수용액에서 Sodium hyaluronate(NaHA)와 Alkanediyl-bis(dimethylalkylammonium bromide) 계면활성제의 회합성질에 관한 연구를 계면활성제의 화학적 구조와 관련하여 조사하였다. 계면장력을 측정한 결과 특정 농도에서 최소값(Cmin)을 나타내는 포물선 모양의 그래프를 보여주었다. 이 최소 농도 이상에서 계면장력의 증가는 공기와 물의 접촉면에서 NaHA사슬과 이합체 계면활성제들로 이루어진 집합체의 형성과 관계있다고 생각된다. NaHA와 계면활성제의 착물결합체에서 하나의 NaHA 음전하에 대한 계면활성제의 양전하 비율을 보면 약간 양전하가 우세하나, 전체적으로 전하의 균형은 크게 벗어나지 않았다. NaHA/이합체 계면활성제의 착물결합체에서 계면활성제 농도와 점성도의 관계가 비 선형성을 나타내는 것은 계면활성제의 화학적 구조와 관계되기 때문이다. 이 비 선형성은 착물체의 성장에 따른 크기 증가와 Cmin 농도 이상에서의 수축 현상과 밀접하게 관련된다고 볼 수 있다.

Tin bis(monohydrogen orthophosphate) monohydrate 물질의 흡착 성질에 관하여 KCl 수용액을 통하여 조사하였다. 금속이온 농도와 pH를 변화시키면서 어떻게 달라지는지 화학평형에 바탕을 두고 data를 분석하였다. 금속이온들의 흡착 data는 Langmuir 흡착식에 넣어 Langmuir 수치들을 얻는데 사용되었다. Tin phosphate는 산성에서 이온교환 화합물로 작용하였으며, 2가의 전이금속이온에 대해 Cu+2 > Co+2 > Ni+2의 순서로 선택적 흡착성질을 나타내었다. 약한 산성 이온 교환체에서와 같이 금속이온의 교환은 tin phosphate의 선택성을 결정하는데 결정적 역할을 하였다. 모든 경우에서 흡착의 정도는 온도와 농도의 증가와 함께 증가하였다. Lnngmuir 수치들은 흡착과정 동안의 엔트로피, 엔탈피, 자유에너지 변화량같은 열역학적 함수들을 계산하는데 이용되었다.

Oleic acid의 분자분절 운동에 대한 cholesterol 유도체들의 영향을 보다 잘 이해하기 위해 소량의 첨가물들이 포함된 oleic acid 시료에 대해 밀도, 점성도, IR, 1H NMR, self-diffusion coefficient를 측정하였다. 이 측정을 통하여 cholesterol, cholestanol, cholestane, cholesteryl oleate, benzene, ethanol 등의 첨가물이 포함된 oleic acid 시료에 이들의 효과가 어떻게 나타나는지 알 수 있었다. OH기와 하나의 이중결합을 갖고 있는 cholesterol은 oleic acid의 점성도는 크게 증가시켰으나, 자체 확산계수, 분자내 운동은 감소시켰다. 다른 첨가물들을 시험한 결과 OH기의 유무, 이중결합의 정도에 따라 영향이 변화하였다. 벤젠과 에탄올의 경우 점성도는 감소하였으나 자체 확산계수와 분자내 운동은 증가하는 현상를 보여주었다. 이들 실험을 바탕으로 oleic acid는 에탄올 뿐 아니라 cholesterol과도 착물을 형성하고 또 착물이 이뤄지는 메카니즘에 대해서도 이해할 수 있었다. 이들 착물 형성과 oleic acid 이합체로 이루어진 집합체의 성질 조사를 바탕으로 oleic acid의 분자분절 운동에 대한 cholesterol 의 영향을 알 수 있었다.

수용성 비이온고분자인 Polyvinylalcohol (PVA), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Hydroxypropyl cellusoe (HPC)와 iodine과의 착물 형성에 대한 계면활성제의 영향을 알아보기 위해 Sodiumdodecylsulfate을 포함하는 수용액에서 이들 사이의 반응을 수행하였다. PVP와 HPC에서 tri-iodide band의 적색 이동에 의하여 착물이 만들어졌다는 것을 알게되었고, PVA-iodine 착물에서는 500 nm 부근에서 고유의 특색있는 띠를 나타내었다. SDS 계면활성제의 존재는 PVA-iodine 착물의 파괴를 가져왔고, 고유의 푸른색도 사라지게 만들었다. 그러나 SDS 단량체는 PVP, HPC와 iodine의 착물 형성을 도와주는 경향을 나타내었다. 고분자 용액에서 겔이 만들어지는 것을 방해하는 n-propanol은 고 분자-iodine 착물이 형성되는 것을 도와주었다. SDS가 있을 때와 없을 경우의 영향을 알아보기 위해 순 수한 HPC와 HPC-iodine 착물을 만들고 이들의 성질을 조사하였다.

점토를 이용하여 세 종류의 새로운 형태의 변형된 유기물점토를 제조하였다. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)를 점토에 층간 삽입시켜 OC-CPC를 합성하였고, Aluminium 축을 갖는 Al-PILC 만든 후, cetylpyridinium chloride를 Al-PILC에 삽입시켜 IOC-CPC 화합물을 합성하였다. IR과 TGA를 이용하여 이들 구조를 분석한 결과 층간 삽입반응이 성공적으로 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었다. X-ray 회절을 이용하여 층간 거리를 조사하였는데 OC-CPC가 제일 큰 값을 보여 주었다. 층간 구조를 갖는 화합물들은 삽입반응을 이용하여 구조를 변형시킬 수 있으며 이를 통해 층간거리, 표면적, 공간 크기, 화학적 친화성 같은 여러 물리적 성질들을 바꿀 수 있으므로, 본 논문에서는 자연점토를 이용하여 층간 반응을 통해 휘발성 유기화합물의 흡착에 쓰일 수 있는 유용한 유기점토 화합물을 합성하고 이들의 구조를 확인코자 하였다. 벤젠과 톨루엔의 흡착은 IOC-CPC나 Al-PILC에서 보다 OC-CPC에서 더 잘 이루어졌으며, 자연점토에서는 거의 흡착이 일어나지 않았다. OC-CPC 화합물에서는 친 소수성 성질이 크고 층간 거리도 증가했기 때문에 흡착이 잘 일어났다고 볼 수 있으며, 반면에 친수성이 큰 Al-PILC 에서는 벤젠과 톨루엔 같은 휘발성 유기물에 대한 흡착이 상대적으로 적게 일어났다.

Several nitrile-functionalized ionic liquids have been prepared and characterized. An attempt was made to systematically characterize nitrile-functionalized ionic liquids on the basis of a few kinds of cations and anions. The detailed comparison of the differences in physicical characteristics such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermal stability, viscosity, solubility property, and electrochemical property before and after incorporation of a nitrile group were studied. The results showed that the incorporation of a nitrile group to cations could result in remarkable changes in these properties.

N,N,N-Trimethyl-10-nitrophenoxy decylammonium bromide (N10TAB) and N,N,N,N-Tetramethyl-bis-〔10-nitrophenoxy decyl〕-1,6-hexanediammonium dibromide (N10-6-10N), bearing aromatic nitrophenoxy group in the end of their hydrophobic chains have been prepared, and their properties in aqueous solutions have been studied by conductivity and H-NMR spectroscopy. Below the critical micelle concentration N10-6-10N form premicelle with two or three surfactant molecules. Beyond the critical micelle concentration two molecules have strong self-aggregation ability and form micelles of rather small size and with small aggregation numbers. H-NMR at different concentrations give the informations on the environmental changes of the surfactants on their micellization progress.

낮은 농도와 높은 농도의 염 용액에서 Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)(PSSA) 겔의 팽윤도에 대한 이온 특성화 효과를 SO3-와 페닐 고리의 수소결합을 통하여 조사하였다. 낮은 농도에서 PSSA 수화 겔의 수축 정도는 SO3-와 물 사이의 수소 결합에 대한 음이온의 불안정화 영향 때문에 음이온에서는 SCN-〈Br-〈Cl-〈F-의 순서를 따랐다. 재 팽윤은 계에서 특별한 상호 작용이 있을 때 높은 농도에서 관찰되었다. 반면 양이온에서 PSSA 겔의 수축은 Li+〈Na+〈K+〈Ca+2 순서를 따랐다. Ca+2 이온에서의 큰 수축 효과는 이가 양이온(+2)에 의한 PSSA 겔의 물리적 가교 때문에 나타난 것으로 보인다. 양이온에서의 수축은 SO3-와 양이온 사이의 상호작용 정도에 비례하였다. PSSA의 팽윤에 대한 이온 특성화 효과는 SO3-와 페닐 고리의 수화 수소결합에 대한 이온의 영향 정도, 양이온과 π 전자의 상호작용, 소수성 상호작용, 그리고 분산력 등이 복합적으로 작용하여 나타난다고 볼 수 있다.

All spectroscopic methods used in this work indicate the instability of tungstophosphates in aqueous solutions and considerable dependence on pH with regard to the dominant species present in the solution. UV spectroscopy indicates that some changes occur in the system but they cannot be specified. IR spectroscopy gives more information on the identification of the dominant species as a function the pH of the solution. NMR spectroscopy provides unique data, which can be used for more accurate interpretation of changes in the solution of various pH values. In the case of aqueous solutions of tungstophosphates, the parent anion was present only in a very acidic solution of ca. pH 1. Some differences in interpretation of the molecular species present under various experimental conditions can be ascribed to some extent to the diversity of chemical shifts of NMR. Under physiological conditions attained with the addition of NaOH, tungstophosphates was dominantly present in the form of the lacunary monovacant anion.

Hydrophobically monoendcapped poly(sodium acrylate)s formed hydrophobic microdomains in water. This was concluded on poly(sodium acrylate)s with a linear C12-alkyl chain attached specifically at the end of the polymer. There was no well defined CMC (critical micelle concentration), but rather a gradual transition from a micelle free solution to a micelle solution. Steady state fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the micro domains are rather hydrophobic. At pH 5 in the abscence of salt and at pH 9 in the prescence of 1 M sodium citrate the CAC (critical aggregation concentration) was in the range of 0.1 to 2.4 mM. However at pH 5 there was a linear increase in the transition concentration with a head-group size due to an increase in steric and electrostatic repulsions between polymer main chains. At pH 9 in the abscence of salt the transition concentration was in the range of 1 to 80 mM. For the larger polymers there was a effect which consisted of a concentration gradient of sodium counterion toward the hydrophobic domain. The effect was larger for the larger polymers because of the higher total sodium concentration and the less steep counterion concentration gradient.

Kinetic studies on the ligand substitution reactions of cyanocomplexes were performed in several micellar solutions. It showed the observed rate constants was found to be independent of the entering ligand concentration at high concentration of cyanopyridine and pyrazinecarboxylate. We could see also that in nonionic and anionic micellar solutions no influence of changes in the surfactant concentration on the observed rate constants was found. Taking into account the hydrophilic nature of the cobalt complex, the cobalt complex molecule was expected to be located in the aqueous phase of the micellar systems, where the reaction would take place. In cationic micellar solutions, a small increase in the observed rate constant was found when the cationic surfactant concentration increased. After reaching a maximum, the rate constant decreased on increasing surfactant concentration and subsequently it reached a plateau, where the observed rate constant was independent of changes in the surfactant concentration.

The ion exchangers supported on silica gel containing primary, secondary, or tertiary amine groups show a behaviour that is weakly acidic, while the quaternary salts are strongly acidic. These properties change according to the hydrophilicities of the modifier functional groups. Ammonium salt derivatives supported on silica gel were prepared from silica modified with 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysiliane and N-3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propylehtylene diamine. The preparation and the ion exchange properties of two systems were discussed. Two systems have different hydrophilicities and contain ammonium chloride derivatives of 3-amminopropyltriethoxysilane and N-3-(triehtoxysilyl)propyl ethylene diamine supported on silica gel, SA+/Cl- and SA+/Cl-, respectively. The high affinity to perchlorate ion presented by the SA+/Cl- through the equilibrium studies of ion exchange led us to its application as an ion selective electrode for the perchlorate ion. The determination of the perchlorate ion in the presence of other anions and in complexes is very difficult. Few analytical methods are available and most of them are indirect. Both materials showed potential use as an ion exchanger; they are thermically stable, achieve equilibrium rapidly in the presence of suitable exchanger ions, and are easily recovered.

The diffusion behavior of phenol, toluene and benzoic acid in aqueous SDS solution was examined. It showed a similar experimental results for phenol and toluene. The diffusion coefficients of the solutes were characterized by the presence of two distinct regions: below the cmc and above the cmc. For phenol and toluene, it remained approximately unchanged when the SDS concentration was below the cmc. Above the cmc there was an apparent decrease in the diffusion coefficients of the two solutes with increasing SDS concentration. However, for benzoic acid the diffusion behavior was different from that of phenol and toluene. The diffusion coefficient of benzoic acid decreased slightly with increasing SDS concentration, however the diffusion coefficient was almost constant above the cmc. For benzoic acid the diffusion behavior was dependent on the joint contribution of benzoic acid molecules as well as the benzoate ions.

It is interesting to discover the reaction kinetics of the newly developed molybdenum containing catalysts. The dissociation/adsorption of nitrogen on molybdenum surface is known to be structure sensitive, which is similar to that of nitrogen on iron surface. The rates over molybdenum nitride catalysts are increased with the increase of total pressure. This tendency is the same as that for iron catalyst, but is quite different from that for ruthenium catalyst. The activation energies of the molybdenum nitride catalysts are almost on the same level, although the activity is changed by the addition of the second component. The reaction rate is expressed as a function of the concentration of reactants and products. The surface nature of CO3Mo3N is drastically changed by the addition of alkali, changing the main adsorbed species from NH2 to NH on the surface. The strength of NHx adsorption is found to be changed by alkali dopping.

Aluminum tri-butoxide was mixed with the water/ethanol solution and then chloroplatinic acid was added to the solution. The solution was dried at 100℃ for 15hrs to remove the solvent and water then it was calcined at 500℃. The catalyst was activated with a gas mixture. During the activation, the temperature was increased from 150℃ to 500℃. The necessary amount of urea was dissolved in 50mL water and injected. Aqueous urea solution was then mixed with the feed gas stream. At low temperatures, nitrogen containing compounds of urea decomposition are used as reductants in the reducton of NOX. However at high temperatures the nitrogen containing compounds are oxidized to NO and NO2 by oxygen instead of being used in the reduction. The activity of the catalyst was dependent on urea concentration in the feed stream when there was not adequate water vapor in the feed. The maximum conversion was shifted from 250℃ to 150℃ when water concentration was increased from 2 to 17%. It seems that the maximum temperature shifts to lower temperatures because the hydrolysis rate of HNCO increases with water, resulting in higher amounts of NH3.

The interaction between anion and zwitterionic surfactants was investigated by means of surface tension, NMR spectroscopy, and fluorescence studies. These systems are N-tetradecyloxymethyl-N,N-dimethyl betaine (C14, TDB), N-octadecyloxymethyl-N,Ndimethyl betaine (C18, ODB), and sodium dodecylethoxy sulfate (SDE). These systems show a composition dependency in micellar properties. When the molar fraction of TDB and ODB was about 0.6, the cmc values of these systems showed minima, whereas the solubilized amount of a water insoluble dye, NMR line width showed maxima. These changes comes from the intramolecular complexes formed in the mixed micelles. The complexes are due to the electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged head groups of betaine and sodium dodecylethoxy sulfate. A comparison of betaine and SDE alkyl methylene group line widths to those of n-methyl group indicates that the interior of the micelle in the restricted region is more immobile than the head group.

Zirconium nitride powders were synthesized at a relatively lower temperature using methane as a reducing agent in the nitridation of zircoia. ZrO2 powder was prepared by a sol-gel technique. The resulting sol-gel was centrifuged, and the gel was washed with deionized water. Anhydrous ammonia was used as the nitrogen source and methane was used as the reducing agent. Conversion diagrams show the equilibrium solid phase as a function of reagent concentrations for a specific temperature and gas pressure for the reagent system NH3-ZrO2-CH4. The reagent concentration ranges within which pure ZrN is formed increase with increasing reaction temperature. Low pressure with an excess of hydrogen decreases the reaction temperature at which pure ZrN is formed. Low pressure together with the introduction of excess hydrogen into the reaction system increases Zr and N conversion efficiency and retards C deposition.

The liquid body foam which added the garlic extract, differs for clothes and kitchen detergent, industrial and domestic detergent, and it has various characteristics as a soft detergent for bath and hair product. The contents of various characteristics in this experiment have tested for the foam formation force, the moisture force and the antimicrobial force. In case of this product adding garlic extrat, we could know the three characteristics. In first case to increase the concentration of Sunfom-S, we could know that the foam formation force increases following to it. In second case to increase the concentration of propylene glycol, we could know that the moisture force increases following to moisturing agent. In third case to increase the concentration of garlic extract, we could know that the antibiosis and preservation efficacy appears between 3.0-4.0wt% and the sterilization efficacy appears more than 5.0wt%. According to the result of this experiment, we could recognize the characteristics concerning to quality of this product.

The oxidation of methane was carried out in six different configurations of plasma reactors in order to study the radical reactions inside and outside of the plasma zone and to explore the method to control them. Various radicals and reactive molecules, such as CH, CH2, CH3, H, and O(from O2) were generated in the plasma. A variety of products were produced through many competing reaction pathways. Among them. partial oxidation products were usually not favored, because the intermediates leading to the partial oxidation products could be oxidized further to carbon dioxides easily. It is important to control the free radical reactions in the plasma reactor by controlling the experimental conditions so that the reactions leading to the desired products are the major pathways