해상국립공원 내 분포하는 다수의 도서는 해양생물다양 성 측면에서 매우 높은 가치를 가지고 있기 때문에 생태학 적 기반의 관리 방안을 마련하여 보전해야 하는 중요한 도 서이다. 본 연구는 해상국립공원 내 서식지를 기반으로 한 해양생태계 관리와 활용방안을 마련하고자 국립공원연구1 호(국립공원관리공단, 147 ton)를 이용하여 2012년 계절별 로 4회 조사를 수행하였다. 해양생태계 기본조사는 한려해 상국립공원 동부해역의 해양환경(CTD, 수질, 퇴적물)과 해 양생물(동·식물플랑크톤, 해조류, 저서무척추동물, 어류)에 대한 시·공간 분포특성을 조사하였다. 유·무인도서 및 특정 도서 정밀 조사는 한려해상국립공원 주변에 있는 6개(경남 홍도, 북여도, 어유도, 갈도, 세존도) 도서와 다도해 해상국 립공원의 백도에 대해서 스쿠버 다이빙(SCUBA Diving)으 로 수중생물 분포조사를 수행하였다. 그리고 사이드스캔소 나(Side Scan Sonar)를 이용해 해저지형도를 작성하여 서식 지 기반 수중생태계 지도를 작성하였다. 한려해상국립공원 동부지역 거제도 외해의 대한해협 부근에서 고온고염의 대 마난류(對馬暖流)의 유입이 확인되었으며, 다양한 해양생 물이 출현하여 생물다양성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 동· 식물플랑크톤의 분포는 해상공원구역 내에서 높게 나타났 으며, 해류의 계절적 분포와 비교적 잘 일치하였다. 한려해 상국립공원의 홍도와 다도해해상국립공원의 백도에는 멸 종위기종인 나팔고둥, 둔한진총산호, 유착나무돌산호, 검붉 은수지맨드라미, 해송 등이 다수 발견되어 주변의 다른 도 서와 비교했을 때, 해양생물의 다양성에 차이를 보였다. 특 히, 홍도와 백도에서 기후변화 난류성 지표종인 옥덩굴(해 조류)과 빨강불가사리의 출현은 기후변화(수온상승)로 남 해안의 생물종 분포가 변화하고 있는 것으로 추정된다. 본 조사의 중요 결과는 한려해상국립공원의 해양생태계를 이 해하고, 해양생물 서식지를 기반으로 하는 종합적 생태지도 를 작성하고, 서식지 관리가 시급한 도서는 전략적으로 집 중 관리해야 할 것으로 보인다.

콘크리트 구조물은 시공 후 다양한 원인에 의해 물리적, 화학적 변형을 통해 물리적인 성능이 저하된다. 이러한 콘크리트 구조물의 성능저하는 사용수명을 감소하기 때문에 합리적인 보수보강이 필요하다. 최근 콘크리트 구조물의 효율적인 보수을 위해, 부착성능을 향상시킨 하이브리드 보수재료에 대한 연구가 활발히 수행되어오고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존콘크리트와의 부착성능 및 수밀성을 향상시키기 위해 초속경 시멘트에 PVA 분말수지, 나일론 섬유, 라텍스를 혼입 한 하이브리드 보수재를 개발하였다. 보수재료의 성능평가를 위해 압축강도, 건조수축, 부착강도 실험을 수행하였다. 또한 미리 손상이 발생한 시험체를 제작한 후 보수 전후의 휨부착 성능평가를 수행하였다. 휨강도 평가결과, 기존의 초속경시멘트만 혼입한 시험체를 제외한 모든 실험체에서 110%~150%정도 휨강도가 크게 나타났고, 휨강도에 의해 발생된 균열패턴은 모든 실험체가 기존 콘크리트와 일체 거동하는 것으로 나타났다.

최근 산업 활동에 의해 발생하는 CO2에 대한 처리와 산업부산물에 대한 유효처리 및 자원화 방안이 시급히 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 콘크리트 혼합재료로 활용이 가능한 산업부산물를 대상으로 탄산화 양생에 의한 건설재료로의 적용성 평가를 목적으로 한다. 이러한 목적을 위해 연구용 시멘트(research cement, RC), 고로슬래그 미분말(GGBFS) 및 유동층 보일러 애시(CFBC)를 대상으로 탄산화 양생에 의한 물리·화학적 변화를 비교 검토하였다. 페이스트 내부의 미세조직 변화를 살펴보기 위해 XRD, SEM 분석을 수행하였다. 실험결과 탄산화 양생을 통해 생성된 반응 생성물인 탄산칼슘은 페이스트 내부의 공간을 채우며 밀도가 높은 미세 구조를 형성함을 확인하였다. 또한, CO2 양생시간이 길어짐에 따라 탄산칼슘 결정이 함께 성장하여 밀실한 미세구조를 이루는 것을 확인하였다.

In order to determine the optimal water intake point, the distribution of blue-Green algae and water quality factors in relation to the depth of the Mulgum and Maeri stations located downstream of the Nakdong River were investigated from Jun. 2015 to Sep. 2016. When the current surface water intake system was converted to the deep water intake system, Chl-a concentration and blue-Green algae were reduced by 64.1% and 80.5%, respectively. Microcystin-LR was reduced by 50% to 100%, while geosmin and 2-MIB of the odorant substances were reduced by 42.9% and 11.8%, respectively. The water quality factors such as pH, water temperature, TOC and COD were gradually decreased by 30% in deep water. Therefore, if we used the deep water intake system selectively in the summer season when blue-Green algae masses occur, the concentration of the influx of blue-green algae and its by-products can be expected to decrease, leading to reduced operation costs in tap water production and improved of raw water quality.

In Korea, many drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) have introduced and are going to introduce biological activated carbon (BAC) process to treated dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water which are difficult to control by conventional water treatment processes. Even though more decade have passed since introduced BAC in Korea, most of BAC operating method was followed to the modified sand filter operating manuals. In case of BAC backwashing, many DWTPs set the periods of backwashing about 3∼5 days. In this study, we have collected data to set the proper BAC backwashing periods from both pilot-plant and real DWTPs. We had measured heterotrophic plate count (HPC), turbidity, water temperature, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and headloss from just after backwashing to the next backwashing time for two years. Considering water quality factors, the BAC run time from backwashing to the next backwashing could extend more 30 days without water quality deterioration if the head loss do not reach the limited level which depends on each BAC facilities’ condition. It means the BAC treated water could be saved in the proportion of extended the backwashing period to the existing backwashing period.

This research was performed by means of several different virgin granular activated carbons (GAC) made of each coal, coconut and wood, and the GACs were investigated for an adsorption performance of iodine-131 in a continuous adsorption column. Breakthrough behavior was investigated that the breakthrough points of the virgin two coals-, coconut- and wood-based GACs were observed as bed volume (BV) 7080, BV 5640, BV 5064 and BV 3192, respectively. The experimental results of adsorption capacity (X/M) for iodine-127 showed that two coal- based GACs were highest (208.6 and 139.1 μg/g), the coconut-based GAC was intermediate (86.5 μg/g) and the wood-based GAC was lowest (54.5 μg/g). The X/M of the coal-based GACs was 2∼4 times higher than the X/M of the coconut-based and wood-based GACs.

Formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) including trihalomethans (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) from chlorination of six different species (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp., Anabaena cylindrical, Microcystis aeruginosa, Asterionella formosa and Aulacoseira sp.) of algal extracellular organic matter (EOM). The EOM characteristics evaluation of six algal species reaching at the stationary phase in the growth curve showed most of its SUVA254 showed below 1 and this means hydrophilic organic matter is much higher than hydrophobic organic matter. Chloroform formation potential (CFFP), dichloroacetic acid formation potential (DCAAFP) and trichloroacetic acid formation potential (TCAAFP) were mainly composed of THMFP and HAAFP in the EOM of various algal species. In the case of THMFP/DOC and HAAFP/DOC values, EOM of blue-green algae has appeared highest and EOM of green algae and diatom in order. THMFP/DOC was higher than HAAFP/DOC in EOM of blue-green algae. In comparison of formation potential by unit DOC composed of HAAFP in algal species EOM, DCAAFP/DOC was 1.5 times to 7.5 time higher than TCAAFP/DOC in the EOM of blue-green algae, while DCAAFP/DOC was found to be relatively high compared to TCAAFP/DOC in the EOM of green algae and diatom.

The free-living amoeba and Acanthamoeba sp. are widely distributed in fresh water, soil, air and dust in the world. We studied distribution of amoeba from low Nakdong River(Mulgum and Maeri) and removal efficiency in water treatment process of Busan metropolitan city. During this investigation, water quality showed pH 7.4～9.6(±1.1), water temperature 2.0～29.0(±17)℃, turbidity 4.8～27.4(±11.0) NTU, chlorophyll-a 10.3～109.0(±44.3) mg/m3, BOD 1.7～4.9(±2.6) mg/L, COD 3.1～6.9(±5.0) mg/L and total coliform 17～920(±200.5) MPN/100 mL. The free-living amoeba were detected highly than Acanthamoeba sp., 11 out of 22 in raw water samples were positive (50%) for Acanthamoeba sp. from February 2005 to December 2005. The seasonal characteristics of free-living amoeba and Acanthamoeba sp. in raw water were mainly distributed through the spring to the early fall. When free-living amoeba and Acanthamoeba sp. were passed through the water treatment of pilot-plant, approximately 80% was sure to be removed through pre-ozonation, sedimentation, send filtration. 100% was removed after post-ozonation process. All of the isolated amoebas from Nakdong River were Acanthamoeba sp. AC311 18S ribosomal RNA gene with 98% nucleotide sequence homology.

For the proposal of Microcystis aeruginosa control technique by coagulants, removal effects of coagulants were carried out using isolated strain and collected water bloom of M. aeruginosa on Downstream of the Nakdong River. Both of purified and field-collected M. aeruginosa were entirely sedimented by the addition of the coagulant Ceramic-Zeolite type Co 100 (1.5 ㎎/ℓ) within 24 hr, but Yellow loess (10 ㎎/ℓ) was less effective for the removal of M. aeruginosa within 24hr. Thus it was concluded that Ceramic-Zeolite type Co 100 was the most effective coagulant.

Improvement of water quality and Investigation of bacterial characteristics have been conducted in a pilot plant using biological activated carbon (BAC) in water treatment process at the downstream of the Nakdong River. Most of water control parameters were highly improved after passing through BAC. Approximately 54% of dissolved organic carbon was removed in coal-based BAC process. Bacterial biomass and bacterial production appeared 9.8×108 CFU/g and 7.l㎎-C/㎥·hr in coal-based BAC, respectively. Predominant bacteria species grown in BAC were identified as Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter and Aeromonas species. Particularly Pseudomonas vesicularis was dominant in both coal-based and coconut-based BACs, while Pseudomonas cepacia was dominant in wood-based BAC.

To find the mechanism underlying the ADP-induced increase in the outward current in ovulated mouse oocytes, we examined changes in voltage-dependent currents using the whole cell voltage clamp technique and the internal perfusion technique. Eggs were collected from the oviduct of superovulated mice with PMSG and hCG. Membrane potential was held at -60 mV (or -80 mV in the case of recording currents) and step depolarizations or hyperpolarizations were applied for 300 ms. By step depolarizations, outward currents comprising steady-state and time-dependent components were elicited. They were generated in response to the positive potential more than 20 mV with severe outward rectification and were blocked by external TEA, a specific channel blocker, suggesting that they be carried via channels. Internally-perused 5 mM ADP gradually increased outward currents (IK) 1 min after perfusion of ADP and reached slowly to maximum (150~170％) 5 min later over the positive potential range, implying that ADP might not be acted directly to the channels. IK were decreased by 5 mM ATP without affecting the steady-state component of outward current. In contrast to the effect of ADP and ATP on IK, both effect of ATP and ADP on inward currents (ICa) could not be detected due to the continuous decrease in current amplitudes with time-lapse ("run-down" phenomena). To check if there is a G protein-involved regulation in the ionic current of mouse oocytes, 1 mM GTP was applied to the cytoplasmic side, and the outward current and inward currents were recorded. ICa was promptly increased in the presence of GTP whereas IK was not changed. from these results, it is concluded that the ATP-dependent regulation is likely linked in the ADP-induced increase in the outward current, and G protein-involved cellular signalling might affect ion channels carrying and in mouse oocytes.

The relationship between primary productivity and changes in water quality was investigated at Mulgum station, a site downstream of the Nakdong River, Korea. Phytoplankton production was characterized by blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa during the summer and Stephanodiscus hantzschii during the winter. Primary production and secondary production by bacterioplankton ranged from 1.5∼53.5㎎·C/ℓ'day and 0.1∼0.3 ㎎·C/ℓ'day, respectively. Distribution of total organic carbon appeared to be highly correlated with phytoplankton biomass, especially during blooms of M. aeruginosa, when particulate organic carbon was 81% of total organic carbon and the main source of organic materials supplied into the water. The correlation coefficient between chlorophyll-a and BOD was 0.86. Thus it was concluded that autochthonous phytoplankton mostly affected the BOD level. Total bacterial numbers were also highly correlated with chlorophyll-a (r2=0.84) and the bacterial community appears to be regulated by phytoplankton biomass in this area.