The extracts from Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze, their chloroform and hexane fractions, and estragole identified from hexane fraction were tested to investigate the effects on the growth and metabolic activities of several true fungi. The fungi used were: Aspergillus oryzae KFCC 890, Aspergillus niger KCCM 11240, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IAM 459?, Saccharomyces ellipsoideus PNU 2215. The growth of S. cerevisiae by treatment of water extract (1%), hexane fraction (0.05%), and estragole (0.05%) were inhibited 93%, 50%, and 33% respectively, and S. ellipsoideus was also inhibited markedly with delaying the lag phase maximum 12 hrs. The growth of A. oryzae was inhibited by treatment of extracts and fractions. The ethanol production by S. cerevisiae was increased more than two times in the highest value around 42 hrs incubation by water extract, but chloroform fraction inhibited its production. The glucoamylase activities by A. niger were strongly inhibited by hexane and chloroform fractions (0.05%). The invertase activity by S. cerevisiae using estragole (0.05%) reached to 57.5% of control group. S. cerevisiae treated with the estragole was damaged the cell wall and cell membrane, leaked the protoplasm, and observed broken pieces of cell.

Water extract, and methanol extract, its chloroform and hexane fractions, and estragole from Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze were tested to find the inhibiting effect on the growth of several microorganisms. The organisms used were: Escherichia coli ATCC 1129, Staphylococcus aureus 1AM 1011, Vibrio parahaemolyticus WP, Bacillus aubtilis ATCC 6633, Aspergillus oryzae KFCC 890, Aspergidlus niger KCCM 11240. Water and methanol extracts at the concentration of 0.5%, and chloroform and hexane fractions at the concentration of 0.05% inhibited the growth of microorganisms from 1/5 to 2/3 of the control group. Eatregole identified from the hexane fraction as a major component, its authentic compound completely inhibited the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus completely at the concentration of 0.03%, and the other bacteria were at 0.05% .

A species of facultative photo-organotrophic, purple, non-sulfur bacterium was isolated from the 47 point at west and south coast of Korea in September 2001. Separated 13 samples of changes with red color under 28～32 ℃, 3000 lux, anaerobe conditions for 7 days cultivated in basal medium. For pure isolation from 13 samples, we used agar-shake tube method (0.4 % agar) and separated 5 strains through 13-repetition test. EGH-24 and EGH-30 was identified as the same strain through the RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA)-PCR of strain EGH-9, EGH-13, EGH-23, EGH-24, EGH-30. Four isolates cultivated in synthesis wastewater for wastewater biodegradation test. EGH-24 was selected with efficient wastwater treating strain. Based on the results obtained from morphology, nutrient requirements, major bacteriochlorophyll content, 16S-rDNA phylogenetic analysis, EGH-24 strain may be identified as a new strain of the genus Rhodobacter and named Rhodobacter sp. EGH-24.

This study was carried out to check changes of components in the slaughter waste by the bacteria isolated from slaughter wastes from Gyungnam Province from May to June 2000, and to find useful organism for treatment of the waste. Bacteria used in this study were Aeromonas hydrophila, as the dominant of the waste. Optimum conditions for bacterial culture were obtained as the temperature of 35℃, pH 6.5, and shaking of 120 rpm in nutrient broth. The mean values of dissolved oxygen was 4.14 ㎎/l; biochemical oxygen demand, 1731.21 ㎎/l; ratio of BOD/COD, 0.53-0.64; ratio of T-P/T-N, 1.0-1.41; and viable counts of the waste, 5.47×107 CFU. Little change in total nitrogen observed by 36 hr of the culture. The largest amount of increasing NH4+-N was observed in the sample that 10% of the waste added in nutrient broth with A. hydrophila showing the value of 29.19 ㎎/l at the beginning to 570.36 ㎎/l by 36 hr of culture. However, the highest increasing ratio between initial amount and finals at 36 hr of culture showed as 41.6 times when 3% of the waste added. NO3--N was decreased showing the value of 71.27 ㎎/l to 32.14 ㎎/l by 24 hr of culture with the organism when 10% of the waste added in nutrient broth. Total phosphorus was decreased showing the value from 188.74 ㎎/l to 101.41 ㎎/l after 12 hr of culture with the organism when 5% of the waste added in nutrient broth, while T-P was decreased gradually by 24 hr of culture from 193.8 to 101.4 ㎎/l when 10% of the waste added.

To investigate the interaction of bacteria and Microcystis isolated from a hypertrophic reservoir(Seo-Nakdong River), the response of five bacteria in relation to the different treatment of Microcystis and microcystin production by addition of dominant bacteria Staphylococcus sciuri were examined. Five bacteria (S. sciuri, S. capitis, S. epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas almonicida) were identified from the reservoir. In the experiment of bacterial response, two types of bacterial growth pattern were observed. All bacteria showed active growth in heated Microcystis-added media. Especially, three species of bacteria (S. sciuri, S. capitis and P. aeruginosa) among them showed active growth in live Microcystis-added media. In Microcystis response, increase of microcystin production showed when dominant bacteria, S. sciuri was added.

This study was performed to research the characteristics of suspended particulate for Yellow Sand of January, 1999 in Busan. Yellow Sand frequency during 13 years(1988~2000) in Busan showed maximum in April(57%), next to March(21%), May(16%). According to result of 850hPa weather map and backward isentropic trajectory, this event originated from the Gobi Desert and the Loess Plateau of China. And three mode was found in time series of TSP and PM10 concentration, primary peak showed the maximum hourly concentration at all station. Gamjeondong as industrial site showed the highest TSP concentration and also had the longest high concentration(≥700㎍/m3). In PM10, concentration of primary peak showed maximum value at Yeonsandong, maximum concentration of secondary and third peak was Deokcheondong. Lasted time from primary peak to secondary peak was about 30 hours, between secondary peak and third peak was 18 hours in Busan, The traveling time between occurrence of Yellow Sand the finding of it was 8~9 hours in Busan and 4~5 hours in central area.

In order to determine the factors causing Microcystis spp. bloom in the lower Nakdong River (Mulgum), we prepared wide ranges of pH, nutrient(N, P) concentration and the light through an enclosure experiment for 10 days (pH gradient: 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5; gradient of N, P: ½DW＋½River Water (RW), RW only; four different levels of nutrient addition/day; light: 100, 85, 60, 30, 15% of full sun light). From three days, the difference of Microcystis density in each enclosures was observed. The high density of Microcystis was maintained in the treatments over pH 9.5 and 85% of full sun light. However, in all nutrient treatments, relatively lower cell density than that of pH and light treatments was observed. These results suggested that pH and light input may play more important roles than nutrients in the early development of Microcystis bloom in the eutrophic lower Nakdong River.

Investigation was carried out to observe the dominant bacteria and the effect of metals(Cd & Zn) and its nitrate compound on growth of bacteria isolated from the three tributaries and lower reach of the Nakdong River. Mean CFU(log10) level was highest in Kumho River(8.30 CFU), Nam River, Hwang River, and Mulgum followed. Staphylococcus xylosus, Staph. lentus, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Aeromonas hydrophilla were dominant species in each study site. Cadmium powder and Zinc powder showed strong effect to inhibit the growth of Micrococcus spp., Pasteurella pneumotropica, Aeromonas hydrophilla. But, nitrate compounds of Cd and Zn(Cd(NO3)24H2O, Zn(NO3)26H2O) did not clearly show the strong effect to inhibit the growth of dominants.

Investigations were carried out to observe the seasonal succession of phytoplankton, and viable counts of bacteria from the mid to lower reaches of Nakdong River. An intensive monitoring was conducted from May to December 1999 biweekly at 6 sites in a main channel and 3 tributaries. Although there are several sites with high nutrient loading from the basin, all of study sites showed mesotrophic states owing to high discharge(June∼September). Relatively low algal biomass and CFUs(mean of chl. a, 12.3±11.5 ㎍/ℓ, CFUs : 1.8×10 7) were observed during the rainy season. The diatom population was dominant(over 85% of total community) year-long with peaks (Stephanodiscus hantzschii) in the fall and winter. Dominance of blue-green algal groups during the summer was not observed in the summer. Microorganisms peaked in the summer and fall (June∼September), affected mainly by the inputs of phytoplankton and nutrients. Biomass of phytoplankton and CFU counts were higher in the Kumho River than the other tributaries and main channel.

A series of meteorological observation using automation weather station(AWS) carried out to investigate characteristics of nocturnal meteorological parameters for 16∼17 June 1998 at Buljeongdong mountain slope, Kyungbuk. Dry temperature at valley was lower than mountain because of high lapse rate at valley, so the strong inversion layer occurrenced at mountain slope for nighttime. Contrary of dry temperature, relative humidity of valley was higher than mountain for nighttime. Wind speed at valley from sunset to next day morning was lower than mountain, but that of valley after sunrise was higher than mountain. Wind direction at valley for all observation time were southeasterlies(SE), that of mountain for nighttime were northeasterlies(NE) or northnorthwesterlies(NNW), and that of mountain after sunrise were irregular. Vapor pressure at valley for all observation time was higher mountain, particularly the difference was high for nighttime.

The relationship between primary productivity and changes in water quality was investigated at Mulgum station, a site downstream of the Nakdong River, Korea. Phytoplankton production was characterized by blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa during the summer and Stephanodiscus hantzschii during the winter. Primary production and secondary production by bacterioplankton ranged from 1.5∼53.5㎎·C/ℓ'day and 0.1∼0.3 ㎎·C/ℓ'day, respectively. Distribution of total organic carbon appeared to be highly correlated with phytoplankton biomass, especially during blooms of M. aeruginosa, when particulate organic carbon was 81% of total organic carbon and the main source of organic materials supplied into the water. The correlation coefficient between chlorophyll-a and BOD was 0.86. Thus it was concluded that autochthonous phytoplankton mostly affected the BOD level. Total bacterial numbers were also highly correlated with chlorophyll-a (r2=0.84) and the bacterial community appears to be regulated by phytoplankton biomass in this area.