본 연구는 중국 경덕진 도자기산업 클러스터의 메커니즘과 성공 원인을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 트리플 힐릭스 이론을 적용한 내용 분석을 통해 정부, 대학, 기업 간의 상호작용을 고찰하였다. 연구 결과, 정부는 산 업 기금을 설립하고 문화창의 거리를 조성하여 혁신적인 인프라와 제도적 환경을 구축하였다. 대학은 도자기 산업계와 긴밀히 협력하며 AI 보조 설 계 시스템을 개발해 도자기 형태 설계 주기를 단축시켰고, 이는 기업의 제 품 혁신 역량을 크게 강화하였다. 기업들은 이러한 정부 지원과 대학의 기 술 혁신을 적극 수용하여 지능형 제조 기술을 도입함으로써 도자기의 완제 품 비율을 향상시켰으며, 시장 피드백을 대학과 정부에 제공하여 선순환 구조를 구축하였다. 이 세 주체 간의 유기적 협력과 상호 보완은 산업 전 반의 혁신 역량을 증대시켜 경덕진 입주기업의 연구개발 투자 비율이 2018년 1.2%에서 2023년 3.5%로 증가하였고, 문화창의제품 비율이 12% 에서 28%로 확대되는 구체적 성과로 이어졌다. 트리플 힐릭스 관점에서 분석한 경덕진의 성공 사례는 기술 혁신(AI 도자기 설계 시스템), 브랜드 재구성(Z세대 타겟팅), 산업 구조 최적화(클러스터 모델)를 통해 전통문화 유산을 고부가가치 산업으로 전환하는 과정을 보여준다.

xTiO2-ySiO2 system photocatalysts were developed by sol-gel method based on the change of production parameters, and their structure of crystallization and the specific surface area were measured. Considering the efficiency of the ethanol and phenol degradation using the catalyst, the conclusions were obtained as follows: By means of X-ray analysis of xTiO2-ySiO2 powder that is obtained from Titanium and Silicon alkoxide by sol-gel process, it is shown that crystal structure of anatase type is a dominating structure and, on the other hand, the structure of rutile also partly exists. The increase of SiO2 contents causes the decrease of the degree of crystallization of the gel, whereas the specific surface area preferentially increases. It is shown that more than 90% of ethanol and phenol are degraded when reaction time is about three and an hours, and the maximum degradation rate of ethanol and phenol is shown in 60TiO2-40SiO2 catalyst.

It prepared the TiO2 powder which has photo-catalytic activity in the visible-light by the wet process with titanium oxysulfate. The titanium dioxide(TiO2) by the wet process creates a new absorption band in the visible light region, and is expected to create photocatalytic activity in this region. Anatase TiO2 powder which has photocatalytic activity in the visible light region, is treated using microwave and radio-frequency(RF) plasma. But, the TiO2 powder for the visible light region, which also can be easily produced by wet process. The wet process TiO2 absorbed visible light between 400nm and 600nm, and showed a high activity in this region, as measured by the oxidation removal of aceton from the gas phase. The AH-380 sample appears the yellow color to be strong, the catalytic activity in the visible ray was excellent in comparison with the plasma-treated TiO2. The AH-380 TiO2 powder, which can be easily produced on a large scale, is expected to have higher efficiency in utilizing solar energy than the plasma-treated TiO2 powder.

An aqueous solution of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen use was photodecomposed in the presence of titanium dioxides powder under an atmosphere of air at room temperature. Titanium dioxides were prepared by sol-gel method from titanium iso-propoxide at different R ratio(H2O/titanium iso-propoxide) and calcined at 500℃. All titanium dioxides were characterized by XRD, BET surface area analyzer and UV-VIS spectrometer. The surface area of titanium dioxides prepared at R ratio=6 appeared higher volume about 20% than commercial TiO2 catalysts. XRD patterns of titania particles were observed mixing phase together with rutile and anatase type. Titanium dioxides prepared by sol-gel method show higher activity about 6% than commercial TiO2 catalysts on the photocatalytic degradation of a commercial liquid synthetic detergent for kitchen. The concentration of the detergent decreased to about 90% of its initial value at illumination times of 2 hour. Illumination for 30 minutes decreased the concentration of oxygen to about one-fifth of the initial value.

Oxidized polyethylene wax is obtained by oxidation of polyethylene wax and it is composed of various chemicals, e.g., fatty acid, alcohol, ketone and ester. The application of oxidized polyethylene wax is determined by the composition of these chemical substances. In this basic study we observed the basic reaction parameters of time, temperature, oxygen concentration and catalysts on the oxidation reaction of low molecular weight polyethylene(PE wax) by analyzing the acid value, physical and chemical properties of oxidized PE wax to develop a new oxidation process. Acid values are increased with temperature increase in the rage of 150℃~180℃ but decreased beyond 190℃. Acid values are also increased with oxygen concentration. As the oxidation reaction proceeds the molecular weight and softening points of oxidation products are decreased by cracking reaction, but the viscosities are increased. To observe the crystallinity of oxidation products SEM experiment was performed. To obtain a high acid-value product in a mild condition, we adopted free radical catalysts and the acid value of the product using catalyst was higher than the product obtained without catalyst in the same reaction condition. The effective initiators were dicumyl peroxide(DCPO), t-butylperoxy-2-ethyl hexanoate(HOPO) and benzoyl peroxide(BPO) having long half-life.

LiMn2O4 catalyst for CO2 decomposition was synthesized by oxidation method for 30 min at 600℃ in an electric furnace under air condition using manganese(II) nitrate (Mn(NO3)2·6H2O), Lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and Urea (CO(NH2)2). The synthesized catalyst was reduced by H2 at various temperatures for 3 hr. The reduction degree of the reduced catalysts were measured using the TGA. And then CO2 decomposition rate was measured using the reduced catalysts. Phase-transitions of the catalysts were observed after CO2 decomposition reaction at an optimal decomposition temperature. As the result of X-ray powder diffraction analysis, the synthesized catalyst was confirmed that the catalyst has the spinel structure, and also confirmed that when it was reduced by H2, the phase of LiMn2O4 catalyst was transformed into Li2MnO3 and Li1-2δMn2-δO4-3δ-δ' of tetragonal spinel phase. After CO2 decomposition reaction, it was confirmed that the peak of LiMn2O4 of spinel phase. The optimal reduction temperature of the catalyst with H2 was confirmed to be 450℃(maximum weight-increasing ratio 9.47%) in the case of LiMn2O4 through the TGA analysis. Decomposition rate(%) using the LiMn2O4 catalyst showed the 67%. The crystal structure of the synthesized LiMn2O4 observed with a scanning electron microscope(SEM) shows cubic form. After reduction, LiMn2O4 catalyst became condensed each other to form interface. It was confirmed that after CO2 decomposition, crystal structure of LiMn2O4 catalyst showed that its particle grew up more than that of reduction. Phase-transition by reduction and CO2 decomposition ; Li2MnO3 and Li1-2δMn2-δO4-3δ-δ' of tetragonal spinel phase at the first time of CO2 decomposition appear like the same as the above contents. Phase-transition at 2~5 time ; Li2MnO3 and Li1-2δMn2-δO4-3δ-δ' of tetragonal spinel phase by reduction and LiMn2O4 of spinel phase after CO2 decomposition appear like the same as the first time case. The result of the TGA analysis by catalyst reduction ; The first time, weight of reduced catalyst increased by 9.47%, for 2~5 times, weight of reduced catalyst increased by average 2.3% But, in any time, there is little difference in the decomposition ratio of CO2. That is to say, at the first time, it showed 67% in CO2 decomposition rate and after 5 times reaction of CO2 decomposition, it showed 67% nearly the same as the first time.

The spinel Fe3O4 powders were synthesized using 0.2 M-FeSO4·7H2O and 0.5 M-NaOH by oxidation in air and the spinel LiMn2O4 powders were synthesized at 480 ℃ for 12 h in air by a sol-gel method using manganese acetate and lithium hydroxide as starting materials. The synthesized LiMn2O4 powders were mixed at portion of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% of Fe3O4 powders using a ball-mill. The mixed catalysts were dried at room temperature for 24 hrs. The mixed catalysts were reduced by hydrogen gas at 350 ℃ for 2 h. The carbon dioxide decomposition rates of the mixed catalysts were 90% in all the mixed catalysts but the decomposition rate of carbon dioxide was increased with adding LiMn2O4 powders to Fe3O4 powders.

The spinel LiMn2O4 powders were synthesized at 480℃ for 12 h in air by a sol-gel method using manganese acetate and lithium hydroxide as starting material and the Fe3O4 powders were synthesized by the precipitation method using 0.2M-FeSO4·H2O and 0.5M-NaOH. The synthesized Fe3O4 powders were mixed at portion of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% about LiMn2O4 powders through ball-milling followed by drying at room temperature for 48 h in air. The mixed catalysts were reduced at 350℃ for 3 h by hydrogen and the decomposition rate of carbon dioxide was measured at 350℃ using the reduced catalysts. As the results of CO2 decomposition experiments, the decomposition rates of carbon dioxide were 85% in all catalysts but the initial decomposition rates of CO2 were slightly high in the case of the 5%-Fe3O4 added catalyst.

ZnxFe3-xO4(0.00.<X<0.08) was synthesized by air oxidation method for the decomposition of carbon dioxide. We investigated the characteristics of catalyst, the form of methane by gas chromatograph after decomposition of carbon dioxide and kinetic parameter. ZnxFe3-xO4(0.00.<X<0.08) was spinel type structure. The surface areas of catalysts(ZnxFe3-xO4(0.00.<X<0.08)) were 15~27 m2/g. The shape of Zn0.003Fe2.997O4 was sphere. The optimum temperature for the decomposition of carbon dioxide into carbon was 350℃. Zn0.003Fe2.997O4 showed the 85% decomposition rate of carbon dioxide and the degree of reduction by hydrogen(δ) of Zn0.003Fe2.997O4 was 0.32. At 350℃, the reaction rate constant and activation energy of Zn0.003Fe2.997O3.68 for the decomposition of carbon dioxide into carbon were 3.10 psi1-α/min and 0.98 kcal/mole respectively. After the carbon dioxide was decomposed, the carbon which was absorbed on the catalyst surface was reacted with hydrogen and it became methane.

For decompose carbon dioxide, manganese oxide was synthesized with 0.25M-MnSO4·nH2O and 0.5M-NaOH by coprecipitation. We made magnetite deoxidized manganese oxide by hydrogen reduction for 1hour at 330℃. We investigated characteristics of catalyst, hydrogen reduction degree and decomposition rate of carbon dioxide. The structure of the hausmannite certified spinel type. The specific surface area of synthesized hausmannite and deoxidized hausmannite were 22.36m2/g, 33.56m2/g respectively. The decomposition rate of CO2 of deoxidized hausmannite was 57%.

CuxFe3-xO4 catalyst and ZnxFe3-xO4 catalyst were synthesized by the air oxidation method with various C(II) and Zn(II) weights. Activated catalysts decomposed carbon dioxide to carbon at 350℃, 380℃, 410℃ and 440℃. The value of carbon dioxide decomposition rate for Cu0.003Fe2.997O4 and Zn0.003Fe2.997O4 catslysts than was better catalysts. The decomposed rate of the catalysts is about 85%~90%. The reaction rate constant(4.00 psi1-α/min) and activation energy(2.62 kcal/mole) of Cu0.003Fe2.997O4 catalyst are better than Zn0.003Fe2.997O4

The Cuo-Magnetite and ZnO-Magnetite catalysts with various of Cuo and ZnO mole% for Carbon Dioxide decomposed reaction synthesized. The catalysts were reduced by H2 at 350℃ for 3 hours. The temperature was obtained by TGA and DSC experiments. The structures of catalysts were confirmed by X-ray diffraction experiment. The surface area of catalysts is 15~27 m2/g. The results of Carbon Dioxide decomposed ability was better H2-reduced magnetite catalysts with 0.03 mole% CuO and 0.03 mole% ZnO than others catalysts. After Carbon Dioxide decomposed reaction, catalysts were reacted H2 and created only methane.

The hydrolysis kinetics of 2-furyl chalcone derivatives [I]~[V] was investigated by ultraviolet spectrophotometery in 30% dioxane-H2O at 25℃ and the structure of these compounds were ascertained by means of ultraviolet, infrared and NMR spectra. The rate equations which were applied over a wide pH range(pH 1.0~12.0) were obtained. The substituent effects on 2-furyl chalcone derivatives [I]~[V] were studied, and the hydrolysis were facilitated by the electron attrecting groups. On the basis of the rate equation, substituent effect, general base effect and final product. the plausible hydrolysis mechaism was proposed: Below pH 4.0, it was only proportional to concentration of hydronium ion, at pH 4.0~9.0, neutral H2O molecule competitively attacked on the double bond. By contrast, above pH 9.0, it was proportional to concentration of hydroxide ion.

AOM and lamp tests were carried out with soybean, corn, palm oil and beef tallow without the addition of antioxidant. The evaluation of rancidity for the stability was determined by changes of peroxide value and acid value, and the correlation between the stability and the composition of fats and oils was examined. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the AOM test, POV began to rise in the order of corn oil, soybean oil, beef tallow and palm oil. However, the time required to reach POV 100 in beef tallow was faster than other fats and oils. It was found that there was a good correlation between POV and content of tocophrol. 2. In the lamp test by light of main wavelength 253.7nm, beef tallow was stabler than soybean and corn oil. It was because the absorption of light into beef tallow was much smaller than others, since beef tallow was fats. Palm oil was very stable in all the samples during AOM and lamp test.

In order to know the quality changes of the fat and oil foods packed in plastics film by the sunlight, we examined the sunlight transmitting rate by the kind of films and measured the acid value and peroxide value according to it. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The sunlight transmitting rate of various films was explained especial permeability under the wavelength of less than 300nm, but it marked a regular form under that of more than 30nm. 2. The vacuum evaporation film with aluminum on the polyester shuts off most of the sunlight, therefore, it has the best effect that keeps the fats and oils off rancidity. 3. The sunlight transmitting rate of the white color printing film drops about 80% as compared with not printing. 4. The preventive power against the rancidity of fats and oils is PET/Al, PET, PE, nylon and OPP film in that order. The changes of peroxide value and acid value were approximately the same as that of the sunlight transmitting rate.

2013년 시진핑(習近平)주석이 '실크 로드 경제 벨트'와 '21 세기 해상 실크 로드'를 건설하자고 제안하자 중국어 학습붐이 일고 있다. 특히 한국에서는 학생들의 학습열이 높아지고 있으며, 외국어로 서의 중국어의 발전이 빠르고, 규모는 커지고, 형태는 점점 더 다양해 지고 있다. 하지만 교육의 3요소(교사, 교재, 내신)와 같이 무시할 수 없는 문제도 있다. 교사의 전문적 수준은 낮고 일관성이 떨어지며 교사 훈련은 현실적으로 부족하다. 예컨대 중국어 교육 기관은 중국어 와 관련된 비정부 기구들이 많은데, 그들 사이의 연계가 부족하며 개발이 충분하지 않다. 중국어의 지속절인 발전을 촉진하기 위해서는 연구 결과에 기초하여 교육의 3요소를 개선하고, 제2언어 교육 연구 성과를 강하하며, 중국과 한국 양국의 문화 교류가 심층적으로 이루 어질 필요가 있다.

본 연구는 지방산 함량 및 배합사료와 조사료 비율을 기초로 한 유기농 사료 급여가 홀 스타인 착유우에서 생산된 원유의 CLA 및 지방산 함량에 미치는 연구를 조사하기 위한 목 적으로 실시하였다. 총 290두의 홀스타인 착유우를 산차 및 유량에 따라 3개 group으로 나 누었다. 대조구는 C16:00, C18:2 그리고 SFA를 높게 설계하였고, 처리구 1은 C18:1, C18:2 그리고 UFA 함량을 높게 설계하였으며 처리구 2는 MUFA, C18:3 그리고 PUFA 함량을 높 게 설계하였다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 유기농 원유 내 C16:0 함량은 처리구 2에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 그 이유는 반추위 내 미생물의 de novo 생합성 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 처리구 2의 C18:0 함량은 7.92%로 대조구(11.39%)와 처리구 1(10.88%)보 다 높았다(p<0.05). CLA 함량도 처리구 2가 처리구 1이나 대조구에 비하여 높은 것으로 나 타났다(p<0.05). 원유 내에서 검출된 대부분의 CLA는 착유우 유선조직내의 △9-desaturase에 의하여 합성된 것으로 판단된다. n-3/n-6 비율도 처리구 2에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p<0.05). 본 연구 결과를 종합해 보면, 착유우에게 혼합 목건초 등을 급여하면 CLA, n-3 농 도는 증가하며 C18:0 농도는 낮아지는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 유기농 인증된 조사 료 및 농후사료를 이용하여 결과를 도출하였다. 그러나 유기농 사료를 사용할 경우에만 원 유 내 CLA 및 n-3 농도는 증가한다고 볼 수 없다. 원유 내 고농도의 CLA 및 n-3 지방산 생 산을 위해서는 반추위 미생물 및 유선세포의 지방 대사를 통한 CLA 생산 메커니즘에 대한 충분한 이해와 급여 사료 내 지방산 구성 등이 중요한 것으로 판단된다.