This study is exploratory research on a relationship between changes in cultivated area of major crops and farm income by regions. We investigated level of income, volatility of income, and migration of suitable region by climate changes as factors influencing changes in cultivated area. Research processes are as follows. First, we classify the regions where cultivated areas are expanded or reduced through the trends of cultivated area by region and crop during recent 10 years. Second, we compare the changes in income related factors between groups during the same periods. Finally, the results from portfolio analysis show changes in stable income-based optimal crops. From these procedures, we found that the changes in cultivated area are not simply explained by income-related factors. In cases of vegetables, however, we also found that high volatility of income could contribute to reduce cultivated area of the crops. The results from portfolio analysis are not always consistent in all of cases. This means that crop selection can be decided by other factors than stable income.

본 실험은 저온처리 기간과 일장이 자생 돌마타리의 휴면타파와 생장 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시되었다. 노지에서 재배중인 돌마타리의 생물계절현상 반응(phenology) 을 3월부터 10월까지 조사하였다. 또한 저온처리 기간이 돌마타리 휴면타파 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 4°C 저온에 0, 3, 6, 9, 12주간 처리한 후 장일환경(16h), 25°C 온도조건에서 재배하면서 생육특성을 관찰하였다. 일장이 돌마타리의 생육 및 개화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 자연저온 처리된 돌마타리를 단일(9h), 중일(12h), 장일조건(16h)에서 재배하여 생육 특성을 관찰하였다. 야외에서 재배중인 돌마타리는 늦여름인 8월부터 9월까지 개화하는 특성을 보였다. 저온처리 기간에 따른 실험결과 9, 12주 저온처리를 받은 식물이 3, 6주간 저온처리 한 식물에 비해 개화소요일수가 유의하게 단축되었다. 돌마타리는 4°C 온도에서 9주 이상 처리시 33%의 개화율을 보이는 것으로 조사되었다. 일장에 따른 실험결과, 장일환경에서 재배된 돌마타리의 초장은 50.1cm였으나 단일 및 중일환경에서 재배된 식물의 초장은 각각 16.7, 16.1cm로 조사되었다. 돌마타리는 장일환경에서 16주간 재배 시 100% 개화하였으나 단일 및 중일 환경에서 재배 시 전혀 개화하지 않았다. 결론적으로 돌마타리 는 휴면타파 및 개화를 위해 저온을 필수적으로 요구하며 장일 환경조건에서만 개화하는 질적장일식물임을 확인하였다.

최근 안전한 먹거리에 대한 관심 제고와 고품질 대추 생산에 대한 관심 급증으로 친환경적인 해충방제법의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 친환경적 해충방제를 위하여 비가림하우스 별 방충망을 설치하여 해충방제 효과와 과실 생육을 조사하였다. 시험에 사용된 방충방 규격은 각각 25, 18, 6mesh로 대추나무잎혹파리, 장님노린재, 복숭아심식나 방의 차단효과를 보았다. 대추나무잎혹파리의 경우 피해엽율이 1.2%, 10.8%, 14.3%, 무처리구는 15%였으며 장님노린 재의 경우 피해눈율이 6.9%, 5.8%, 20.41%, 28.2%였고, 심식나방은 피해과율이 0.0%, 1.0%, 0.0%, 32.0%로 나타났다. 방충망처리에 따른 대추생육은 처리구와 무처리구에서 차이가 거의 없었다. 대추재배농가의 방충망 도입이 해충 방제에 효과가 큰 것으로 판단되며 문제가 되고 있는 세가지 해충을 모두 방제하기 위해서는 25mesh로 처리하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

고추 비가림하우스에서 에어포그 시스템을 이용한 무인방제 효과를 평가하기 위해 본 시험을 수행하였다. 에어포그 시스템과 동력분무기를 이용한 관행방제의 약제살포 시간은 동일한 약량으로 살포하였을 때 처리 간에 차이가 없었으나, 에어포그 시스템으로 1/2약량을 살포하였을 때는 관행방제 보다 살포시간이 약 50% 줄었다. 약제부착 능력을 감수지로 조사하였을 때, 고추 생육초기와 중기에는 모든 처리에서 약제 부착이 우수 하였지만, 생육후기에는 관행방제의 약제 부착이 에어포그 시스템보다 균일하지 않았다. 처리별 총채벌레 살충률은 관행살포 90.0%, 에어포그 시스템 90.8%, 에어포그 시스템 1/2약량이 83.5% 로 유사한 방제효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로 에어포그 시스템은 고추 비가림하우스 내에서 노동시간과 약제 살포량을 줄이면서 총채벌레를 효과적으로 방제할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

우리나라에서 흰등멸구는 매년 해외로부터 비래, 정착한 후 2~3세대를 경과하며 벼의 생육 및 품질 저하에 영향을 미치는 벼의 중요 해충 중 하나이며, 비래해충의 경우 비래 후 세대에 따른 변화 양상을 정확하게 예측하는 것은 방제시기와 방제수단을 결정하는데 중요하다. 공시충은 2018년 사육실에서(25±2 ℃, 60±5% RH, L:D=16:8) 누대사육하여 사용하였다. 흰등멸구가 국내에 비래 후 3세대까지 세대증식하면서 피해를 주는 것으로 가정하여 1세대와 3세대 간의 발육과 산란 등을 조사하였으며 얻어진 결과를 토대로 생명표를 작성하였다. 약충기간은 1세대와 3세대에서 각각 14.5일, 13.6일, 암컷 성충기간은 각각 17.2일, 11.8일로 나타났으며, 우화율은 98.3%, 85.0%로 조사되었 다. 산란기간은 각각 6.8일, 6.0일이었으며 산란수는 47.5마리, 122.6마리로 세대가 늘어나면서 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 생명표 분석 결과, 순증가율, 내적자연증가율이 각각 5배, 1.7배 증가한 것으로 나타났다.

경북 영양지역 고추 비가림하우스 재배지에서 2016년부터 2018년까지 주요 해충의 발생양상을 조사하였다. 발생조사는 영양읍, 청기면, 일월면을 중심으로 임의 10개 포장을 선정하여 4월부터 10월까지 실시하였다. 총채벌레류는 5월 중순, 6월 중순, 7월 상순∼중순, 9월 중순∼9월 하순에 걸쳐 총 4회의 발생최성기를 보였고 꽃노랑총채벌레가 84.8%로 우점하였다. 총채벌레 피해과율은 조사연도에 따라 0.8~7.3%로 조사되었다. 담배나방 유충에 의한 과실피해 는 7월 상순, 8월 중순, 9월 중순~9월 하순에 많이 발생하였다. 진딧물류는 5월 중순～5월 하순, 7월 중순∼8월 하순에 걸쳐 연 2회의 발생최성기를 보였다. 가루이류는 8월 중순～8월 하순, 9월 하순～10월 상순에 걸쳐 연 2회의 발생최성기를 나타냈으며, 담배가루이가 98.1%, 온실가루이가 1.9%로 담배가루이가 우점종인 것으로 확인되었다.

Nilaparvata lugens, brown planthoppers, is one of important pests on rice. Korean N. lugens is migrated from China and causing severe damages on rice in early September in Korea. For identifying biotypes of these N. lugens based on complete mitochondrial genomes, we completed mitochondrial genome of N. lugens captured in Hadong-gun, Gyoungsang-nam province in Korea. The circular mitogenome of N. lugens is 17,610 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a single large non-coding region of 2,424 bp. The base composition was AT-biased (89.5%). 112 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 59 insertions and deletions are identified by comparing with Chinese N. lugens. Based on phylogenetic trees together with those of N. lugens captured in China, no clear phylogenetic relationship along with five biotypes, requiring more researches to achieve biotype identification including detailed analysis of sequence variations on mitochondrial genomes and whole genome analysis of N. lugens in near future.

The leafhopper family Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) is plant feeders, with mouthparts adapted for sucking. Almost of the them cause injuries of destruction to plants, including fruit trees and grain crops, and can be vectors of plant diseases. Therefor, Cicadellidae is one of the most important pests in the world. However, their identifications are very difficult because of small size and morphological similarities, and their exact biological information such as host plants, life cycle and distribution are not clear for most species. So, we provide and integrated biological database that present accurate diagnostic methods and ecological infromation.

본 연구를 통해 Dactylioglypha tonica (Meyrick, 1909) 종을 기반으로 Dactylioglypha속을 국내 최초로 보고한다. Dactylioglypha속은 잎말이나방과의 애기잎말이나방아과에 속해 있는 그룹으로 현재까지 전 세계적으로 5종이 동구북 구, 동양구 및 호주구 등지에서 보고되어 있다. 이번 연구를 통하여 우리나라에서는 제주에서 서식하는 것이 확인되었 다. 본 연구에서는 Dactylioglypha속에 대해 개괄적으로 소개하고 D. tonica (Meyrick, 1909)의 외부형태적 특징, 기주식물 및 분포적 특성 등을 정리하여 제시하였다.

This study was conducted aiming to figure out two things. First, knowledge of the change in spatial distribution of Tetranychus urticae depending on how to control it (using pesticide or natural enemy). Second, spatial association of T. urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis in biocontrol plot (B.P). The data was analyzed by spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) using global aggregation index, Ia . Ia values were 0.77-1.37 in conventional plot (C.P) and 0.88-1.68 in B.P, respectively. However, the fluctuation level of Ia in B.P was higher than C.P. Therefore, the results indicated that there was a clear spatial pattern change in B.P, i.e. prey’s spatial distribution is affected by natural enemy. And spatial association analysis showed that T. urticae and P. persimilis have positively associated. It means that T. urticae is relatively low mobile prey, and P. persimilis is relatively high mobile predator.

This study aimed to analyze a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation using a pentafluorophenyl column of parent drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its active metabolite, desethylhydroxchloroquine (DHCQ) applying to determine bioequivalence of two different formulations administered to patients. A rapid, simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for bioanalysis of HCQ and its metabolite DHCQ in human whole blood using deuterium derivative hydroxychloroquine-D4 as an internal standard (IS). A triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated using electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Sample preparation involves a two-step precipitation of protein techniques. The removed protein blood samples were chromatographed on a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm) with a mobile phase (ammonium formate solution containing dilute formic acid) in an isocratic mode at a flow rate of 0.45 mL/min. The standard curves were found to be linear in the range of 2 – 500 ng/mL for HCQ; 2 – 2,000 ng/mL for DHCQ in spite of lacking a highly sensitive MS spectrometry system. Results of intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were within acceptable limits. A run time of 2.2 min for HCQ and 2.03 min for DHCQ in blood sample facilitated the analysis of more than 300 human whole blood samples per day. Taken together, we concluded that the assay developed herein represents a highly qualified technology for the quantification of HCQ in human whole blood for a parallel design bioequivalence study in a healthy male.

Angiotensin receptor blockers, such as telmisartan, are considered effective in the treatment of hypertension and proteinuria due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. It selectively blocks the AT1 receptor and does not affect the AT2 receptor, thus effectively blocking the activity of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. This study aims to compare over time the changes in various indicators, including systemic hypertension and proteinuria, before and after the administration of telmisartan in cats with CKD. Decrease in blood pressure (BP) (p<0.001) and urine protein to creatinine (UP/C) ratio (p<0.001) were found to be statistically significant over time after the administration of telmisartan. BP and the UP/C ratio were 160 ± 22.2 and 0.50 ± 0.647 before telmisartan administration (Day 0), 150 ± 21.0 and 0.27 ± 0.487 on the 30th day (Day 30), 150 ± 17.0 and 0.25 ± 0.376 on the 60th day (Day 60), and 140 ± 17.8 and 0.15 ± 0.233 on the 90th day (Day 90) after administration, respectively. BP and UP/C were statistically significantly lower in cats with CKD over time at each time point from Day 0 to Day 90 at 30 day intervals. Especially after 90 days of telmisartan administration, the improvement of BP and UP/C were estimated to be about 20 mmHg and 0.35, respectively. In conclusion, the oral administration of telmisartan to cats with CKD is effective in improving BP and proteinuria, which has a positive effect on long-term survival in cats with CKD.

Echocardiography is one of the most useful diagnostic techniques for differentiating heart disease as well as mitral valve lesion. Forty client-owned small breed dogs (weight, 2.3−13.2 kg) aged between 8−17 years with myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD) were included in the present study. The diagnosis of MMVD in dogs was made based on the clinical signs, chest radiography data, and echocardiographic findings. Echocardiographic examinations were conducted in accordance with recommended standards for dogs. M-mode, Doppler, and 2D echocardiography were performed in left and right lateral recumbency. 2D echocardiography was used to measure LA and Ao diameter from 2D short axis at the level of the aortic valve. In the comparison of conventional echocardiography indices in dogs with different stages of heart failure with MMVD, significant differences were observed in E/A ratio (p=0.005), EDV (p<0.001), EDVI (p<0.001), E-peak velocity (p= 0.001), ESV (p=0.028), ESVI (p=0.004), LA (p<0.001), LA/Ao Ratio (p<0.001), LVIDd (p<0.001), LVIDd/Ao Ratio (p<0.001), LVIDs (p=0.036), LVIDs/Ao Ratio (p=0.002), and MR Velocity (p=0.026). In addition, distinct correlations were found in EDV (r=0.712), LA/Ao ration (r=0.830), LVIDd (r=0.724), and LVIDd/Ao ratio (r=0.759). This study found that known conventional echocardiographic indices, including EDV, LA/Ao ratio, LVIDd dimension, and LVIDd/Ao ratio correlated with the severity of MMVD in point of significant differences and distinct correlations.

The purpose of this study is to establish how community garden spaces should be used to restore communities engaged in village-rehabilitation projects. To achieve this purpose, we have analyzed the perceptions of local residents conducting a town-development project. The community reviewed the benefits of having a garden to improve the residents’ quality of life and comfort. Given the role of gardens in revitalizing communities, it is necessary to build spaces where residents can relax and enjoy community life. Those who participated in this study hoped that their community garden would provide shade and relaxation, a children’s play area, green spaces, and places for conversation. The space and facilities provided by community gardens vary, in accordance with the expectations and needs of each community. It is therefore inappropriate to apply uniform garden designs to all community gardens. Between 20% and 25% of a community garden should be allocated to each of the following: community space, ornamental space, and space for relaxation. As plants that provide shade and help to maintain the ecosystem are strongly preferred in community gardens, all plants should be chosen for their environmental benefits and functionality, rather than aesthetics. Residents may be willing to participate in a range of activities, including community events, the cultivation of plants, and garden management. Towns must therefore set up programs to support these activities. It is essential to continue studying and investigating the formation of community spaces and facilities, reflecting the characteristics of each community.