Seafood is attracting attention as a future food industry. In recent years, the demand for fishery equipment of mechanization, automation, and unmanned was increased due to the environment affected by seafood processing, stricter regulations on safety, decline and aging of fishery worker. Ark shell (Scapharca subcrenata) was being produced in many steps in the production process. The process has been made such as collection–landing–washing–first sort (goods/non-goods)–transports– second sort (size). It was undergone first and second steps by delivering to the consumer. Here, the first step is to sort goods to collection and the second step is to sort by size. The fishery workers need ten people in first step and six people in second step. The workload of one hour per kg is 4,247 kg/h in first step and 2,213 kg/h in second step. In addition, the goods ratio by work process was 79% in first step and 98% in the second step. In this process, a lot of fishery worker and working time is needed. Therefore, this study developed elemental techniques for an automated size sorting system considering the working process problem, time and situation for washing and sorting of ark shell.

This paper introduces an auto-feeding system to exactly control the feeding time and the amount to cultured fishes in aquaculture industrial field. To reduce expensive costs or labors in this field, it was designed by the concept of controlling feed quantity exactly on the basis of fish's feeding behavior pattern in water tank. A feed control method of this system was developed for controlling feed amount by rotor capacity and motor rotated number. Moreover, a scattering section was selected by rotate way of propeller wing to scatter dried feed to designated site, and then, the diameter of its wing was 250mm and maximum scattering distance was 7.6m for 600rpm. Furthermore, the scattering ways were embodied 2 types such as a simplified way and a multistage shift way looks like a manual scattering. As a results, the multistage shift way is more effective to discharge the dried feed widely than the simple way in the water tank.

본 연구에서는 장어 통발어선 자동화 조업장치 개발의 첫 단계로서 통발을 모릿줄에 기계적으로 연결, 분리할 수 있는 장치인 집게식 통발연결장치 및 통발자동분리장치를 개발하여 해상성능실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 집게식 통발연결장치가 무른 꼬임 트와인 고다리 및 된 꼬임 트와인 고다리에 각각 연결되었을 때, 그 사이의 최대 인장하중은 각각 1379 N및 1,603 N 이었다. 2. 집게식 통발연결장치에 대한 해상성능시험 결과 성능이 양호함을 확인하였으며, 통발 회수율은 100% 이었다. 3. 통발자동분리장치에 대한 해상성능시험 결과 성능이 양호함을 확인하였으며, 통발 분리율은 100% 이었다.

In the fishing process on the sea eel pots, the most dangerous and difficult labor is manually separating process of several thousand pots from main line with high speed hauling operation. In this study, the automatic separating system of the pot from main line is developed. This system is composed with the clip connected to the pot by branch line, the keeper attached to the main line by pressing and the separator separating the clip and the keeper. In the experiment, static and dynamic characteristics of the system are investigated. From the considerations on the experimental results, it is ascertained that the automatic separating system of the pot from main line proposed in this study has good operating performance.

This study suggests a new type shaft generator driven by hydraulic power suitable for small size vessels. Since the shaft generator system is very easy to be affected by disturbances such as speed variation of the main engine and the load variation of the generator, a robust servo control must be performed to obtain stable electric power with constant frequency. So, in this study the robust servo control method is adopted to the controller design. Dynamic characteristics on the frequency variations of the electric power output according to the disturbances are investigated by computer simulations. From the considerations of the computer simulation results, it is ascertained that the shaft generator system proposed in this study had good control performances.

본 연구에서는 유량제어 조직밸브의 기초특성을 집중정수계 모델을 사용하여, 해석하고, 이것을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 1. 로직밸브의 주밸브 유량은, 그것보다 매우 소유량인 파일럿 유량에 의하여 제어할 수 있다. 2. 주밸브(파핏밸브)~파일럿실간의 개구면적이 주밸브 변위에 비례하도록 밸브를 설계함으로써 주밸브변위(혹은 면적)와 부하유량사이에 양호한 직선성이 얻어진다. 3. 유량제어 로직밸브에서 주밸브 유량의 제어범위의 상한은 기름홈의 개구면적의 최대치에 의하여 결정한다.

An electrical power generation system driven by main engine shaft, briefly SG system for middle or small size fishing boat is studied experimently. In the SG system, power transmission is performed by a variable displacement hydraulic pump driven by the main engine and a constant displacement hydraulic motor. It was verified that the SG system enabled the generation of electrical power with constant frequency regardless main engine speed. In the SG system, setting reference frequency, sensing generator output frequency and setting controller parameters are performed by performed by programming in a microcomputer, so a countermeasure for physical situations of control object is very easy. Futhermore, the SG system has following features; low initial installation cost, wide freedom of installation in engine room, advantage of application in existing ships, especially fishing boat with hydraulic fishing equipments.

유압관로에서의 캐비테이션 발생 기구를 조사할 목적으로, 과도흐름에 수반하여 발생하는 캐비테이션 초생에 관한 실험 및 압력이 급강하 할 때의 기포 성장에 대한 계산을 행하였다. 실험에서 얻은 결과를 기초로 한 계산에서, 작동유가 절대압 영이하의 부압에 노출되어도 캐비테이션이 발생하지 않을 정도의 장력을 갖기 위해서는 소위 말하는 기포(기포 주위의 액체가 연속체로 간주될 수 있을 정도의 크기를 갖는 기포)가 유중에 존재할 가능성은 거의 없음이 입증되었다.

The objective of this research was to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for food, paper, and wood wastes through methane (CH4) flow analysis. The GHG emissions from a given amount of landfill waste depend on the carbon (C) flows in the waste: (1) carbon storage in landfills, (2) C in carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 generated in anaerobic waste decomposition, (3) C in CO2 and CH4 emitted to the atmosphere through vertical gas wells, (4) C in CO2 from CH4 oxidation through cover soils, and (5) C in CH4 emitted to the atmosphere through cover soils. This study reviews the literature on the ranges for DOCf (the fraction of degradable organic carbon that can decompose) and OX (oxidation factor) values of food, paper, and wood, with a particular focus on the role of lignin. There is an inverse relationship between lignin and the DOCf of paper and wood wastes. In this respect, the lignin content could be used as an abatement indicator for the DOCf of paper and wood. The literature review shows that the average DOCf values for food, paper, and wood were 0.72, 0.61, and 0.12, respectively. The country-specific DOCf value for wood (0.44) is significantly higher than the ranges reported in the literature, which implies that the country-specific DOCf for wood can overestimate GHG emissions compared to the DOCf obtained from the literature. The estimated GHG emissions factors were 1,055 kg-CO2e/ ton-wet waste for food, 1,367 kg-CO2e/ton-wet waste for paper, and 276 kg-CO2e/ton-wet waste for wood. Sensitivity analysis results showed that the most influential parameters were MCF (CH4 correction factor), DOCf, and OX. In order to reduce GHG emissions from landfill in Korea, landfill sites currently in operation should be converted from anaerobic to semi-aerobic.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended the first order decay (FOD) model for estimating methane emissions from solid waste landfills. However, selecting appropriate parameter is a major challenge in methane emission modeling. The degradable organic carbon (DOC) and the fraction of degradable organic carbon which decomposes (DOCF) are the two primary parameters in the methane generation potential (L0). The DOC is the amount of organic carbon that can be decomposed by biochemical reactions in microorganisms. Chemical analysis methods are currently available to measure the DOC including using total organic carbon and element analysis methods. However, chemical analysis methods are not appropriate for determination of the DOC, which indicated that the DOC should be measured by biochemical tests. In addition, these methods should consider a fossil carbon content that needs a complex and high cost of analysis. The DOCF is an estimate of the fraction of carbon that is ultimately degraded and released from landfills. However, no methodology is provided for determination of the DOCF in landfills. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to suggest methodologies for the determination of DOC and DOCF in solid waste landfills. A biochemical methane potential (BMP) test could be used to calculate the DOC because the BMP represents an upper limit on the methane potential of a waste, which corresponds to a maximal amount of degraded organic carbon. The calculation was based on the assumption that the DOCF is 100%. In this study, two methodologies were suggested to determine the DOCF in landfills. The first one uses a new equation (DOCF = 2.76W-0.44) with moisture content in the landfill that actual methane flux data are unavailable. Moisture content is a major ecological parameter on the anaerobic biodegradability of the solid waste in the landfill. Another methodology is to use L0,Landfill/L0,BMP ratio. The L0,Landfill could be determined by a regression analysis if methane flux data were available.

폐기물매립지에서 발생되는 메탄(CH₄)가스는 폐기물 분야에서 배출하는 온실가스 물질 중에서 가장 높은 비율을 차지하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 폐기물매립지에서 발생되는 메탄가스의 배출량은 폐기물매립지의 일반적인 특성인 불균질성에 기인하여 시공간에 따른 배출량의 차이가 매우 커서 지속적인 메탄가스의 배출량 측정이 필요하다. 폐기물매립지에서의 메탄가스 배출량 측정은 매립가스 배출경로에 따라 매립지 복토층을 통한 표면발산량, 가스 배제공을 통한 배출량. 매립가스 회수 시 매립가스 포집량 등에 대하여 주로 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 상기에서 나타낸 것처럼 폐기물매립지의 특성상 기온, 대기압, 강수 등의 기상조건, 매립폐기물 물리화학적 특성에 따른 메탄플럭스(Flux)변동, 그리고 복토층 두께, 복토층 균열여부, 사면부 등 매립지의 구조적 특성에 따라 매립지에서 배출되는 메탄가스 배출량의 대표적인 값을 산정하는 것이 어려우며 매립장 전체면적에 대한 조사에도 한계가 따른다. 특히 복토가 이루어진 폐기물매립지의 표면발산량에 대한 연구는 많이 진행된 반면에 복토가 미흡한 폐기물매립지 사면부의 경우 메탄 배출특성에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이어서 메탄 배출 저감을 위한 사면부 관리에 대한 관심이 매우 낮으며, 매립가스 포집시설 설치 시 사면부 인근에 설치된 수직 가스 포집정의 경우 매립가스 포집 효율이 저하되는 특성을 나타낸다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 위생매립지인 A매립지를 대상으로 매립지의 구조적 특성 중 하나인 사면부에서 배출되는 메탄가스 발생량을 평가하여 향후 메탄 배출량 저감 및 사면부 인근 수직 가스 포집 설치 설계를 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 것이 목적이다. A매립지의 면적은 38,280 m², 매립용량은 568,225 m²이며, 생활 폐기물 매립 직후 일일복토 및 중간복토를 시행하고 있다. 메탄배출량 측정은 챔버(Chamber)에 레이저 메탄검지기를 이용한 방법을 통하여 실험을 진행 하였으며, 매립지를 구역별로 매립종료 지점, 매립 진행 지점, 사면부로 나누어 메탄가스의 표면 발산량을 측정하였다. 실험결과, 매립종료 지점의 표면 발산량은 3.25 ~ 26.42 g/m²/d (평균 8.08 g/m²/d)으로 나타났으며, 매립 진행지점의 표면 발산량은 1.80 ~ 3.51 g/m²/d (평균 2.74 g/m²/d)으로 매립종료 지점의 표면 발산량보다 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 반면에 사면부의 표면 발산량은 17.30 ~ 35.10 g/m²/d(평균 22.56 g/m²/d)으로 매립종료 지점에 비해 약 3배 정도 높게 나타났다. A매립지의 경우 사면부 면적이 매립지 전체 면적의 약 4%로, 구조별 메탄배출량을 산정하면 사면부 전체 메탄배출량은 표면 배출량의 약 12%로 면적에 비해 매립지 전체 메탄배출량에 높은 비율을 차지하고 있는 것으로 산정되었다. 따라서 사면부 메탄가스의 표면 발산량의 저감을 위해 사면부에 대한 지속적인 관리가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

The objective of this study was to assess the affects of various solid waste landfill methods on mass balance of carbon. Four lysimeters simulated a conventional landfill (Lys-A), a landfill recirculated only fresh leachate (Lys-B), and two landfills recirculated leachate after pretreating with ASBR (Lys-C and Lys-D) were operated over 1,600 days. Lys-D was recirculated two times of pretreated leachate volume than that of Lys-C. Mass balance of carbon was calculated considering leachate and biogas production for each lysimeter. Lys-C and Lys-D showed that there was an increase of about 3 times in total amount of COD recovered as methane than Lys-A. This results might be attributable to the activated methanogenic bacteria and the high pH of pretreated leachate. In terms of mass balance of carbon, amount of carbon converted to landfill gas in Lys-B (25.20 g/kg-dry waste) was bigger than that of Lys-A (23.64 g/kg-dry waste), while carbon conversion rate to landfill gas for Lys-A and Lys-B showed 4.80% and 4.71%, respectively. It is assumed that only fresh leachate recirculation method can increase amount of carbon converted to landfill gas resulting from the biodegradation of organic carbon in recirculated leachate. However, in comparison with the conventional landfill method, this method should not accelerate hydrolysis of carbon from the wastes. Carbon conversion rate in the landfill recirculated leachate after pretreating with ASBR was increased due to accelerated anaerobic metabolism processes of the microbes. In Lys-C and Lys-D, about 5.9% of carbon was converted to landfill gas. Therefore, it could be seen that the landfill recirculated leachate after pretreating with ASBR could enhance carbon conversion to landfill gas more than the conventional landfill or the landfill recirculated only fresh leachate.