암대극(Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss.)은 우리나라 제주도 및 남부 해안가 암석지에서 자생하는 대극과(Euphorbiaceae)의 다년생 초본식물이다. 등잔모양꽃차례가 황록색으로 3월부터 5월까지 긴 기간 동안 개화하기 때문에 새로운 관상식물로 개발할 가치가 높다. 본 연구에서는 암대극을 재배화하고자 우선적으로 제주도의 자생지 환경과 개체군 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 제주도 전역의 해안을 따라서 암대극 개체의 전수조사를 실시한 결과 40여 지점에 걸쳐 약 14,817개체가 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 그 중 제주도 본섬의 동쪽에 위치한 우도에 1,075개체(전체의 7.3%), 북서쪽에 위치한 비양도에 952개체(6.4%), 남쪽에 위치한 가파도에 589개체(4.0%)가 조사되었다. 암대극은 주로 제주도 본섬 남동부 해안가 암석지대에 집중적으로 자생하는 것으로 확인되었고 가파도, 우도, 비양도의 경우에도 섬 동쪽지역에만 분포되어 있었다. 암대극의 생육은 자생지에 따라 차이가 있었다. 초장, 줄기 길이, 줄기 직경은 꽃 크기와 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 모든 지역에서 꽃이 피는 시기는 3월 말로 비슷하게 개화가 시작되었고, 6월 초에는 대부분의 꽃에서 종자가 성숙하여 탈리되었다. 암대극의 주변 식생은 갯개미자리, 돌가시나무, 순비기나무, 갯강활 등 30여 종이 분포되어 있었고, 초본이 80%를 차지하는 데에 반해, 목본은 20%로서 초본식물이 주를 이루었다. 토양의 pH는 8.3~9.4의 범위에 있었으며, 염분 농도는 0.003~0.017%로 나타났다. 유기물 함량은 중문에서 1.9%, 가파도에서 1.4%, 표선면에서 1.0%로 나타났고, CEC는 가파도에서 10.7cmol+/kg, 표선면에서 5.6cmol+/kg, 중문 지역에서 1.3cmol+/kg로 나타났다. 전기전도도는 중문, 가파도, 표선면에서 각각 0.47dS/m, 0.19dS/m, 0.16dS/m으로 나타났고, Cl-은 57.45mg/kg, 63.01mg/kg, 8.12mg/kg으로 나타났다. 중문에서 유효인산은 검출되지 않았다.

Certification labeling is a system which confirms the quality and appropriateness of pr oducts according to the standard set. It is usually evaluated by the third party to assure being reliability. Certification labeling can be used as one of the important sources of i nformation when consumers evaluate the products. Especially, certification labeling gi ves customers trust and confidence about products because the label can be the signali ng that the quality of the products is good. Although certification labeling influences p urchase decision making, many consumers do not trust the labels because of insufficie nt information of certification and distrust in the certifications. As consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about environment and wellbeing, manufacturers are turning a convention product into the production of a sustain able product. Sustainable certification can be environmental cues to evaluate a sustain able product based on the categorization inference. The aim of this research is the inte raction effect among sustainable cues on purchase intention. Consumers tend to perceive organic label of products as high-price. Thus, although they concern environment and well-being, they tend to purchase conventional products more than an organic product. In addition, an organic label can have a positive influence on perceived risk, and then perceived risk may affect purchase intention. However, the product with organic label including traceability may have a negative impact on perceived risk. Therefore, perceived risk can mediate the relationship between the interaction between organic label of products and traceability and purchase intention.

There are two purposes of this paper. One is to present a brief introduction to item response theory in conjunction with marketing research. The other is to present a review of current use of item response theory in representative marketing research journals. Several item response theory relevant papers were recently published in various marketing research journals. Because models under item response theory from simple to complex were used without any systematic introduction in marketing research, this paper briefly presents main concepts in item response theory. An encyclopaedia entry (Kim, 2015) and two graduate-level textbooks (Baker & Kim, 2004, 2017) are mainly referred and used for the first purpose. A content analysis was done for the second purpose with 28 item response theory relevant articles on marketing research journals. Articles are sorted based on the classification framework by Thissen and Steinberg (1986). Many articles reviewed relied on some type of unidimensional dichotomous item response theory models. Articles published recently within 10 years that used item response theory models were more complicated both mathematically and statistically than other previously published articles in marketing research journals. The taxonomic tabulations in this study should aid marketing researchers who are planning their continuous training in item response theory, and faculty who design or teach courses on marketing research methods for advanced undergraduate and graduate students.

스탠다드국화 신품종을 육성하기 위하여 충남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 2009년에 황색의 모본 ‘Summer Yellow’와 부본 ‘ST07-09-02’계통을 인공 교배하였다. 2010년에 종자를 파종하였고, 이중 내병성이 강하고 기호성이 우수한 개체를 선발하여 ‘ST10-047-01’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2011년부터 2013년까지 주년 생산성을 위해 촉성 및 자연, 억제재배 특성을 각각 검정하였으며, 2013년 ‘Geumhwa’로 명명하고 품종등록 출원하였다. ‘Geumhwa’의 생육 및 개화특성은 국내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 황색 스탠다드국화인 ‘Summer Yellow’를 대조 품종으로 하여 조사하였다. ‘Geumhwa’ 품종은 자연개화기가 10월 6일로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 10월 25일에 비해 빨랐다. ‘Geumhwa’는 초장이 86.3cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 93.8cm보다 작았고, 곁가지 제거수는 8.1개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 16.6개보다 적었다. ‘Geumhwa’의 꽃직경은 13.6cm로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 13.5cm와 비슷하였으며, 꽃잎수는 ‘Geumhwa’가 263.6개로 ‘Summer Yellow’의 295.3개보다 적었다. 재배상 유의사항은 ‘Geumhwa’는 중간종이므로 초기생육이 왕성하도록 비배 관리를 하고 생육기간 중 지베렐린 1,000mg･L-1를 2회 처리하여 신장력을 높이도록 한다. 또한 설상화수가 적은 편이므로 재전조를 실시하여 설상화수를 늘린다면 황색의 연중 조기개화가 가능한 고품질 신품종 스탠다드 절화국화로써 소비자 기호 충족 및 농가소득 창출에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

We carry out a study of Sub-Millimeter Galaxies (SMGs) in the AKARI NEP-Deep field using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) SCUBA-2 850 μm source catalog, released as part of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (S2CLS) program. The SCUBA-2 850 μm map has a root mean square (rms) noise of 1.2 mJy beam−1 and covers an area of 0.60 degree2. We find four SMGs which have counterparts to Herschel sources with spectroscopic redshifts in the literature. In addition, three dust obscured galaxies (DOGs) detected in Herschel bands are selected as a comparison sample. We derive IR luminosities of SMGs using the CIGALE code, which are similar to those of high redshift SMGs from previous studies. The contribution of AGN to the total IR luminosity in SMGs (2%–11%) is smaller than the lower limit for the one in DOGs (19%–35%), which is consistent with the expectation from the evolutionary scenario of massive galaxies. We search for SMGs in overdense regions as protocluster candidates and investigate four regions, including candidates around three DOGs. Finally, we argue that follow-up spectroscopic observation for the NEP-Deep field will provide crucial information to understand the role of SMGs in the evolution of massive galaxies.

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes devastating damage to pines worldwide. To develop new agent for controlling PWN, alkyloxyalcohols(A-H) were synthesized and nematicidal activity was tested against PWN. As a control, monochamol, which reported to have nematicidal activity was also tested. The nematicidal activity was diffferent according to carbon chain length in compounds. LC50 values of F, G and H were as same as that of monochamol. However A-E which have shorter carbon length than F-H showed weak nematicidal activity.

The apple leafminer moth, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura is known an important insect pest of apple. This study was conducted from 1992 to 2017 in the major apple producing districts in Gyeongbuk area including 4~6 cities (18~30 orchards), and examined the occurrence and damaged leaf (%) of leafminer at monthly interval in “Fuji” apple orchards. The damaged leaf was the highest in 1992 (5%), the gradually decreased until 2004, After damage rate was again increased until 2008, after which it decreased. Leaf damage was not significant between rootstocks including seedling rootstock, M.9, and M.26.

Honeybee (Apis mellifera) egg-yolk protein vitellogenin (Vg) plays roles in immunity, antioxidation, and life span beyond reproduction, but it also acts as an allergen Api m 12 in venom. Here we established antimicrobial and antioxidant roles of honeybee Vg in the body and venom. Using the cDNA encoding Vg identified from Asiatic honeybee (A. cerana) workers, recombinant A. cerana Vg (AcVg) protein of approximately 180 kDa was produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells. In A. cerana worker bees, AcVg was expressed in the fat body and venom gland and was present in the secreted venom. AcVg induced structural damage in microbial cell walls via binding to microbial surfaces and exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. AcVg protected mammalian and insect cells against oxidative damage through direct shielding of cell membranes. Interestingly, AcVg exhibited DNA protection activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the transcript level of AcVg was upregulated in the fat body, but not in the venom gland, of worker bees with antimicrobial peptides and antioxidant enzymes in response to microbial infection and oxidative stress. Our data indicate that AcVg is involved in innate immunity upon infection and in a defense system against ROS, supporting a crucial role of honeybee Vg as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in the body and venom.

환경부 지정 보호지역인 특정도서는 현재 249개소로 이들을 대상으로 지형․경관, 지질, 식생, 동･식물상 및 해안무척 추동물, 해조류 분류군 대상으로 1차 특정도서기본계획(‘05~’14) 이후 2차 특정기본계획(‘15~’24)에 따라 매년 10~15개 씩 정밀조사가 수행되고 있다. 특정도서의 곤충조사는 2006~2008년 3년간 39개 도서를 제외하고 전무하였다. 특정도서 의 지정사유 중 자연경관․지질의 우수성이 가장 높고 식생이 우수가 다음으로 높아 시간이 지남에 따라 식생과 관련된 해충 및 외래종의 기착지로도 이용될 수 있는 특성을 가지고 있어 2015년부터 곤충에 대한 조사가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 2016년 인천광역시 옹진군 일대 소초지도, 신도, 어평도, 항도, 뭉퉁도, 서만도, 할미염 7개 특정도서에 대한 곤충상 및 군집분석 결과와 각 도서별 과거 2007년 보고된 곤충상을 비교한 결과를 보고하는 바이다.

Beauveria bassiana (Bb) is a potential biopesticide against western flower thrips. To understand molecular characteristics of two Bb isolates (ERL836 and JEF-007), whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq were performed. The whole genome of Bb ERL836 was sequenced (3,934,801,443 bp) using Pacbio sequencing and 15 contigs were analyzed. To understand the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity in two Bb genome (before infection and after infection), next generation sequencing (NGS) was analyzed to compare transcriptomes. A result of differentially expressed gene (DEG) showed that 2,689 contigs were up-regulated and 2,619 contigs were down-regulated. Randomly selected five genes were validated to be highly up-regulated. This work can provide an understanding of the interaction between Bb and westetn flower thrips.

Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in forest is considered as a serious forest pest in pine trees. In this study, we collected entomopathogenic fungi from soil and assessed their virulence against the adults of the inset using a spray method in laboratory condition. Two entomopathogeinc fungi isolates showed high virulence against the adults. In the concentration of 1.0 × 107conidia/ml, the mortality rate of the adults were 53% and 60%. In semi-field condition, one isolate showed a virulence of 60% against the adult. Consequently, we confirmed the possibility of the fungal isolates in controlling the beetles. In near the future, we will investigate several factors which is possibly related to the control of the forest insect pest using entomopathogenic fungi in field conditions, given the importance of fungal formulation and practical application methods.

The hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is one of the vectors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) causing in humans, however little consideration was given to the biological control of the pest. Therefore, this study provides a screening method to select entomopathogenic fungi, having high virulence against H. longicornis. The virulence test was conducted by dipping method with a conidial suspension (1×107 conidia/ml). As a result, cadavers of H. longicornis infected with entomopathogenic fungi were obtained by this method. Based on this results, we selected several isolates having high virulence to H. longicornis. We suggest that, selected isolates in this study can be used for the control of H. longicornis.

Entomopathogenic fungi have been known as promising candidates for biological control of insect pests. Recently, researchers consider the fungal thermotolerance in formulations and field applications. In this study, we investigated the production of thermotolerant Isaria javanica and I.fumosorosea conidia through grain-based solid cultures and exposure to light stress. As results, of the ten grain substrates, Italian millet, rice, perilla seed and sesame, rice, sorghum produced highly thermotolerant conidia in the strains. The two strains were exposed to a light stress and a heat stress. And they showed enhanced thermal stability compared to control, when exposed to 45°C for 2 hours. This work suggests that heat-resistant entomopathogenic fungal conidia can be produced by grain-based solid cultures and exposure to light stress.

Melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious insect pest of various crops in the world. The management of this pest mainly have relied on chemical agents. However, the overuse of chemical agents for long times causes insect resistance, and negative effects on environment. Therefore, alternative control methods, such as biological control, that are less harmful to the environment and have different mode of action are needed to control this pest. In this study, we isolated entomopathogenic fungi from Korean soil, and characterized them via morphological and molecular identifications and pathogenicity check against Tenebrio molitor larvae. The isolated fungi were subjected to virulence assay against T. Palmi with a conidial suspension of 1×107 conidia/ml in laboratory conditions. This entomopathogenic fungi library would be a good resource to select effective strains for the control of T. palmi in fields.

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are insecticides that disrupt the normal development of target insects. Among the IGR insecticides, juvenile hormone (JH)-related IGRs are of particular interest because they stimulate or interfere with the formation of JH receptor complex. In the precious studies, novel JH-related IGRs with JH agonist (JHA) and antagonist (JHAN) activity were identified by using yeast two-hybrid system transformed with the Aedes aegypti JH receptor complex. In this study, the transcriptomic responses of Aedes albopictus were investigated upon JHA and JHAN, respectively. These results will provide important information about understanding of impact of JH-related IGRs in transcription level.

Entomopathogenic fungi play an important natural role in regulating their insect host populations, and their ecology was also associated with plant and soil. These microorganisms have been living by reacting to insect, plant and environmental factor. The advanced bioinformatics technology such as next-generation sequencing and RNA sequencing has revolutionized in understanding of entomopathogenic fungi. Recently studies provided a lot of information on evolutionary relationships and virulence-related characteristics. We are starting to know where these microorganisms from is, and how they live in nature. The bioinformatics technology will give us further our understanding of the natural roles of these fungi in nature.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of foot position adjuster on body alignment and weight loads in chronic stroke patients. The subjects were 15 chronic stroke patients who were admitted to KHospital in Daegu, South Korea. The study compared the body alignment and weight load changes on flat ground with the foot position adjuster using Foot scan and Dartfish video analysis software. In the results of this study, posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) alignment decreased significantly after use of the foot position adjuster and center pressure was significantly increased after use of the foot position adjuster. This study suggests that foot position adjuster influences body alignment and weight distribution.