In this study, the leak signal was measured by using an accelerometer to analyze the basic data and methodology for the development of the leak point estimation method in the water supply pipe. The measured results were analyzed by frequency analysis and cross-correlation analysis for leakage signals, and the error range was compared and analyzed with the actual leak point distance. As a result, it was confirmed that the vibration intensity due to leakage from the water leakage point was attenuated according to the distance. In the case of the ductile iron casting used in the experiment, the intensity of the signal at the 945 Hz, 1,500 Hz, 2,300 Hz band was increased with the change of the pressure in the pipe at 4mm of leakage hole. Also, it was confirmed that as the water pressure increases, the intensity of the leak signal increases but the similarity of the signal decreases. The results of this study confirm that the accelerometer sensor can be used efficiently for leak detection and it can be used as a basic data for the analysis for the development of leak point estimation method in the future.

Most of aged water supply pipes have been replaced by the open cut method. However, this method has some limitations because water pipes, in many cases, are buried together with other underground facilities or are buried in the middle of high-traffic roads or in narrow alleyways where boring machines cannot be used. This research developed a pipe bursting device for small diameter pipes that enables pipe replacement without excavating the ground, by the busting of existing buried pipes followed by the traction and insertion of new pipes. As a results of examining the field applicability of the developed device, PE pipes and PVC pipes required the tractive force of 413.65～665.69 kgf and 457.43～791.35 kgf respectively, plus an additional 30 % tractive force per elbow. The proper number of bursting head was demonstrated that the connection of more than 2 heads could secure a stable bending radius of 15D. The developed device can be improved through field experiments involving various pipe types and pipe diameters, as well as presence/absence of elbow, so as to be utilized regardless of diverse variables according to the conditions of the soils surrounding existing pipes.

A variety of methods for detecting the location of an underground water pipeline are being used across the world; the current main methods used in South Korea, however, have the problems of low precision and efficiency and the limitations in actual application. On this, this study developed locator capable of detecting the location of a water pipe by the use of an IMU sensor, and technology for using the extended karman filter to correct error in location detection and to plot the location on the coordinate system. This study carried out a tract test and a road test as basic experiments to measure the performance of the developed technology and equipment. As a result of the straight line, circular and ellipse track tests, the 1750 IMU sensor showed the average error of 0.08-0.11%; and thus it was found that the developed locator can detect a location precisely. As a result of the 859.6-m road test, it was found that the error was 0.31 m in case the moving rate of the sensor was 0.3-0.6 m/s; and thus it was judged that the equipment developed by this study can be applied to long-distance water pipes of over 1 km sufficiently. It is planned to evaluate its field applicability in the future through an actual pipe network pilot test, and it is expected that locator capable of detecting the location of a water pipe more precisely will be developed through research for the enhancement of accuracy in the algorithm of location detection.

국가장기생태 연구사업의 일환으로 낙엽활엽수인 신갈나무와 상록침엽수인 소나무 낙엽의 분해율 및 분해과정에 따른 영양염류 함량 변화를 파악하였다. 이를 위해 2005년 12월 월악산의 신갈나무림과 소나무림에 낙엽주머니를 설치하고 2006년 3월부터 2011년 9월까지 69개월간 3개월 간격으로 낙엽주머니를 수거하여 분해율, 분해상수(k), 그리고 분해과정에 따른 C/N비, C/P비의 변화와 영양염류의 동태를 조사하였다. 분해 69개월경과 후 신갈나무와 소나무 낙엽의 잔존률은 각각 35.4±2.3%와 16.1±1.3%로 소나무 낙엽의 분해가 신갈나무 낙엽의 분해보다 빠르게 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 분해 69개월경과 후 신갈나무 낙엽과 소나무 낙엽의 분해상수(k)는 각각 5.97과 10.50으로 소나무 낙엽의 분해상수가 높게 나타났다. 신갈나무 낙엽의 분해과정에 따른 C/N, C/P 비율은 초기에 각각 43.1, 543.9이었으나 69개월경과 후에는 각각 8.7과 141.2로 점차 감소하였으며, 소나무 낙엽의 경우 초기 C/N, C/P 비율은 각각 151.2와 391.4로 나타났고, 분해 69개월경과 후에는 각각 22.9와 136.5로 나타났다. 낙엽의 초기 N, P, K, Ca, Mg의 함량은 신갈나무 낙엽에서 각각 9.30, 0.23, 2.36, 3.14, 1.11mg/g, 소나무 낙엽에서 각각 3.02, 0.09, 1.00, 3.84, 0.62mg/g으로 신갈나무 낙엽에서 질소와 인의 함량이 현저히 높았다. 분해 69개월경과 후 N, P, K, Ca, Mg의 잔존률은 신갈나무 낙엽에서 각각 73.8, 60.9, 17.2, 20.3, 35.1%, 소나무 낙엽에서 각각 69.5, 75.3, 12.3, 10.9, 10.8%로 나타났다.

본 연구는 개정된 초등학교 생존수영교육 표준프로그램의 변화를 이해하고, 전체 학년 확대에 따른 개선 및 지원 요구를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 생존수영교육 표준프로그램 문서, 초등학교 교사 대상 설문, 수영교육 관계자 면담 조사를 통해 자료를 수집하고 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개정된 초등학교 생존수영교육 표준프로그램은 목표 및 내용 영역은 기존과 유사하지만, 간접체험 위주였던 1～2학년 표준프로그램을 직접 체험을 강조한 물 적응 활동과 물놀이 교육 중심으로 신설하고, 5～6학년에서 실제 상황에서의 생존수영능력을 강화하였다. 둘째, 생존수영교육 개선을 위해 수영교육 프로그램의 현장 적용을 강화하고, 입수 중심의 수영교육은 재고되어야 하며, 체육과 교육과정과의 연계를 강화해야 한다. 셋째, 초등 수영교육 담당교사와 수영강사와의 협업을 강화하고, 초등교사의 역할을 확대해야 한다. 넷째, 1～2학년 수준에 적합한 수영교육장을 확대하고, 수영교육을 위해 행․재정적 지원을 강화해야 한다.

Heinrich Bullinger and John Calvin agreed on a common doctrine of the Eucharist in 1549. They signed a mutual agreement in Zurich, includes 26 items:≪Consensus Tigurinus≫, which was published in Zurich and Geneva in 1551. The agreement between the Zurich and the Geneva branch of the Reformation is historically significant. On the one hand, the≪Consensus Tigurinus≫brought the unity of the Zwinglian Reformation and that of the Calvinist in Switzerland. This means to be a single Reformed Church. But on the other hand, the document was attacked by the Gnesio Lutheran Joachim Westphal, and it brought about the innocent occasion of the second sacramental controversy.