Cordyceps species are important mushrooms traditionally used for heaths and vitality. C. sinensis has been widely used as a medicinal mushroom and C. militaris is popular for its substitute. C. militaris can be cultivated artificially and new strains has been improved by crossing single spore strains. As a bipolar heterothallic fungus C. militaris has two strains of compatible mating types and they can be differentiated by crossing, fruiting body formation ability and the production of perithecia. However this process is very laborious and time consuming to carry out. In this study, molecular markers were designed and used for the detection of two opposite mating types. Two mating types were assayed using two sets of primers specific for C. militaris, which were amplified a 191-bp fragment for MAT1-2 and 233-bp fragment for MAT1-1. After crossing of two compatible mating types F1 hybrids resulted in well-developed perithecial fruiting bodies and their crossings were confirmed by the multiplex PCR assays for the rapid and specific detection of both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. This results may serve as a efficient process in the breeding program for artificial cultivation and industrial-scale production of C. militaris.

We present analyses of 1250 variable sources identied in a 20 square degree eld toward NGC 2784 by the KMTNet Supernova Program. We categorize the variable sources into three groups based on their B-band variability. The rst group consists of 31 high variability sources with their B- band RMS variability greater than 0.3 magnitudes. The second group of medium variability contains 265 sources with RMS variability between 0.05 and 0.3 magnitudes. The remaining 951 sources belong to the third group of low variability with an RMS variability smaller than 0.05 magnitudes. Of the entire 1250 sources, 4 clearly show periods of variability greater than 100 days, while the rest have periods shorter than 51 days or no reliable periods. The majority of the sources show either rather irregular variability or short periods faster than 2 days. Most of the sources with reliable period determination between 2 and 51 days belong to the low-variability group, although a few belong to the medium-variability group. All the variable sources with periods longer than 35 days appear to be very red with B􀀀V > 1.5 and V 􀀀I > 2.1 magnitudes. We classify candidates of 51 Cepheids, 17 semi-regular variables, 3 Mira types, 2 RV(B) Tauri stars, 26 eclipsing binary systems and 1 active galactic nucleus. The majority of long-term variables in our sample belong to either Mira or semi-regular types, indicating that long-term variability may be more prominent in post-main sequence phases of late-type stars. The depth of the eclipsing dips of the 26 candidates for eclipsing binaries is equivalent to 0.61 as the average relative size of the two stars in the binary system. Our results illustrate the power of the KMTNet Supernova Program for future studies of variable objects.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a rapid, specific, cost-effective detection method by amplifying nucleic acid under isothermal conditions. In this study, we used LAMP for detection of Hamiltonella defensa that lives as a facultive endosymbiont of whitefly ‘Bemisia tabaci’. We designed the Hamiltonella-specific primers by targeting 16S ribosomal RNA gene and validated the specificity of one primer set. To find the optimum temperature for our primer set, the LAMP reaction was held at the temperature, 60℃, 62℃ and 65℃. As a result, 62℃ was the optimum reation temperature for LAMP reaction. Specificity of primer set was tested by the reaction to both Trialeurodes vaporariorum and B. tabaci. After the whole procedure, the amplicons by LAMP were visualized by adding SYBR Green to the reaction tube.

Insecticidal toxicities of the isolated constituent of Eucalyptus dives oil and its analogues were bioassayed. 3-Carvomenthenone was isolated by chromatographic techniques and determined by EI-MS, 13C-NMR,1H-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and HMQC. In the fumigant bioassay against P. interpunctella, cyclohexenone exhibited the strongest insecticidal toxicity (LD50 against larvae and adults, 2.45 and 3.63 μg/cm3), followed by methylcyclohexenone, seudenone, and 3-carvomenthenone. In the structure-activity relationships between 3-carvomenthenone analogues and insecticidal toxicity, the mode of the insecticidal action of 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone was through the dermal organs of T. castaneum and P. interpunctella. This study indicates that 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone have potential capacity for the development as safety natural agents to control the stored grain insects.

Phototactic behavioral responses of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), adults were determined to different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven wavelengths, and their behavioral responses were compared to that using a commercial luring lamp (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive responses under optimal light conditions (60 lx luminance intensity and 30 min light exposure time), the green LED (520±5 nm) showed the highest attractive rate (520±5 nm, 52.2%), followed by the blue LED (470±10 nm, 33.9%), the yellow LED (590±5 nm, 32.2%), BLB (28.9%), UV LED (365 nm, 22.8%), the red LED (625±10 nm, 14.5%), the white LED (450-620 nm, 10.6%), and IR LED (730 nm, 9.5%). In addition, the green LED to P. interpunctella adults was approximately 1.81 times more attractive than BLB. These results indicate that the green LED could be most useful for monitoring of P. interpunctella adults.

Phototactic behavioral responses of Tribolium castaneum adults to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of seven different wavelengths were determined under various conditions (light exposure times, light sources, and luminance intensities) and compared with those of a black light bulb (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attractive rate (%) of T. castaneum adults under optimal conditions (50 lx and an 48 h exposure time) in the dark, red LED (625±10 nm) exhibited the highest potential attractive rate (97.8%), followed by yellow (590±5 nm, 68.9%), green (520±5 nm, 55.6%), infrared (IR) (730 nm, 54.4%), white (450-620 nm, 41.1%), blue (470±10 nm, 34.4%), and ultraviolet (UV) (365 nm, 0.06%) LEDs. In comparison, red LED (97.8%) was approximately 3.4 times more attractive to T. castaneum adults than the BLB (28.9%). These results indicate that a red LED trap could be useful to control T. castaneum adults.

The habitat of the cockroach varies by species. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) lives in human dwellings, while the Japanese field roach (Blattella nipponica) lives in a mountainous region. Based on phylogenetic analysis of mtCO I, the two species are closely related to each other and B. germanica is divergent from wild species such as B. nipponica. Their habitats and walking speed differ even though the two species have similar morphology. We hypothesized that habitats might influence walking speed via changes to appendage morphology and enzyme-based physiological differences. We found that phenotype such as appendage length and esterase isozyme expression were clearly different between the two species. These differences might be responsible for the observed difference in walking speed.

As its use widens across many different industries such as airlines, retailing, banking, and hotels, the effective management of customer loyalty programs is becoming an important issue. Previous studies have shown that loyalty programs have a positive impact on customer retention, customer share, market share, and sales (Bolton et al., 2000; Mägi, 2003; Verhoef, 2003; Lacey et al., 2007). A loyalty program is defined as any institutionalized incentive system that attempts to enhance consumers’ consumption behavior over time beyond the direct effects of changes to the price or the core offering (De Wulf et al., 2001; Palmatier et al., 2006; Henderson et al., 2011). The fundamental goal of loyalty programs of firms is to have a long-term relationship with their customers and to increase their customer lifetime value (Reichheld, 1993; Sharp and Sharp, 1997). Most earlier studies that showed positive effects of loyalty programs have been mainly concerned about the changes in customer response resulting from being inducted into the VIP program (Bolton et al., 2000; Mägi, 2003; Verhoef, 2003; Lacey et al., 2007). On the other hand, most loyalty programs are hierarchical, which sets several customer classes and provides preferential benefits to customers based on their status. And customers who are placed at higher VIP level are required to spend larger amounts to maintain that status level. Under these types of loyalty programs, many recent studies have focused on how customers perceive and respond to their status and the accompanying preferential treatments (Mathies and Gudergan, 2012; Mayser and Wangenheim, 2013; Xia and Kukar-Kinney, 2014; Pez et al., 2015). Companies adjust each customer’s VIP status level on a regular(yearly) basis based on his or her actual spending level during the previous period. A customer can be demoted to a lower level if he or she fails to spend the required amount while a customer can be elevated to a higher level if the spending exceeded the required level. Although this is a common practice in the industry, only a few studies to date have looked at customer responses to changes in their status level (Wagner et al., 2009; Berlo et al., 2014; Eggert et al., 2015; Hwang and Kwon, 2015). While most of these studies have relied on measuring attitudes under experimental conditions, the motivation of this research is to examine customers’ actual behavioral response to a status adjustment using real-life data. We particularly focus on the effects of status demotion and how the response is moderated by situational or psychological factors. Specifically, the research questions are presented as follows: 1)If customers are demoted as a result of not fulfilling the firm’s required spending level, how does their purchase behavior change? 2) How does the shortfall amount (the difference between the spending required to maintain the status and the actual spending) impact the demotion effect? 3) What moderators strengthen or weaken the relationship? Using actual VIP customer data from one of the major department stores in Korea, this paper applies the event study methodology to investigate changes in customer purchase behavior resulting from a demotion. Shortfall amount, which can be defined as the degree to which a demoted customer does not meet the firm’s required spending level, is the key variable in analyzing the different purchase response of demoted customers. Propensity for conspicuous consumption and store familiarity of the customers are also proposed as moderators that interact with the shortfall amount. People who experience status demotion in organizations have been found to respond negatively toward the organization by reducing their loyalty, trust, or commitment and increasing switching intentions to other organizations (Pfeffer, 1981; Trice and Beyer, 1984; Wagner et al., 2009; Berlo et al., 2014; Hwang and Kwon, 2015). Status demotion of VIP customers is also expected to negatively influence their purchase behavior. Equity theory (Adams, 1963) provides the conceptual foundation for hypothesizing about the role of shortfall amount in moderating the negative effect of status demotion on customers’ purchase amount. According to equity theory, people in social exchange relationships perceive the fairness of transactions by comparing their inputs (costs) into the exchange to outputs (benefits) from the exchange. People also perceive the fairness by evaluating whether their input/output ratio is consistent with that of their referent groups. Adams (1963) argues that people are motivated to restore equity when they perceive unfairness in a social exchange relationship by increasing or decreasing inputs based on their input/output ratio relative to that of their referents. In our context, the equity theory implies that demoted customers whose shortfall amount is smaller are more likely to perceive the status change to be more unfair than those whose shortfall amount is larger. These customers may feel that the decrease in preferential treatment they receive due to demotion is unfairly large given the small difference in spending between themselves and those who were able to maintain their status level. They may also feel that their spending (i.e., contribution to the company) is much greater than other customers in the lower demoted status level. To the extent that these customers are likely to feel that the exchange relationship with the firm is unjust, they will respond negatively toward the firm (Campbell, 1999; Xia and Kukar-Kinney, 2014) and it is predicted that they will show a larger decrease in their post demotion spending compared to their counterparts whose shortfall amount is larger. That is, the smaller (greater) the demoted customers’ shortfall, the stronger (weaker) the negative relationship between customer demotion and purchase amount. In this research, consumers’ propensity for conspicuous consumption and store familiarity are presented as variables that moderate the effect of shortfall amount on post demotion spending. Desire for status motivates conspicuous consumption and often leads to purchases of luxurious or altruistic goods (Han et al., 2010). Rucker and Galinsky (2008) argued that consumers are more willing to spend for status-related goods when they feel that they have low power. Based on the literature, it is anticipated that the effect of shortfall will be diluted if a demoted customer has strong propensity for conspicuous consumption as he or she may increase purchases to overcome threats caused by status reduction. In other words, when customers are demoted, the effect of shortfall on purchase amount is weakened as propensity for conspicuous consumption becomes higher. Familiarity is defined as the number of product-related experiences that have been accumulated by a consumer (Alba and Hutchinson, 1987). As the familiarity with a product increases, consumers generally reduce cognitive effort in choosing the product and are more likely to select it habitually or in inertia (Rhee, 2003). Assael (1998) proposed that a process of consumers’ product choice is similar with that of consumers’ store selection. Thus, based on previous studies, it is predicted that the effect of shortfall on post demotion purchase amount is diluted if a demoted customer’s store familiarity is higher because he or she may be less likely to decrease purchases since they face a higher cost of switching to other stores. In other words, when customers are demoted, the effect of shortfall on purchase amount is weakened as store familiarity becomes higher. This research applies the event study method to study the impact of shortfall amount on post demotion change in purchase amount. Specifically, we capture the increase or decrease in post demotion purchase through notion of cumulative abnormal purchase amount. Cumulative abnormal purchase amount is obtained for each demoted customer by calculating the difference between the actual purchase amount after the status change with the expected purchase amount (i.e., baseline) if the customer had not experienced the status demotion. If the actual purchase amount is smaller than the baseline, then the cumulative abnormal purchase amount is negative, which indicates that the customer responded negatively to the demotion. The results revealed that the average cumulative abnormal purchase amount of demoted customers was negative. Also, the shortfall amount had a positive impact on the cumulative abnormal purchase amount, supporting the hypothesis that demoted customers whose shortfall was small were more likely to show a larger decrease in post demotion purchase(i.e., larger negative cumulative abnormal purchase amount). Both of the moderating variables--propensity for conspicuous consumption and store familiarity of demoted customers--weakened the effect of shortfall on the cumulative abnormal purchase amount. This paper contributes to the literature by extending the understanding of consumer behavior in the context of hierarchical loyalty programs and status reduction in a real-world setting. Specifically, this study uses the notion of perceived fairness adopted from equity theory to hypothesize about the moderating role of shortfall amount on the effect of status demotion. This paper also provides several managerial implications to help marketing managers manage their loyalty program more effectively. First, it is important for the managers to recognize possible negative aspects of hierarchical loyalty programs where certain customers are inevitably demoted to lower status levels. Second, since demoted customers who ‘just miss’ the cutoff by only a small amount may perceive injustice, managers may need to look for a method to reduce such customers’ negative response. Third, companies could also seek for ways to weaken the negative effect of customer demotion through the development of marketing plans based on customer characteristics such as propensity for conspicuous consumption and store familiarity.

Na+/K+-ATPase is a membrane protein and plays a key role in osmotic regulation in living organisms. In the present study, a cDNA sequence encoding the Na+/K+-ATPase alpha subunit from the monogonont rotifer, Brachionus koreanus was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. To investigate the role of this enzyme in osmotic stress, enzymatic activities of Na+/K+-ATPase were measured after exposure to different salinities for 48 h. The full-length Bk Na+/K+-ATPase cDNA was 3069 bp-long, encoding a 1022-amino acid polypeptide. Bk Na+/K+- ATPase possesses eight membrane spanning regions and five conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bk Na+/K+-ATPase had high identity with those of other species, and was closely clustered with other Brachionus sp. These findings indicate that this protein was conserved both structurally and functionally. B. koreanus Na+/K+-ATPase activity was stimulated in both hyposaline (6 psu) and hypersaline (32 psu) conditions, suggesting that this protein may play a role in osmoregulation. This study would provide better understanding of the physiology of B. koreanus and this enzyme may be useful as a molecular marker for evaluation of osmotic stress in aquatic environment.

Phosphine(PH3) is very effective fumigant and is widely used to control pests. Oxygen treatment was found to enhance phosphine toxicity and reduce fumigation time. We researched the insecticidal activities and synergistic effects of oxygen with phosphine(PH3) against on adult stage of 6 agricultural pests as Frankliniella occidentalis, F. intonsa, Pseudococcus comstocki, Planococcus citri, Myzus persicae and Tetranychus urticae. Adults F. occidentalis, F. intonsa, P. comstocki and P. citri was highly susceptible to PH3 at 2mg/L for 2h treatment. However, M. persicae and T. urticae were showed very low fumigation effects at 2mg/L for 2h treatment. These 2 pests were treated with PH3 to increase the times (16h and 20h). And we also researched the synergistic effects of PH3 under controlled atmospheres of 50% and 80% oxygen(O2). Increase of the time and atmospheric oxygen showed improving activities of the PH3 in the 2 agricultural pests. Therefore, PH3 is an effective fumigant against F. occidentalis, F. intonsa, P. comstocki and P. citri, and its synergistic effect with oxygen is effective to control M. persicae and T. urticae. PH3 with oxygen could be useful for managing the agricultural and quarantine pests.

Metam-sodium has been generally applied to control Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora and P. thunbergii infected by pine wilt disease in the forest field of Korea. We determined the atmospheric concentration of nematocidal and insecticidal gaseous methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) and more volatile and toxic gaseous methyl isocyanate (MIC) in the metam-sodium fumigated fields depending on the distance from metam-sodium treated site, time and season by OSHA No. 52 method. Determined atmospheric MIC was below acute exposure limit (50 ㎍/㎥) and chronic exposure limit (1.0 ㎍/㎥) of EPA regulation in all detection point. In summer, the maximum of MITC and MIC was observed to 105.2 ㎍/㎥ in the 1st day and 0.41 ㎍/㎥ in the 4th day after metam-sodium treatment, respectively. On the other hand, in winter, the maximum of MITC and MIC was observed to 4.6 ㎍/㎥ in the 4th day and 0.52 ㎍/㎥ in the 5th day after metam-sodium treatment, respectively. Atmospheric concentrations of MITC and MIC were higher the closer to the metam-sodium treated site, but decreased below LOQ with distance (~ 50 m). This result showed that the reaction rate of metam-sodium to MITC is more affected by temperature and the translation rate of MITC to MIC is generally very low, regardless of season.

A seasonal outlook for crop insect pests is most valuable when it provides accurate information for timely management decisions. In this study, we investigated the probable relationship between climatic phenomena and pest infestations in Korea using two statistical methods. Brown planthopper was selected because of its migration characteristics, which fits well with the concept of our statistical modelling – utilizing a long-term, multi-regional influence of selected climatic phenomena to predict a dominant biological event at certain time and place. The moving window regression (MWR) model showed high correlation between the national infestation trends of brown planthopper and some tempo-spatial climatic variables near its sequential migration path, while the climate index regression (CIR) model resulted in a relatively low correlation compared to the MWR model. Overall, the statistical models developed in this study showed a promising predictability for rice brown planthopper infestation in Korea, although the dynamical relationships between the infestation and selected climatic phenomena need to be further elucidated.

Tetranychus urticae is extremely hard to control by conventional acaricides due to its rapid development of resistance to nearly all arrays of acaricide. As an alternative control measure of acaricide-resistant mites, RNA interference (RNAi)-based method has recently been suggested. A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery method using multi-unit chambers was established and employed to screen the RNAi toxicity of 42 T. urticae genes. Among them, the dsRNA treatment of coatomer I (COPI) genes, such as coatomer subunit epsilon (COPE) and beta 2 (COPB2), resulted in high mortality [median lethal time (LT50) = 89.7 and 120.3 h, respectively]. The transcript level of the COPE gene was significantly (F3,9 = 16.2, P = 0.001) reduced up to 24% following dsRNA treatment, suggesting that the toxicity was likely mediated by the RNAi of the target gene. To identify the deferentially expressed gene upon dsRNA ingestion, RNA-seq was employed to compare the transcriptional profiles between mites fed dsEGFP and dsCOPB2. Approximately 928 of genes were up- or down-regulated significantly (P < 0.05) compared to control and 182 genes were commonly responded to the treatment of both dsRNAs. Those dsRNA-responsible genes were mainly categorized into metabolic enzymes, transporters and secretory proteins. Further study would be necessary to elucidate the roles of dsRNA-responsible genes in mite’s dsRNA uptake and defense.

Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (family Salmonidae), cold freshwater fish, is endemic to Asia. This species is currently distributed throughout Russia, Mongolia, China and the Korean Peninsula. B. lenok tsinlingensis in South Korea was severely affected by anthropogenic activities such as habitat destruction, agricultural run-off and water pollution, and hence this fish has recently been dramatically decreased in its population sizes and become now critically endangered. To recover the number of individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis, stocking or translocation programs have been conducted continuously by local governments since 1970s. However, these programs made little effort to clarify populations that may have originated from stocked, translocated or introduced fish. An understanding of genetic characteristics of endangered populations is critical to develop effective conservation and restoration plans especially because genetic diversity ensues their future fate. Therefore, we assessed the “conservation status” of this species by estimating the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among ten geographic populations including restored populations via reinforcement and supplementation. Also, we aimed to trace the genetic origins of the newly translocated population (Chiak) through a restoration practice program. Moreover, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships among Korean lenok populations as well as across the Northeast Asia. Two hundred eighteen individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis were sampled from ten localities (Yanggu, Injae, Seorak, Bangtae and Hongcheon: North Han River basin; Pyeongchang, Chiak and Jeongseon: South Han River basin; Taebaek and Bonghwa: Nakdong River basin in South Korea). Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and eight nuclear microsatellite loci, we found extremely low levels of within-population genetic diversity, which suggests small effective population sizes (Ne) within populations. For mtDNA control region, each population housed one, or at most, two haplotypes that are restricted to the respective localities, meaning that these ‘genetically unique’ lineages will be lost permanently if the local populations undergo extinction. The overall values of haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) for the entire Korean population were 0.703 ± 0.024 and 0.021 ± 0.010, respectively. In the case of microsatellites, average number of alleles across the eight loci for the entire population was 9.1 and allelic richness (AR) per population ranged from 2.375 to 4.144 (mean = 3.104). The values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were similar to each other [HO: 0.400 ~ 0.590 (mean = 0.518); HE: 0.407 ~ 0.608 (mean = 0.504)]. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from 0.048 to 0.279. Consequently, the majority of the populations (except Yanggu and Pyeongchang) were not significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), suggesting random mating at these loci tested. In addition, we found that Korean lenok populations were significantly genetically isolated from each other, with private mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellite alleles, indicating limited gene flow among populations, strong effects of genetic drift due to small Ne, or a combination of both. The Mantel test of microsatellites revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.414, P = 0.04) between genetic and geographic distances for pairwise comparisons among the ten populations, while that of mtDNA showed a lack of correlation. Given the shared identical mtDNA haplotype and similar microsatellite allelic distributions between Chiak and Hongcheon populations, we suggest that the restored (introduced) Chiak population would be inferred to be genetically originated from Hongcheon population. Phylogenetic relationships among Northeast Asian populations showed that South Korean lineages have more recently diverged from China (Yellow River), than between North Korea and Russia. Although the phylogenetic relationship would be expected to be associated with geography, South-North Korea and China populations with a similar latitude was more phylogenetically closely related. These findings may suggest a possible scenario for the historical movements of B. lenok tsinlingensis in Northeast Asia during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It would be supported by the line of evidence that most lenok populations migrated to southward from Northern Asia such as Russia and Mongolia during LGM because the Korean Peninsula was landlocked as inland epoch and functioned as a southern shelter with Yellow River. For this reason, the Korean Peninsula is suggested to be an important geographical region for better understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of B. lenok tsinlingensis across the Northeast Asia. Despite large efforts made to develop several restoration programs in South Korea for B. lenok tsinlingensis, it is still unknown whether these past restoration efforts were successful or fruitless, mainly because of little attention paid to post-restoration monitoring research. Hence, there was a lack of their published official records. In the future, conservation and restoration projects of the Korean lenok populations should consider the genetic data for a better understanding of their ecological and evolutionary trajectories. And finally, we hope that our findings here can help inform on the future effective conservation and restoration plans for B. lenok tsinlingensis populatio ns in South Korea.

이 글은 폴 멀둔이 아일랜드와 북아일랜드를 체험, 인식하고 표현하는 데 있어서 어떠한 방식으로 자신의 시세계를 구축하였는가를 추적한다. W. B. 예이츠 와 셰이머스 히니는 시인으로서 폴 멀둔이 극복해야할 대상이었다. 멀둔은 자신의 작품 세계를 형상화하는 데 알레고리라는 방식으로 대처하였고, 이렇게 함으로써 자신만의 독특한 시적 세계를 성취하였다.

This study investigated the antibacterial effects of Galla rhois extract (GRE) against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of GRE against C. jejuni and C. coli were 0.28 and 0.55 mg/mL, respectively, and the corresponding minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 4.4 and 5.5 mg/mL. C. jejuni treated with the MIC, MBC or 2×MBC of GRE showed significant inhibition of growth compared with that of the control group during the incubation period, and no viable bacteria were detected at 24 h after incubation. C. coli treated with MIC, MBC or 2×MBC of GRE also showed inhibition of growth compared with that of the control group during the incubation period, and in the C. coli cultures treated with MBC and 2×MBC of GRE, no viable bacteria were detected at 24 h after incubation. In conclusion, GRE is a candidate antibacterial agent against C. jejuni and C. coli, and may have applications for the control of Campylobacter infection in poultry.

본 연구에서는 계피 정유 3종의 구성성분을 분석하였고, 미국선녀벌레에 대한 살충활성을 검정하였다. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde을 포함한 9종의 계피 정유 구성성분과 21종의 유사 물질을 미국선녀벌레 약충에 대해 살충활성을 검정한 결과, hydro-cinnamic acid가 반수치사농도 1.55 mg/cm 2로 가장 좋은 살충활성을 보였으며, geranic acid도 1.59 mg/cm 2로 높은 살충 활성을 보였다. Cinnamaldehyde를 포함한 hydro-cinnamaldehyde, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamdyl alcohol, cinnamyl acetate, dibutyl phtalate, anethole, a-cyano cinnamic acid, (s)-perillyl alcohol, methyl cinnamaldehyde, bonyl acetate 12종이 중간정도의 활성(1.60 - 4.94 mg/cm 2 )을 보였으며, 다른 물질들은 살충활성이 낮거나 없었다. 미국선녀벌레 성충에 대해서는 eugenol 이 반수치사 농도 10.81 mg로 가장 높은 살충활성을 보였으며, geranic acid (30.68 mg)도 높은 살충력을 보였다. Cinnamaldehyde 등 9종이 반수 치사 농도 105.44~255.76 mg의 살충활성을 보였다. 다른 18종의 물질은 활성이 낮거나 없었다. 실제 포장인 인삼포장에 발생하는 미국선녀벌레에 대한 적용시험에서 cinnamon bark 정유와 cinnamon green leaf 정유가 각각 82.3%와 82.9%의 높 은 살충활성을 보였다. 농업환경에서 고독성 합성살충제의 사용을 줄일 수 있는 방안으로 본 논문에서 선발한 계피정유가 미국선녀벌레의 약충 및 성충 방제에 유용한 수단으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.