol microbials on insecticidal activity. Azadirachta indica and Derris elliptica mixed with micorbials, which are nutrient sources of mung bean extract and lecithin, were more effective than other the mixtures. Leaf spraying with the mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescens significantly showed the highest insecticidal power in vivo for 24 hours after treatment. The effect of spraying mixture was more than 50% at 2000 times dilution, and the spraying concentration of 90% or more showed a dilution of up to 500 times. Our results indicated that the nutrient sources of microbe act as a key antimicrobial metabolite in biocontrol of insect pests, and mixing with plant extracts can provide synergistic effects as an optimal usage of the biocontrol agents.

애벌레의 번지점프는 포식자로부터 몸을 지키기 위한 방어 전략이다. 본 연구는 애벌레가 어떠한 감각 자극에 반응하여 번지점프를 하는지 확인하기 위한 연구이며, 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 2018년 목포대학교 승달산 부근에서 애벌레를 채집하여, 시각(애벌레 시야로 접근), 바람(일정한 세기를 위해 선풍기를 이용한 바람), 촉각(애벌레의 몸을 나뭇가지로 자극)에 대한 반응(번지점프)을 조사하였다. 조사결과 28종 78마리의 애벌레가 방어 전략으로 번지점프를 사용하였다. 또한 애벌레의 자극에 대한 번지점프를 비교해 본 결과 시각, 바람에 반응을 보이는 빈도수가 촉각에 비해 현저하게 적게 나타나는 것을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 애벌레의 번지점프가 포식자로부터 몸을 지키기 위한 생존전략이라는 것을 추가적으로 검증하기 위해 포식자(개미로 가정)가 접근 시 발생하는 진동(포식자가 접근할 때 표면에 나타나는 진동)과 포식자와의 접촉(개미가 애벌레에 접촉)에 대한 애벌레의 반응을 조사하였다. 실험 결과 포식자가 접근 시 발생하는 진동보다는 포식자의 접촉(촉각)이 애벌레의 번지점프를 유도한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 두 실험결과에서 간접적인 자극인 시각, 바람, 진동보다 직접적인 자극인 촉각에 보이는 반응이 현저하게 높게 나타난다. 이는 애벌레의 번지점프는 애벌레와 포식자의 접촉이후 보이는 최종적인 애벌레의 방어 전략이라는 것을 시사하고 있다.

본 연구에서는 피식자의 flash display와 크기에 따른 생존율을 확인하였다. Flash display는 생물체가 가지는 방어 기작 중의 하나로, 피식자가 포식자로부터 도망을 갈 때, 예를 들어, 개구리 다리 안쪽의 색이 몸 색과 다른 경우나, 속날개의 색이 겉날개의 색과 다른 경우(ex. 뒷날개나방) 포식자에게 시각적으로 큰 혼란을 주어 생존율을 높이는 방어 기작 이다. 이를 연구하기 위해 visual studio enterprise 6.0프로그램으로 피식자의 크기와 색을 변경 가능 하게한 시뮬레이션을 만든 후 사람을 포식자로 설정하여 일반인 총 120명, 연령대는 10~50대 중 후반을 대상으로 실험 하였다. 실험 결과로 flash display를 사용하는 피식자의 생존율이 그렇지 않은 피식자 보다 높을 것으로 예상 하였고, 크기는 작을수록 더욱 유리 할 것으로 예측 하였다. 조사 결과 피식자의 크기와 색이 생존율과 상관관계에 있다는 것과 flash display 효과가 피식자의 생존율을 더욱 높여주었음을 발견하였다. 또한 flash display의 색이 주변 환경(이번 실험에서는 녹색 계통의 풀숲을 사용하였다.)과 확실하게 다른 색(녹색 계통의 색이 아닌 색)을 띄는 개체의 생존율이 flash display를 사용하지 않은 개체 보다 월등히 높았음을 확인하였다. 이는 Flash display가 피식자의 생존율을 높이는 요인이라는 것을 시사하고 있다.

Insecticidal and repellent effects of herb extracts were tested against Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus togoi that are common among mosquitoes which inhabit Korea. Herb extracts from Mentha×piperita, Ocimum basilicum, and Nepeta cataria were extracted using distilled water and 70% ethanol respectively. Both kinds of mosquitoes were raised in environment control rearing system with air temperature of 25℃, humidity of 70%, and light condition of 14:10(L:D). Insecticidal effect was verified by feeding extracts to mosquitoes(Park et al., 2016.); repellent effect, by measuring their radial distance from extract by time. N. cataria extract using distilled water as a solvent is predominant in insecticidal effect; O. basilicum, using 70% ethanol. In particular, N. cataria has the most outstanding repellent effect.

In the SW industry, the diversification of global markets and technology trends are changing due to the emergence of new services, and IT companies are in need of strategic change different from the previous one. In this study, SWOT analysis was performed by extracting the internal environmental factors and external environmental factors through the previous studies to improve the project performance competence of small IT companies, and the SWOT Matrix was reconstructed through the pairwise comparison. Based on this, the purpose of this research was to propose the project performance competency improvement plans for small IT companies based on importance and priority, and the following four strategies were derived from the result of SWOT-AHP analysis. SO strategy was drawn in direction to invest R & D in new SW industry to enhance technology competitiveness of SMEs in order to develop SMEs, and in order to secure competitiveness of SW industry, WO strategy is drawn the cultivation of professional technical manpower through SW policy. ST Strategy presented technical management through SW system improvement policy to improve SW environment, and WT Strategy presented awareness training on the construction and necessity of project management system construction. Using the strategies presented in this study, it is expected that the managers of small IT firms will be presented as references to measure the performance competence factors of current organizations and company organizations.

Effect of the nonuniform grid on the two-dimensional transport equation was investigated in terms of theoretical analysis and finite difference method (FDM). The nonuniform grid having a typical structure of the numerical weather forecast model was incorporated in the vertical direction, while the uniform grid was used in the zonal direction. The staggered and non-staggered grid were placed in the vertical and zonal direction, respectively. Time stepping was performed with the third-order Runge Kutta scheme. An error analysis of the spatial discretization on the nonuniform grid was carried out, which indicated that the combined effect of the nonuniform grid and advection velocity produced either numerical diffusion or numerical adverse-diffusion. An analytic function is used for the quantitative evaluation of the errors associated with the discretized transport equation. Numerical experiments with the non-uniformity of vertical grid were found to support the analysis.

Digital channels have been rising to the major shopping paths from the past few years, yet it is interesting to notice that more and more digital retailers advance into offline channel nowadays due to the benefits. For example, the digital retailing giant Amazon opened its first bricks-and-mortar bookstore in 2015. Dell, which distributes its products only in the catalog and digital channels, entered the leading retail stores such as Best Buy and Walmart. The digital retailers’ strategy trend that moves into the real world reveals the unique and powerful capabilities of the offline distribution channel and the importance of launching products in the offline channel. Previous studies in marketing have investigated various complement and substitute impacts of offline channel introduction (i.e., Avery et al. 2012, Wang and Goldfarb 2017). However, most of the literature focus on the pc-based online channel and catalog, there is little research about the impact of offline channel introduction on smartphone-based mobile channel. Although mobile channel is similar to online channel in many ways (i.e., internet access and convenient shopping), it can be distinguished from online channel in terms of search and access, leading to a different interplay with offline channel. This research, therefore, aims to investigate how product launching in offline channel affects purchases in mobile channel versus online channel, and deepen the understanding by exploring the moderating effect of offline store intensity. Besides, we also explore the interaction between two digital channels: online channel and mobile channel. As most of the multi-channel retailers offer products in both online and mobile channels, it is incremental to know the interplay between these two digital channels. Using data from a representative multichannel retailer selling beauty products, we find the following three empirical results. First, product introduction in offline channel has a positive effect on online and mobile sales, and the effect is greater for mobile. Second, as offline store increases, the positive impact of offline product launch weakens on online channel, and even turns to negative once the number of offline stores reaches a threshold. However, the influence on mobile channel stays the same. The results reflect that the complementary interplay between offline and mobile channel is relatively stronger than between online channel. Finally, within the digital channels, online purchases only increase with the growth of sales performance within online channel, whereas mobile purchases are positively affected by both within mobile channel sales and across online channel sales. Our findings contribute critical academic and managerial implications for multichannel retailing.

In recent decades, introduction of the alien plant pests into Korea was dramatically increased and the role of plant quarantine became more important than ever. At the same time, early detection of the introduced population of the alien pests is critical for protection of their spread. However, continuous monitoring for their distribution or spread has not been performed yet in Korea. Present monitoring systems in Korea is not unified but sectored according to three institutes. There are some limitations in managing human resources, executing budgets, and collecting information among them, resuling in delayed responses to the introduced alien pests. Our study focused on 1) constructing nation-wide continuous monitoring system, 2) developing a decision flow chart for evaluating risks, 3) performing the benefits and costs analysis. Continuous monitoring will clarify overall distribution of alien pests, support government’s quarantine negotiation, and enable early detection of alien pests. Furthermore, the system will provide scientific data management and early responses to invasion of alien pests.

The citrus flatid planthopper Metcalfa pruinosa, a invasive species causes serious damages to field crops, including sweet persimmon, soybean, maize, especially ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A meyer). We selected six chemical pesticides and one environmental friendly pesticide made from the mixture of derris extracts, citronella oils, and cinnamon extracts in laboratory. These pesticides showed over 90% of control effect in open ginseng field. This study was carried out with the support of the cooperative research program for RDA (project No. PJ0124992018), Republic of Korea.

방울토마토의 수경재배 중 붕소+칼슘+규소 및 칼슘+규소의 복합 엽면시비가 수확 후 품질과 MAP 저장 중 저장성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 엽면시비한 방울 토마토(‘Unicorn’)는 반숙 과상태에서 수확하여 산소투과성 필름으로 포장한 5oC, 11oC, 그리고 24oC에서 25일, 15일, 10일간 저장하였다. 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리한 방울토마토가 3가지 저장온도 모두에서 호흡과 에틸렌 발생이 억제되어 MAP 저장중 가장 낮은 생체중 감소와 가장 높은 외관상 품질을 보였다. 수확 후 조사한 방울토마토의 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량은 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 높았으며, 3가지 온도 모두에서 MAP 저장 후에도 모두 높게 유지되었다. 그러나 과피색, 라이코펜 함량과 당도는 수확 후에는 엽면시비 처리로 차이가 없었으나, 3가지 온도 모두 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리에서 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 붕소+칼슘+규소 복합처리는 방울토마토의 수확후 생리 작용을 억제하고 경도, 산도, 비타민 C 함량을 높여 저장성을 향상시키는 것으로 판단되었다

In this paper, a mathematical model of regionalization based on graph theory to investigate the patterns induced by movements of livestock vehicles in cities under outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is proposed. We then compare the results of simulation from the regionalization model to actual HPAI outbreaks in 2016/2017 to evaluate the validity of the model. Specifically, we (1) configured a complex network structure with analytic tools and properties in graph theory to abstract the paths among farms and livestock facilities; (2) employed statistical methods to estimate the possibility of propagation between two clusters; (3) applied the developed method to an actual HPAI outbreak in Korea in 2016 and conducted a simulation to determine if the proposed modeling for regionalization is an effective prediction measure. The clustered regions proposed by the simulation correctly reflected the regional clustering of actual cases, while simultaneously contain the cities exposed to potential damage when separated. Based on these findings, we conclude that our proposed regionalization model is suitable for making policy judgments to establish a preemptive biosecurity system.