Niobium(Nb) and Tantalum(Ta) are rarely found apart in nature and never in the free state. The element niobium amounts to 3% of the crustal abundance. On the whole, the niobium capacitor showed somewhat more unstable characteristics than the commercial tantalum capacitors, but is nonetheless considered applicable as a future substitute for tantalum capacitors. In this study, niobium powder was made from potassium heptafluoroniobite(K2NbF7) by using sodium(Na) as a reductant and KCl and KF as diluents based on the hunter sodiothermic reduction method.,In order to obtain a high surface area niobium powder via the sodiothermic reduction method, a certain amount of diluent, such as alkali metal halides selected from NaCl, KCl, KF and NaF, was added in the raw materials to be reduced. However, if a higher surface area of powder is required, more diluents need to be used in the said method in order to produce niobium powder. But when more diluents are used, the niobium powder will be contaminated with more impurities and the yield will also decreased.

Niobium powder was made from potassium heptafluoroniobite () as the raw material using sodium (Na) as a reducing agent based on the hunter process. The apparatus for the experiment was designed and built specifically for the present study. The niobium particle size greatly increased as the reduction temperature increased from to . The particle size was fairly uniform, varying from to depending on the reduction temperatures. The niobium powder morphology and particle size are very sensitive to a reaction temperature in the metallothermic reduction process. The yield of niobium powder increased from 55% to 80% with a increasing a reaction temperature.

A process known as the MR and EMR combination process is able to overcome the shortcomings of the MR (metallothermic reduction) and EMR (electronically mediated reaction) process. The effects of as the raw material, sodium as the reducing agent and KCl/KF as the diluent on the characteristics of tantalum powder are investigated. In this study, a MR-EMR combination process has been employed to tantalum powder on the location of reductant. The excess of reductant were varied from 25, 50 to 75 wt%. The total charge and external circuit decreases as the amount of reductant increases. The average particle size increases with increasing the amount of reductant.

In the metallothermic reduction (MR) process used to obtain tantalum powder in one batch, it is difficult to control the morphology and location of the tantalum deposits. On the other hand, an electronically mediated reaction (EMR) process is capable of overcoming this difficulty. The effect of using as the raw material and sodium as the reducting agent on the characteristics of tantalum powder are investigated. As the temperature of the reduction varied from 1023K to 1223K, the powder particles obtained with MR were relatively large , while those prepared via EMR were of uniform . In the MR process, the Ta powder recovery rate increased from 37% to 83% at 1123K in constrat with EMR process.

In this study, tantalum powder has been producted by MR-EMR combination process. MR-EMR combination process is a method that is able to improve demerits of MR(metallothermic reduction) and EMR(electronically mediated reaction) process. This study examined the characteristics of powder with the amount of reductant excess using TaF as feed materials, Na as a reductant and KCl/KF as a diluent. In addition, this study examined acid treatment that affect the high purification of powder. The impurities contained in powder was removed in various conditions of acid treatment. The total charge passed through external circuit and average particle size(FSSS) were increased with increasing amount of sodium excess. The proportion of fine particle(-325mesh) was decreased with increasing amount of sodium excess. The yield was improved from 70％ to 76% with increasing amount of sodium excess. Considering the impurities, charge, morphology, particle size and yield, an amount of sodium excess of 10wt% were found to be optimum conditions for MR-EMR combination process.s.

In the conventional metallothermic reduction (MR) process for obtaining tantalum powder in batch-type operation. it is difficult to control morphology and location of deposits. On the other hand, a electronically mediated reaction (EMR) process is capable to overcome these difficulties and has a merit of continuous process, but it has the defect that the reduction yield is poor. MR-EMR combination process is a method that is able to overcome demerits of MR and EMR process. In this study, a MR-EMR combination process has been applied to the production of tantalum powder by sodium reduction of TaF. The total charge passed through external circuit and average particle size (FSSS) were increased with increasing reduction temperature. The proportion of fine particle (-325 mesh) was decreased with increasing reduction temperature. The yield was improved from 65% to 74% with increasing reduction temperature. Considering the charge, impurities, morphology, particle size and yield, an reduction temperature of 1,123 K was found to be optimum temperature for MR-EMR combination process.s.

This study examined the correlation of various operational factors including reaction temperature and the quantity of reductant and diluent with the characteristics of powder using TaF as feed materials, Na as a reductant and KCl/KF as a diluent. Also to control the particle size and shape, external supply system developed, it can provide a feed material and a reductant at a fixed quantity and evaluated the characteristics of tantalum powder. When the external supply system was applied instead of the batch type process that charges feed material, reductant and diluent at the same time, it was possible to induce regular reduction reaction between feed material and reductant, which increased the recovery rate and reduced the mixture of impurities. In particular, the application of the external supply system enabled the control of reaction temperature and reaction speed according to the feeding rate of feed material during reduced reaction, and resultantly it enabled the manufacturing of granular-shaped powder with a regular granularity of 2∼3 and purity of 99.5%.%.

Pure tantalum powder has been produced by combining Na as a reducing agent, TaF as feed material, KCl and KF as a diluent in a stainless steel (SUS) bomb, using the method of metallothermic reduction. And we examined various types of after-treatment that affect the high purification of powder. A significant amount of impurities contained in recovered powder was removed in various conditions of acid washing. In particular, 20% (HCl + HNO) was effective in removing heavy metal impurities such as Fe, Cr and Ni, 8% HSO + 8% (SO) in removing fluorides such as K and F from non-reactive feed material, and 2% + 1 % HF in removing oxides that formed during reaction. Significant amounts of oxygen and part of light metal impurities could be removed through deoxidation and heat treatment process. On the other hand, because it is difficult to remove completely heavy metal impurities such as Fe, Cr, and Ni through acid washing or heat treatment process if their contents are too high, it is considered desirable to inhibit these impurities from being mixed during the reduction process as much as possible.e.

Pure tantalum powder has been produced by combining Na as a reducing agent, as feed material, KCl and KF as a diluent in a stainless steel(SUS) bomb, using the method of metallothermic reduction. The present study investigated the effect of the amount of the diluent and reaction temperature on the characteristics of tantalum powder in the production process. The temperature applied in this study and the amount of the additional reductant from +5% of the theoretical amount used for the reduction of the entire . The results showed that as the amount of the diluent increased, the reaction temperature became lower because the diluent prevented a temperature rise. Also, according to the mixture ratio of the feed materials and the diluent changed from 1 : 0.25 to 1 : 2, the particle size decreased from to and a particle size distribution which is below 325 mesh in fined powder increases from 71% to 83%. The average size of Tantalum powder, , was close to that of the commercial powders(). Also under this condition, impurities contained in the powder were within the range allowed for the commercial Ta powders.

6.5wt%Si강판을 낮은 철손실, 고투자율 그리고 자왜가 거의 0으로 우수한 자성재료로 잘 알려져 있다. 본 실험에서는 화학기상증착 (Chemical Vapor Deposition)으로 6.5wt%Si 강판을 만들었다 이 과정은 튜브 노내에서 실리콘의 함량이 낮은 Si강판에 SiCl4가스를 반응시킨다. 이때 SiCl4가스에서 분해된 Si의 원자들은 모재인 강판 표면에 증착되어 표면층에 Si가 풍부한 층을 형성한다. 마지막으로 고온에서 확산과정을 통하여 모재 내부로부터 실리콘의 함량이 균일한 강판을 얻을 수 있다. 0.5mm두께를 갖은 6.5wt%Si 강판의 철손실은 고주파수에서 약 8.92W/kg를 나타냈으며 투자율은 53,300으로 일반 실리콘강판, 즉 2.5wt%Si강판의 투자율 37,100보다 약 두배 가량 증가하였다. 또한 기계적인 특성을 평가하기 위해서 일반 0.5wt%Si강판과 773K의 온도에서 수시간 열처리한 강판을 인장실험 하였다. 따라서 수 시간 열처리한 시편에서 연신율이 증가함을 알 수 있었으며 파단면을 관찰한 결과 입 계파단면이 현저히 감소했음을 알았다

소방방재청(2011)은 도시방재성능의 달성을 위하여 1시간, 2시간 및 3시간 강우지속기간을 갖는 목표강우량을 전국 지자체별로 제시한 바 있다. 지자체별로 제시된 목표강우량은 각 지역에서 확보하여야 할 최소한의 방재성능에 대응되는 강우량으로 정의하였다. 유하시설의 설계는 1hr 지속기간 목표강우량을 추천하였고 저류시설 및 유역대책은 2hr 및 3hr 지속기간 목표강우량을 추천하였다. 소방방재청(2012. 8)에서 제시한 “도시방재성능 개선 지침”은 하수도시설의 하수 및 우수관거 지선, 간선 등, 빗물펌프장 시설, 저류지, 각종 우수유출저감시설과 같은 방재시설 등과 같은 내수배제를 위한 시설물을 대상으로 도시유역내 방재 시설물이 우수관거, 저류시설, 펌프장시설 등이 포함된 경우 시스템에 관한 통합적 방재성능을 평가하고 개선코자 할 때는 1시간, 2시간 및 3시간 강우지속기간 목표강우량 및 강우분포를 모두 적용하여 수계내 침수가 발생하지 않도록 대책을 수립토록 해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 서울 신천지구, 용산지구, 목포시 1개동, 수원시 2개동 및 평택시 3개동, 여수시 3개동에 관하여 임계지속기간 및 강우지속기간별 첨두유량의 변화에 대한 유하시설 설계를 위한 목표강우량의 타당성에 대하여 분석 하였다. 그 외 수원시 1개동의 수원종합운동장의 저류시설과 신천지구 저류시설을 통한 첨두유량의 변화 및 방재조절지 106개 지구의 임계지속기간과 저류용량과 저감되는 첨두유량과의 관계를 분석하여 지속기간 1hr, 2hr 및 3hr의 목표강우량의 타당성을 판단코자 하였다.

강우의 변화가 없다고 가정하더라도 도시화가 진행될수록 불투수성 면적이 증가하고 유역 표면이 도시화 이전보다 매끈하게 진행됨에 따라 첨두유량의 크기는 증가하고 첨두유량이 발생하는 시간이 이전보다 빨라진다. 도시화 이전보다 침투량이 감소함에 따라 유출체적 또한 증가된다. 근래에는 기후 변화로 인하여 과거보다 강우량이 증가되어 도시 내 첨두유량과 유출체적은 크게 증가되는 추세에 있다. 그러므로 도시수문환경 변화의 주된 요인은 강우량의 증가, 불투수성면적 증가, 유역표면의 매끈함, 개발을 통한 배수구역의 변화, 과다한 지하수 채수 등이라 할 수 있다. 도시방재 측면에서 홍수량 변화에 영향을 주는 인자는 강우량의 증가는 차지하더라도 불투수성 면적의 증가이다. 그러므로 도시 유역내 홍수량의 저감을 통한 도시방재성능을 제고하기 위해서는 증가된 불투수성면적을 투수성면적으로 환원하는 방안이 근본적인 대책이라 할 수 있다. 하지만 거의 포화적으로 개발된 도시특성에 비추어 볼 때, 투수성 면적의 복원은 많은 시간과 예산이 수반된다. 더구나 투수성 면적 복원과 같은 유역대책은 도입되는 지역이 도심내 작은 규모로 산재되어 있고 그의 효과도 파격적으로 눈에 띄지 않아 정부나 지자체에서 적극적인 도입을 주저하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 방재성능 제고에 통상 도입되고 있는 유하시설의 개선 방안과 저류시설의 도입 방안을 설정한 개선방안 절차를 제시하였다. 개선방안 절차의 적정성을 판단하기 위하여 용산배수구역을 표본지구로 선정하였으며 수문학 및 수리학적 분석과 경제성 분석을 통하여 개선방안 절차의 적용성 여부를 판단코자 하였다.