An FDA approved drug for the treatment of type II diabetes, Troglitazone (TRO), a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma agonist, is withdrawn due to severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. In the search for new applications of TRO, we investigated the cellular effects of TRO on YD15 tongue carcinoma cells. TRO suppressed the growth of YD15 cells in the MTT assay. The inhibition of cell growth was accompanied by the induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and apoptosis, which are confirmed by flow cytometry and western blotting. TRO also suppressed the expression of cell cycle proteins such as cyclin D1, cdk2, cdk4, cyclin B1, cdk1(or cdc2), cyclin E1 and cyclin A. The inhibition of cell cycle proteins was coincident with the up-regulation of p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1. In addition, TRO induces the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7, as well as the cleavage of PARP. Further, TRO suppressed the expressions of Bcl-2 without affecting the expressions of Bad and Bax. Overall, our data supports that TRO induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on YD15 cells.

이 논문의 목적은 마이클 로바츠의 이중 비전이 어떻게 선불교 명상을 표현하고 있는가를 보여주는 것이다. 이 시는 선 불교명상의 진행 단계에 따라 구성되 어 있을 뿐만 아니라 그 명상의 기본적인 관심사 즉 이원론에 대한 문제, 시간의 개 념, 그리고 이세상의 한계로부터 벗어나고 싶은 욕망을 다루고 있다. 이러한 선 불교 명상의 요소들이 특정한 상징, 시의 세팅, 그리고 다양한 시적 테크닉을 통해 나타나 고 있다.

Background and Purpose of Study: Social commerce refers to a form of electronic commerce based on Social Networking Service (SNS) and has grown substantially since the advent of Groupon in 2008. The growth of social commerce was accelerated with the increased popularity of SNS, where consumers share product information and reviews and the information is spread to others through SNS in real time (KB financial group, 2015). Social commerce can be divided into three types: (1) online group buying, (2) online shopping linked with the SNS, and (3) online shopping in SNS. The first type of social commerce is the most common type in Korea and the current study conducted an experiment based on the online group buying format. In the group buying social commerce, consumers gather together to purchase a product with a cheaper price. Placing a large order facilitates price promotion, (Yuan, & Lin, 2004) and buyers benefit from the cheaper price through the group buying (Zeng, Huang, & Dou, 2009). Group buying websites provides consumers with two types of information: time left for the promotion (time pressure) and the number of product sold (product popularity), and the overall purpose of this study is to examine the effects of time pressure, product popularity and website reputation on purchase intention. Hypotheses Development: Consumers make a purchase on social commerce websites because they can get a product with a cheaper price through group buying. Thus, this study is based on the assumption that all products are under price promotion. According to prospect theory, consumers are more likely to be sensitive to losses than gains. Consumers initially perceive a price promotion as a potential gain, but as the expiration approaches, they are more likely to perceive the promotion as a potential loss, which consequently increase purchase intention (Inman & McAlister, 1994). Also, a statement indicating product popularity, such as ‘the best-selling item’ increases purchase intention (Jeong & Kwon, 2012). Signaling theory provides a useful insight into understanding the effects of website reputation. Since consumers use a website reputation as an indicator of quality (Kirmani & Rao, 2000), they generally respond more positively to well-known websites than unknown websites (Shamdasani, Stanaland, & Tan, 2001). Therefore, based on the literature review, the following hypotheses are developed.H1: High time pressure has a greater impact on purchase intention than low time pressure. H2: High product popularity has a greater impact on purchase intention than low product popularity. H3: Well-known website has a greater impact on purchase intention than unknown website. H4: The effect of time pressure on purchase intention differs as a function of product popularity. H5: The effect of time pressure on purchase intention differs as a function of website reputation. H6: The effect of product popularity on purchase intention differs as a function of website reputation. Method: This study’s design is a 2 (time pressure: high vs. low) x 2 (popularity: high vs. low) x 2 (website reputation: well-known vs. unknown) between-subjects factorial design. This study includes three pretests: (1) to select high versus low time pressure, (2) to select the number of product purchased (product popularity), and (3) to select well-known and unknown social commerce websites. Based on the results of the pretests, eight mock websites simulating social commerce websites were developed for the main experiment. The data were collected via a research company. Invitation emails with a URL were sent to potential participants, and they were guided to shop the website and answer the questionnaire. The measure of purchase intention was adopted from the existing literature with adequate reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha >.70), and the scale items used a 7-point scale. Manipulation checks showed that manipulations of time pressure, product popularity, and website reputation were successful. Results: A total of 453 female online shoppers participated in the online experiment. An exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor of purchase intention, and the reliability.93, indicating adequate internal consistency of the scale. Hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed main effects for product popularity [F (1, 445) = 10.34, p < .05] and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 72.03, p < .05] on purchase intention, supporting H2 and H3. With regard to H4 to H6 predicting interaction effects, ANOVAs showed significant interaction effects of time pressure by product popularity [F (1, 445) = 5.53, p < .05], time pressure and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 4.59, p < .05], and product popularity and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 9.15, p < .05] on purchase intention. Thus, H4 to H6 were supported. Conclusions and Discussion: The study offers academic and managerial implications. The findings of the study provide empirical support for the signaling theory and prospect theory. The results suggest that high popularity and high reputation are significant factors influencing purchase intention. When consumers perceive a product as being popular on a social commerce website, they have greater purchase intention than when they do not perceive the product popularity. Also, when consumers shop on a well-known social commerce website, they have greater purchase intention than when they shop on an unknown website. When the product popularity is high, high time pressure is an important factor enhancing purchase intention. When a website is well-known, high time pressure increased purchase intention. However, when a website is unknown, high product popularity increased purchase intention. These findings of the study contribute to the literature in social commerce. Based on the website reputation, social commerce websites need to incorporate appropriate marketing tactics, such as time pressure and product popularity to increase consumers’ purchase intention.

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a widely adopted customer-oriented product development methodology by translating customer requirements (CRs) into technical attributes (TAs), and subsequently into parts characteristics, process plans, and manufacturing operations. A main activity in QFD planning process is the determination of the target levels of TAs of a product so as to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction using the data or information included in the houses of quality (HoQ). Gathering the information or data for a HoQ may involve various inputs in the form of linguistic data which are inherently vague, or human perception, judgement and evaluation for the information and data. This research focuses on how to deal with this kind of impreciseness in QFD optimization. In this paper, it is assumed as more realistic situation that the values of TAs are taken as discrete, which means each TA has a few alternatives, as well as the customer satisfaction level acquired by each alternative of TAs and related cost are determined based on subjective or imprecise information and/or data. To handle these imprecise information and/or data, an approach using some basic definitions of fuzzy sets and the signed distance method for ranking fuzzy numbers is proposed. An example of a washing machine under two-segment market is provided for illustrating the proposed approach, and in this example, the difference between the optimal solution from the fuzzy model and that from the crisp model is compared as well as the advantage of using the fuzzy model is drawn.

Action recognition technology has many application fields including gaming, human-computer interaction, security, virtual reality, etc. The technology has recently advanced and simplified by the introduction of real time depth cameras. The most famous depth camera, Kinect, has shown its success in human action recognitions by supervised learning methods. However, those method require a large number of motion capture data as the ground truth of each skeleton points. This paper proposes a human skeleton extraction method without using reference data. The method extracts the minimum number of articulation points instead of full skeleton data. The articulation points are used as an real-time interface for 3D interaction games.

Brucella abortus is a well-known intracellular zoonotic pathogen. Despite significant research to understand the pathogenesis, underlying mechanisms of the bacterial infection are not yet understood. Thus, prevention and control of the B. abortus infection is problematic in animal and human. Therefore, several methods involving random mutation have been used to identify the mechanisms and provide a solution for control and prevention of Brucella infection. B. abortus mutants were generated by random insertion of a transposon, Ez-Tn5TM pMODTM-3 <R6Kγori/MCS> into a chromosome. Characteristics of these mutants were investigated using biochemical testing, growth features, determination of biovar, antibiotic resistance and detection of virulence factors, T4SS, PGK, and CGS. In biochemical testing, B. abortus mutants were categorized according to 7 groups with different condition of ILATk, SUTC, and ELLM. Different growth features were also observed between wild type and mutants. In addition, both B. abortus wild type and mutants were determined as biovar type 1 by biovar test. Three virulence factors, T4SS, PGK, and CGS were detected by PCR. Therefore, B. abortus mutants were characterized by analysis of phenotyping and it might be useful for further studies of known pathogenesis of B. abortus infection and for identification of diagnostic markers of brucellosis.

모던시의 특징 중의 하나는 서사 형태를 사용하고 있다는 점이다. 이는 모던시인들이 가장 높고 고귀한 형식의 시로 꼽는 서사시를 그들의 시대에 되살리려 했다는 사실을 입증한다. 그리고 학자들은 이 예로 에즈라 파운드의 캔토스와 티에 스 엘리엇의 황무지를 꼽는다. 나는 윌리엄 버틀러 예이츠도 이 모던시인의 그룹에 속해야 한다고 믿는다. 예이츠는 비록 캔토스나 황무지에 비견될만한 서사형태의 시를 쓰지는 않았지만 그가 쓴 많은 시들이 서사시의 요소를 갖고 있기 때문이다. 이 는 예이츠 역시 파운드나 엘리엇처럼 전통을 존중하고 그 전통에서 시적영감을 얻을 뿐만 아니라 시적 연속성을 지켜야 한다고 믿었기 때문이다.

Dextran is a generic term for a bacterial exopolysaccharide synthesized from sucrose and composed of chains of D-glucose units connected by α-1,6-linkages by using dextransucrases. Dextran could be used as vicosifying, stabilizing, emulsifying, gelling, bulking, dietary fiber, prebiotics, and water holding agents. We isolated new strain capable of producing dextran from Korean traditional kimchi and identified as Leuconostoc sp. strain JYY4. Batch fermentation was conducted in bioreactor with a working volume of 3 L. The media was MMY and 15% (w/v) sucrose. Mineral medium consisted of 3.0 g KH2PO4, 0.01 g FeSO4, H2O, 0.01 g MnSO4, 4H2O, 0.2 g MgSO4 7H2O, 0.01 g NaCl, 0.05 g CaCl2 per 1 liter deionized water. The pH of media was initially adjusted to 6.0. The inoculation rate was 1.0% (v/v) of the working volume. Temperature was maintained at 28oC. The agitation rate was 100 rpm. The production pattern of dextran was associated with the cell growth. After 24 hr dextran reached its highest concentration of 59.4 g/L. The sucrose was consumed completely after 40 hr. Growth reached stationery phase when sucrose became limiting, regardless of the presence of fructose or mannitol. When the specific growth rate was 0.54 hr-1, utilization averaged 5.8 g/L-hr. The yield and productivity of dextran were 80% and 2.0 g/L-hr, respectively. Dextrans produced by were separated to two different size by an alcohol fraction method. The size of high molecular weight dextran (45% alcohol, v/v), less soluble dextran, was between MW 500,000 and 2,000,000. Soluble dextran (55% alcohol, v/v) was between 70,000 and 150,000. The molecular weight average of total dextran (70% alcohol, v/v) was between 150,000 to 500,000. The enzymatic hydrolyzates of total dextran of ATCC 13146 showed branched dextrans by Penicillium dextranase contained of glucose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose, and isomaltooligosaccharides greater than DP4 (degree of polymerization) that had branch points. Compounds greater than DP4 were branched isomaltooligosaacharides. Hydrolysates by the Lipomyces dextranase produced the same composition of oligosaccharides as those by Penicillin dextranase.

For ex-vivo diabetic control, the voltammetric diagnosis of glucose (GU) was conducted with a modified carbon nanotube paste electrode, using handheld analytical circuits. The optimum analytical conditions were attained within the 0.5-4.0 ug/L working range and at the 0.06 ug/L detection limit, which system was interfaced to the feedback circuits and was applied to human urine for diabetic-patient diagnosis. It can be used for ex-vivo flow control analysis, vascular flow detection and other medicinal assays. The equations of the patients’ urine are y=36.65x+12.13 and R²=0.987, those of the healthy person of y= 2.5x+10.9 and R²=0.928 (patients: 118 ug/L; healthy person: 12.34 ug/L).

Oyster mushroom is one of mushrooms that are cultivated and consumed a lot in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan(ASI2504)' is a popluar cultivar because of high quality. But it is difficult for farmers to cultivate, so an alternative cultivar of ‘Suhan’ is demanded continuously. To develop a new variety, parental strains were selected using cultivation characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus collected home and abroad. P. ostreatus 'Gosol' was developed by the method of Di-Mon crossing between dikaryotic strain P. ostreatus 'Mongdol(ASI0633)' and monokaryotic strain derived from P. ostreatus ‘Yasan(ASI0635)' in 2014. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar 'Gosol' showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strain, 'Suhan’ but a similar DNA profile as those of the parental strains, ‘Yasan’ and　'Mongdol’, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP 3 was used. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25°C for ‘Gosol’ and ‘Suhan’. 'Gosol' was appropriate for middle high temperature to grow, especially 13~18°C. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 124.2g. When compared to the control strain 'Suhan’, the stipe was longer and the individual weight was heavier. But the stipe and the pileus were a little thinner than those of the control strain. ‘Gosol’ was more resistant at high CO2 concentration than the control strain. This new cultivar ‘Gosol’ of Pleurotus ostreatus was characterized dark bluish gray cultivar of oyster mushroom in the color of pileus and higer yield compared to those of other cultivar ‘Suhan’. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar ‘Gosol’ be substitute for ‘Suhan’ in oyster mushroom’s farms.

The purpose of this study was to parallel circuit training and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism was to compare the differences in pulmonary function and chest expansion in adult men. This study was performed on 20 subjects. 20 subjects were divided into two groups; Circuit training group(n=10), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism(n=10). Both of the group performed the exercise 3 times a week for 5 weeks. The data was analyzed by the Repeated t-test for comparing before, during and after changes of factors in each group and the Independent t-test for comparing the between groups. The result are as follows. Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FVC, FEV1/FVC(p<.05), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference PEF, VC in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FEV1/FVC of between the two group in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference in chest expansion(p<0.05) and there was no statistically significant difference of between the two group in chest expansion(p>.05).

This study examined the effects of stretching and sling stabilizing exercises on changes in the angle of the cervical spine in military neck patients. The subjects were 20 adults diagnosed with a military neck(male:10, female:10) and they were randomly and equally assigned to a stretching exercise group and a sling stabilization exercise group. The total study period was four weeks. The intervention was applied three times per week for 60 minutes per each time. Before conducting the exercise, X-ray of each group was photographed to measure craniospinal angle(CVA) and cranial rotation angle(CRA). According to the result of comparing the two groups in changes in the cervical spine angle, there was no significant difference, and the result of comparing pre- and post-intervention was that there was significant change in CVA and CRA in the stretching group (p<.05) but there was no significant change in CVA and CRA in the sling stabilization exercise. Such result suggests stretching exercise is good for improving a military neck and stretching is more effective than sling in the therapeutic intervention for a military neck.

To determine the effect of diabetes on root resorption in periodontitis, we investigated odontoclast formation and root resorption in diabetic rats with periodontitis. Odontoclast formation was observed in three groups of F344 rats: Controls (C) were normal rats without diabetes or periodontitis; the periodontitis (P) group had mandibular first molars to be ligatured; the periodontitis with diabetes (PD) group was intravenously administered streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) to induce diabetes and had mandibular first molars to be ligatured. On days 3, 10, and 20 after ligature, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression, odontoclast formation, and root resorption areas were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. The PD group showed frequent urination, weight loss, and hyperglycemia. Numbers of TNF-α- and RANKL-positive cells were higher in the P and PD groups than in the C group. It was more prevalent in PD group on day 3. Odontoclast formation was greater in the P and PD groups than in the C group on days 3 and 10, then decreased to same level as the C group by day 20. Root resorption in the PD and P groups showed increases on days 3 and 10, respectively, compared to the C group. These results suggest that diabetes may transiently increase root resorption on day 3 with high expression of TNF-α and RANKL after periodontitis induction. This study could aid the understanding of root resorption in diabetic patients with periodontitis.

This paper investigated the use of of, the most frequently occurring preposition, in essays written by 416 matriculants at a Korean university. The learner corpus consisting of these essays contained 1,250 tokens of of, and these tokens were first analyzed according to their functions, i.e., integrative, separative, idiomatic, and others, adapted from Lindstromberg’s (2010) categorization of the functions of of. To ascertain what types of errors were made regarding of, the 46 tokens of of identified as errors were further categorized as addition, misordering, misformation, or wrong position. Of these four categories, addition was found to be the most frequently occurring type of error (31 of the 46 tokens), while wrong preposition and misformation accounted for ten and three tokens, respectively. No tokens of misordering were found, however. Also noteworthy is the finding that, albeit occurring mostly in simple constructions and basic functions, of was used accurately in over 95% of all the tokens found in the learner corpus.

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a useful method in product design and development to maximize customer satisfaction. In the QFD, the technical attributes (TAs) affecting the product performance are identified, and product performance is improved to optimize customer requirements (CRs). For product development, determining the optimal levels of TAs is crucial during QFD optimization. Many optimization methods have been proposed to obtain the optimal levels of TAs in QFD. In these studies, the levels of TAs are assumed to be continuous while they are often taken as discrete in real world application. Another assumption in QFD optimization is that the requirements of the heterogeneous customers can be generalized and hence only one house of quality (HoQ) is used to connect with CRs. However, customers often have various requirements and preferences on a product. Therefore, a product market can be partitioned into several market segments, each of which contains a number of customers with homogeneous preferences. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes an optimization approach to find the optimal set of TAs under multi-segment market. Dynamic Programming (DP) methodology is developed to maximize the overall customer satisfaction for the market considering the weights of importance of different segments. Finally, a case study is provided for illustrating the proposed optimization approach.

Selfie refers to self-portrait photography, which became widespread practice with handy digital photographing technologies and the proliferation of social media. There are only a few studies on selfie and most of them examine the psychological profiles of selfie takers. However, we conducted a qualitative study to understand diverse goals embedded in the selfie practice and meanings of the practice. Eighty one undergraduate students enrolled in a university in South Korea, who reported to take selfies frequently, were recruited for in-depth interviews. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for thirty minutes to an hour, asking their selfie-taking behaviors including general information (when, where, how, why), skills and techniques, related memories and experiences, and sharing and online posting. Transcripts and observations were analyzed through multiple steps of coding. Data revealed numerous strategies in selfie photography and statements about why those strategies are important, that is, goals of selfie practice. We present findings in the following structure: Operation of selective selves → Subordinate goals → Superordinate goals We abstract the essential feature of selfie as augmented control as a result of integrative and selective operation of the three selves as the one who photographs, the one who is photographed, and/or the one who owns and uses the selfie. Participants’ strategies reflect this complexity. For example, tips for camera angles and lighting are related to self as a subject who photographs. Knowledge on facial expressions reflects self as an object that is photographed. Photoshop skills are obtained as self who uses the photographs. Five goals at the subordinate level emerged: Attractive appearance, social activities, testimonial, fact check, and story-telling. These are the immediate goals gained through taking, using, and possessing selfies. Different goals are formed based on relatively different importance of each of the three selves. For example, to post a selfie that tells one’s feeling about new season, the photographer chooses to focus on the self as a subject who writes a story and portrays in photographing rather than the self as an object of the photograph. Superordinate goals are derived from the subordinate goals: Narcissism, self-discovery, self-expression, reminiscence, display, self-monitoring, and belongingness. As in the relations between selves and subordinate goals, some subordinate goals are related to more than one superordinate goal. Some superordinate goals also result from more than one subordinate goal. We conclude that selfie provides augmented control in producing and using pictures and the selective operation of the three selves enables consumers to obtain various individual and social values through the selfie practice.