This study explores ways to enhance pre-service English teachers’ curriculum development competency through collaboration with in-service teachers. To this end, a course was designed to incorporate three key competencies of curriculum development (curriculum literacy, curriculum development competency, and curriculum evaluation competency) while adopting task-based language teaching and collaboration with inservice teachers as teaching methods. The designed course was implemented in a university for validation and revision. Ten pre-service English teachers participated in the course, where they developed English curricula in response to requests from three in-service middle school English teachers. A questionnaire survey conducted at the end of the semester with both pre-service and in-service teachers revealed that the proposed course model adequately worked to improve the three key competencies of English curriculum development among pre-service teachers. Further, collaboration with inservice teachers was found to enhance pre-service teachers’ responsibility and active engagement in curriculum development, while also providing practical assistance and creative teaching ideas to in-service teachers.

This study investigated whether task complexity may affect L2 speaking performance as predicted by the Cognition Hypothesis (Robinson, 2011), and whether the effect of task complexity may interact with individual differences in working memory capacity. A total of twenty Korean advanced-level EFL learners performed two separate picture description tasks, which were different in task complexity along [+/- here and now] dimension. Their working memory was measured by an L1 version of a reading span task. The results showed that there was no significant difference between Here-and-Now task (i.e., a simple task) and There-and-Then task (i.e., a complex task) in terms of complexity, accuracy, and fluency of English speaking performance, rejecting the prediction of the Cognition Hypothesis. Yet, it found that working memory correlated with accuracy in L2 performance on the complex task, but not on the simple task. This indicates that the effect of individual learners’ working memory capacity is observable only when a task demands a high control of attentional resources. Conversely, when a task is simple, individual differences in working memory capacity do not result in significant differences in L2 speaking performance.

Towards the 21st century, the whole world is regarded as one market. Globalization is spreading all over the world as many cosmetics companies pioneering new market abroad, overcoming relatively limited domestic markets. Korean cosmetics companies are not the exception and they are aiming Chinese consumer market, the largest one in Asia, which is growing steadily since government’s open door policy. So, the necessity to compare and figure out the difference between Korean and Chinese consumer’s cosmetics buying behavior is very high for those companies that have their eyes on the Chinese Market. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare buying behavior between Korean and Chinese female consumers related to Korean cosmetics brand level. Cosmetics buying behavior is examined in 4 areas; purchasing motives, information sources, purchasing criteria, and the level of satisfaction. Subjects were selected through a convenient sample technique and a questionnaire was developed in Korean and Chinese by translation and back translation method. Data were collected from the sample of 187 out of 233 in Beijing for Chinese female consumers, and 188 out of 200 in Pusan for Korean female consumers. Respondents’ age varied from 20’s to 50’s. Korean cosmetics brands were divided into high /low levels; low brand level included Micha, The face shop, and Laneige while high brand level included Sulhwasu, O’hui, and The history of who. Among many types of cosmetics, this study focused on the basic types of cosmetics product such as lotion, moisture cream, nutrition cream, mask pack with the exception of color based cosmetics products. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and cluster analysis using SPSS 20.0. Respondents were divided into 4 groups: Korean high brand purchasing consumers, Korean Low brand purchasing consumers, Chinese high brand purchasing consumers, and Chinese low brand purchasing consumers. 1. For purchase motives, Chinese consumers affected by Korean celebrities and had more motives to experience Korean cosmetics. To relax and to relieve from stress was the main reasons to buy Korean cosmetics for Chinese high brand consumers. Price was the main reason to buy Korean cosmetics for both low brand purchasing groups. 2. For information sources, Chinese consumers had tendency to collect information from personal relations such as friends and family. Korean and Chinese low brand consumers used internet advertising. Chinese high brand consumers collected information from department salesman. Korean high brand consumers showed lowest use of any kinds of information sources. 3. Korean high brand group put on importance on color and scent as cosmetics purchase criteria. Chinese high brand consumers showed importance on brand image, ingredients, containers/packing, skin fit, and feeling. Korean and Chinese low brand groups have importance on brand image, ingredients, and skin fit. 4. Concerned satisfaction level, Korean high brand group showed lowest satisfaction level. Chinese consumers had satisfied with container design and feelings.

This study investigated whether role assignment and proficiency difference in pair work affect low level learners’ production and task performance in English. A total of 16 Korean EFL high school students, in dyads of same or different proficiency levels, performed two information gap tasks, one in free interaction and one with role assignment. Their pair interaction was analyzed according to task completion,words, C-units, and interactional modifications. The results showed overall that assigning a dominant role to learners resulted in an increase in their production of words and C-units as well as task completion. The increase was particularly strong among learners who showed passive participation in free interaction. While the influence of role assignment did not differ greatly in homogeneous and heterogeneous pairings, low homogeneous pairs exhibited difficulty in performing tasks. These results suggest that it is possible to facilitate low level learners’ pair interaction by assigning leading roles and pairing them with higher level learners.

Thi s study investigated, using think-aloud protocol, what L2 learners focus on, notice and uptake in a series of English writing task and how this cognitive process is affected by their English proficiency. Nine Korean middle school students were engaged in a three-stage writing task, which consisted of the compos ing stage, the stage of comparing their own text with a reformulated version, and the revising stage. During the first two stages, the students were asked to think out loud in Korean. The results show that in the composing stage the high level students tended to focus on grammatical forms while the low level groups more concentrated on lexical items. When reformulations were provided, the students well noticed the diffe rences between their original texts and the reformulated ones but a majority of their noticing remained simple noticing without a proper reason or ended up with wrong inferences. Thi s overall shallow and incorrect process at the comparing stage resulted in re latively little changes in the revising stage. These fi ndings suggest that not only the quantity but also the quality of noticing is important for acquisition and more guidance and he lp should be provided for low level learners to benefit from writing and feedback.

마늘을 각종 기능성 식품 재료로 이용하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 산지별 마늘의 화학성분 및 항균활성을 조사하였다. 색도 중 L값은 53.41∼57.15, a값은 -3.49∼-4.38 및 b값은 11.47∼17.55였으며, 일반성분 중 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 가용성 무질소물, 조섬유 및 회분 함량은 각각 65.24∼71.96, 6.24∼9.35, 0.21∼0.49, 19.01∼22.72, 0.58∼0.95 및 1.01∼2.01%로 나타났다. 산지별 마늘의 주요 무기성분으로는 Na, Mg, K, Ca 및 P였으며, 그 함량은 각각 27.22∼112.03, 18.17∼32.56, 242.16∼569.28, 28.60∼63.93 및 117.72∼265.21 mg%였고, 유리당은 sucrose, glucose 및 fructose였다. 마늘은 17종의 아미노산이 분석되었으며, 그 중 proline, arginine, glutamic acid 및 aspartic acid가 주요 아미노산으로 나타났고, 총 아미노산 함량은 2,709.33∼4,561.04 mg%이었다. 비타민 C 함량은 2.966∼8.673 mg%이었다. 산지별 마늘의 주요 지방산으로는 linoleic acid, oleic acid 및 palmitic acid였으며, 불포화지방산이 72.18∼74.35%였고, 포화지방산은 25.65∼27.82%였다. 산지별 마늘 물 추출물을 이용하여 항균활성을 측정한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 그램 음성 및 양성 모든 세균에서 높은 항균활성을 보였다.

우리는 마이카, boron nitride, bismuthoxychloride와 같은 판상 분체에 ZnO 나노입자를 코팅한 고 기능성 무기 분체를 합성하였다. 본 실험에서 우리는 수열침전법을 이용하여 합성 분체를 합성하였다. 출발물질은 ZnCl2를 사용하였고 침전제로는 hexamethylenetetramine(HMT)와 urea를 사용하였다. 본 실험의 반응변수로는 출발물질의 농도, 침전제 및 반응온도를 변화시켜 실험하였다. 합성물의 형태, 결정성 및 UV-차단능은FE-SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA, in vitro SPF 테스트를 활용해 분석하였다. 본 실험의 결과, 나토입자 크기를 갖는 ZnO는 동일한 최적의 합성조건하에서 다양한 판상 분체의 종류에 관계없이 균일하게 코팅되었다.

The spherical particles of CeO2/SiO2 composite powder with narrow-size distribution and pure phase particles were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method from aqueous cerium sulfate solution. The resulting composite powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmittance electron microscopy, in-vitro sun protect factor, and BET surface area analysis. The concentration of cerium sulfate was tested to vary the particle size from 3.40×10-3 to 1.02×10-2mol/cm3 to study concentration effect of starting material. The average particle size from the 3.40×10-3mol/cm3 concentration was found to be slightly smaller than that from the 1.02×10-2mol/cm3 concentration, because of the relation between the droplet size and the concentration of the starting material solution