Recently there have been an increased number of people seeking to live with nature away from the polluted city. In reaction to this phenomenon there has been more an increase in interest of green sustainable architecture. Along with the interest in green sustainable architecture, there have been people who have taken interest in finding the origins of the green sustainable lifestyle, thus leading to the interest of Korean traditional architecture and its culture. This has fueled the interest and efforts in developing and restoring the traditional architecture. The interest in traditional architecture has lead to the interest in traditional ondol, which is one of the axis to Korean traditional architecture. The traditional environment friendly methods and the various green building systems have been interpreted from a modern point of view and experimented with. Therefore a variety of heating methods have been tried in preparation to the cold winter. One of those heating methods is Korea’s traditional gudeul, and through the interest of people on the gudeul a variety of gudeul has been constructed. Furthermore, educational facilities have been established to further develop, succeed and spread traditional gudeul. However, because the focus of these facilities is in the technology and preservation, it has lost focus on the traditional lifestyle. Without the understanding of traditional lifestyle, the gudeul is worthless and an uncomfortable facility. In order to truly spread the use of gudeul, the traditional lifestyle must be investigated and understood. The Korean people by laying and living on the gudeul have developed a guduel culture. Gudeul has influenced the clothing, food, and shelter, thus all aspects of life. It is a culture first then a heating method. It shines light upon the wisdom of Korean ancestors. Therefore people should not only be trained on the techniques of laying gudeul but the culture, proper maintenance and use.

This paper introduces general concepts of jointless bridges and field construction case of semi-integral bridge with psc girder integrating end-diaphragm. The expansion joints need to satisfy thermal and safety conditions of bridges. General bridges with joints have some problems, which are frequently replacement cycle time from mechanical damage or unstable movement, maintenance cost and more. To solve these problems, Integral Abutment Bridges(IAB) have been applied overseas in the 1930s. In Korea, first IAB was constructed in the early 2000s and precast IAB systems was invented and applied lately. Kyungshin overpass bridge in Incheon is the Semi-IAB constructed, the span length is 2@35=70m and the width is 13.9m. The original plan was to use general joint bridge but design field changed with expectations for advanced economic estimation and maintenance. This changed method of B.I.B bridge construction provided not only workability, construction cost but also safety improvement at the same time.

Myoepithelioma is a rare tumor that seldom occur in the parapharyngeal space region. And an accurate diagnosis of myoepithelioma is very difficult due to its unusual location and cellular variation. Therefore, misdiagnosis of this neoplasm as more aggressive tumor can lead to unnecessary treatment. We experienced extremely rare case of myoepithelioma arising in the deep lobe of parotid gland that is extended in the parapharyngeal space and reported it to a literature review.

본 연구는 돼지 수정란의 동결에 있어서 vitrification 동결 융해 후 내동제의 종류완 농도, PVP 및 sucrse와 trehalose의 첨가가 생존율에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 1 Vitrification동결에 이용된 각 발생단계의 체외수정란은 1,063개 중 2세포기는 245개, 배반포는 , 초기 배반포는 , 확장 배반포는 221개 , hatching 배반포는 107개 이었다. 상실배, 초기 배반포 및 확장배반포를 EDS와 ET

본 연구는 돼지 난포란의 vitrification 동결 시 내동제의 종류 및 농도가 생존율에 미치는 영향과 수정 후 체외발생율을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 1.0, 15, 30 및 40시간 성숙 배양시킨 난포란을 vitirfication 동결보존 후의 MII로의 발생율은 각각 였으며, diploid로의 발생율은 로서 대조군의 ME 단계의 에 비해 낮게 나타났으며 diploid 단계의 에 비해서는 높은 체외성숙율을 나타냈다. 체외발생율은 초기의 미숙 난포란일

STEP is the international standard for the computer-interpretable representation and exchange of product data. STEP physical file as the implementation method of STEP generally has a large file size which may be an obstacle of efficient use and seamless transition through network. Therefore, the compression of STEP physical file has been interested recently. In this paper, we present the compression algorithm of STEP physical file. STEP physical file is compressed by LZ77 with an appropriate search buffer size for STEP physical file and Huffman coding is applied to the result of LZ77. The proposed algorithm obtains the significant compression ratio.

Since transmitting various files around Internet is one of common activities in everyday life, the compression is important technical issue in these days. Shape models are also frequently transmitted and therefore its compression has also been studied. Considering the large portion of shape model can be normal vectors, a new scheme was recently presented to compress normal vectors using clustering and mixed indexing scheme. Presented in this paper is a mathematical investigation of the scheme to analyze the probability distribution of normal index distances in Normal Index array which is critical for the compression. The probability distribution is formulated so that the values can be easily calculated once the relative probabilities of C, R, E, S, and L op-codes in Edgebreaker are known. It can be shown that the distribution of index distances can be easily transformed into a few measures for the compression performance of the proposed algorithm.

SMC(Sheet molding compound)욕조 생산시 발생하는 폐 FRP를 보강재로서 재활용하기 위하여 불포화 폴리에스테르 매트릭스 수지에 보강하고 보강재와 매트릭스 수지의 계면 결합력을 증진시키기 위하여 보강재를 실란계 커플링제[3-methylacryloxyviny1 silane (MAOS)]로 전 처리하여 복합재를 제조하고 기계적 물성 및 계면현사에 대하여 관찰하였다. 보강률이 20wt%인 복합재의 굴곡강도 및 굴곡탄성률이 각 각 110MPa, 8.0GPa로 가장 우수하였으며 커플링제(MAOS)의 노동가 0.50wt%인 복합재의 굴곡강도 및 굴곡탄성률은 약 10%정도 향상되어 각 각 120MPa, 9.2GPa을 나타내었다. 또한 주사전자현미경 관찰 결과 보강재를 커플링제(MAOS)로 처리한 복합재의 보강재와 매트릭스 수지는 물리, 화학적을 잘 결합하여 보강재와 매트릭스 수지의 계면에서 pull out현상이 확인되지 않았으며 크랙도 발생하지 않았다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of preincubation time, concentration and exposure time of sperm on in vitro fertilization of porcine follicular oocytes rnatured in in vitro. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. Effect of preincuhation time for porcine sperm capacitation on in vitro fertilization in medium with heparin was investigated. Normal fertilization rate was highest in 15 min(26.4%). However, there were no significant differences among preincuhation times of 5~90 min, 2. Normal fertilization rates of sperm concentrations were 17.0~26.5%, and normal fertilization rate from l l05cell /ml concentration was also higher than those of other sperm concentration. 3. Normal fertilization rates of sperm exposure time of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours were 6.1, 20.8, 27.8, 25.0 and 26.7%, respectively. Normal fertilization rate from sperm exposure time of 12 hours was also higher than that of other sperm exposure times.

인장강도가 2,400 MPa인 강연선이 개발되어 콘크리트구조기준 및 KS 규격에 반영되었다. 고강도 프리스트레스트 강연선이 구조물에 적용되기 위해서는 그에 적합한 정착시스템이 함께 사용되어야 한다. 최근에 2,400 MPa 강연선 적용을 위한 포스트텐션 정착구의 개발이 진행되어왔으나, 성능평가에 대한 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2,400 MPa 강연선을 적용한 포스트텐션 정착구 중 가장 활용도가 높은 9 가닥, 15 가닥, 19 가닥 정착구에 대하여 PTI의 Anchorage Design Zone에 의한 국소구역 구조검토를 실시하였고, ETAG013 및 KCI-PS101에 의한 하중전달성능평가를 수행하였다. 또한 비선형 수치해석을 통해 시험의 적절성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 2,400 MPa 정착구는 국소구역의 구조성능을 만족하고, 하중전달성능 조건을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

포스트텐션 공법을 적용한 콘크리트 부재의 정착구역에서 정착판 근처의 지압응력은 일반적으로 높은 프리스트레스 하중에 의해 발생한다. 따라서 단면의 효율적인 활용과 콘크리트 부재의 파괴로 이어질 수 있는 균열제어를 위해 적절한 정착판의 크기가 제시되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 도로교설계기준 및 PTI 등에 의해 사각형 정착판과 원형 정착판의 유효면적에 대한 관계식을 제안하였다. 또한 정착판의 형상 에 따라 형상계수를 제안하였으며, 유한요소해석을 통해 적절성을 분석하였다.

본 연구는 수자원의 효과적인 활용하기 위해 하수처리장 방류수를 이용하여 막분리 공정을 적용하고, 생산된 Eco-Water(하수처리수 재이용수)를 인근 산업체에 공급하기 위해 수질 및 수량특성 등 파악하여 공업용수로의 활용에 관한 타당성을 검토하였다. 실험에 사용된 재이용수는 B시 N사업소의 하수처리장 방류수를 대상으로 실시하였다. 대상 하수처리장 사업소의 경우 인근에 대규모 산업단지가 소재하고 있으며, 낙동강 하류에 위치하여 상대적으로 유입수질의 시간에 따른 변동이 심한 것으로 나타났다. 하수처리장 방류수를 이용한 Eco-Water 생산 공정은 BF(Birmfilter)-UF(Ultrafilter)-RO(Reverse osmosis) 공정으로 운전하였으며, UF는 H사의 PVDF 중공사막, RO는 N사 ESPA로 구성하여 Eco-Water Pilot plant를 제작하였다. 운전조건은 하수처리장 방류수 유입량 약 4.0 m₃/hr, 생산수량 3.0 m₃/hr 및 농축수량 1.0 m₃/hr로 기준으로 설계하였고, 처리공정으로는 공업폐수 중 중금속(철 및 망간) 유입이 많을 것으로 판단되어 전처리 공정에 BF를 설치하여 UF와 RO의 생산수질의 안정화 및 module별 유입부하량을 감소시켜 운전하였다. 운전에 앞서 공급대상 사업체의 요구수질을 조사하여 연구에 임하였으며, 운전결과 목표수질인 탁도 0.2 NTU 이하, 총 용존고형물 90.0 mg/L 이하, 경도 5.0 mg CaCo₃/L 이하, 전기전도도 150.0 μS/cm 이하, M-알칼리도 20.0 mg CaCo₃/L 이하, 염소이온 50.0 mg/L 이하, 실리카 2.0 mg/L 이하, 철 0.05 mg/L 이하 및 망간 0.05 mg/L 이하를 모두 만족 하였다. 또한, 동절기에도 수온은 15℃ 이상으로 일정하게 유입되어 유입수 온도감소에 따른 운전효율 감소는 거의 나타나지 않았으며, 하수처리장 방류수를 이용한 Eco-Water 공업용수 생산 및 공급이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

In this paper, the load transfer test of circular shaped anchorage block to reduce the spacing. The test is in compliance with ETAG013 and KCI-PS101. Test results showed that the strain in compliance with ETAG013 and KCI-PS101 stabilization that satisfy all the criteria.

The SBR(Sequencing Batch Reactor) process is ideally suited to treat high loading wastewater due to its high dilution rate. SBR operates by a cycle of periods consisting of filling, reacting, settling, decanting and idling. The react phases such as aeration or non-aeration, organic oxidation, nitrification, denitrification and other biological reactions can be achieved in a reactor. Although the whole reactions can be achieved in a SBR with time distributing, it is hard to manage the SBR as a normal condition without recognizing a present state. The present state can be observed with nutrient sensors such as NH4+-N, NO2--N, NO3--N and PO43--P. However, there is still a disadvantage to use the nutrient sensors because of their high expense and inconvenience to manage. Therefore, it is very useful to use common on-line sensors such as DO, ORP and pH, which are less expensive and more convient. Moreover, the present states and unexpected changes of SBR might be predicted by using of them. This study was conducted to get basic materials for making an inference of SBR process from ORP(oxidation reduction potential) of synthetic wastewater. The profiles of ORP, DO, and pH were under normal nitrification and denitrification were obtained to compare abnormal condition. And also, nitrite and nitrate accumulation were investigated during reaction of SBR. The bending point on ORP profile was not entirely in the low COD/NOx ratio condition. In this case, NOx was not entirely removed, and minimum ORP value was presented over -300mV. Under suitable COD/NOx ratio which complete denitrification was achieved, ORP bending point was observed and minimum ORP value was under -300mV. Under high COD/NOx ratio, ORP bending point was not detected at the first subcycle because of the fast denitrification and minimum ORP value was under -300mV at the time.