침상의 괴타이트 합성조건을 구하고 Co/가스에 의한 침탄법으로 Fe3C 단상을 얻을 조건을 구하여 그 자기적 특성을 조사한 결과 침상의 괴타이트는 공기 유입량을 1500ml/min, 반응온도 50˚C의 조건하에서 교반속도 500rpm, pH 12.0 이상에서 이상적인 분말을 합성할 수 있었으며 교반속도가 증가할수록 미세하고 입도 분포도 좁고 균일하였다. 탄화반응은 유리탄소를 방지하기 위하여 CO가스와 N2가스를 1:2로 혼입하였으며 550˚C, 60min. 이상의 반응조건하에서 Fe3C단상의 포화자화값은 탄화반응 온도에 관계없이 100/emu/g으로 일정하였으며 보자력은 780 에서 400Oe까지, 각형비는 0.35에서 0.13까지 탄화잔응 온도가 증가할수록 감소하였다.

판의 탄소성 좌굴문제는 판 구조의 해석과 설계시의 중요성으로 인하여 상당한 관심이 모아져 온 분야이다. 본 연구에서는 유한요소법에 의한 효율적인 탄소성 좌굴해석 프로그램을 개발하였다. 탄소성 강성행렬을 구성하기 위한 소성이론으로는 실험결과와 잘 일치하는 Stowell의 변형이론을 사용하였으며, 좌굴하중을 해석하기 위해서는 고유치해석에 의한 반복기법을 사용하였다. 고유치해석에서는 불필요한 고유치의 계산을 피할 수 있는 subspace반복기법을 사용하였다. 해석결과를 Stowell이 제시한 이론해와 Pride에 의한 실험결과와 비교하여 프로그램의 타당성을 보이고, 이를 이용하여 단순지지, 또는 고정된 경계조건에 대하여 일축 또는 이축응력이 작용되는 여러 경우에 대하여 좌굴하중을 구하였다. 또한, 탄소성 좌굴에 미치는 형상비의 영향을 검토하였다.

본 연구에서는 암반 내에 존재하는 절리가 암반의 구조거동에 미치는 영향을 유한요소해석을 통하여 분석하였다. 절리에 따른 암반의 이방성 비선형 거동을 유한요소화하기 위하여 암반의 응력-변형률 관계를 구성모형화하고, 이를 기준으로 유한유소해석 program을 구성하였다. 여기서, 해석과정에 필요한 계산을 효율적으로 하기 위하여 하중재하 방법과 해석영역의 크기를 검토하여 문제의 크기를 최소화하도록 하였다. 해석대상으로 암반 내에 굴착되는 원형 공동을 택하여 절리의 존재여부에 따른 거동의 변화를 검토하여 절리의 비선형거동이 합리적으로 모형화되었음을 검증하였다. 다음, 절리 방향의 변화에 따라 응력이완상태, 변위, 변형형태 등에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 해석 및 분석의 결과, 절리의 방향성은 암반의 비선형거동에 영향을 많이 미치며, 그 영향은 공동의 중심을 기준으로 하여 절리방향에 직각인 방향의 부위에 절리의 활동이 집중되게 한다는 것을 밝혔다. 또한, 원형은 변형 후, 절리의 방향이 장축이 되는 타원형태로 됨을 보였다.

This study investigated the biomass content of fluff type SRF(Solid refuse fuel) operated in B city according to the physical composition. As a result of analyzing the physical composition of SRF, it was investigated that papers 25.2%, fiber 15.1%, vinyl‧plastics 42.6%, woods 9.4%, rubbers 1.5%, diapers 3.2% and incombustibles 3.0%. The average of ash and combustible content of SRF was 10.5% and 89.5%, and the higher the proportion of paper and wood, the lower proportion of ash. In addition, the biomass of SRF is 24.9%~58.0%, with an average of 42.6%.

This study explored measures to reduce noise applicable to Gimhae international airport centering on densely packed housing areas. Especially, as for measures to relieve noise damage on the densely packed housing areas in Gimhae-si, the noise reduction effect is expected to be doubled if the west runway (36L/18R) is used as the preferred runway for the 36 direction takeoff, as well as if the flight bypasses the densely packed housing areas by means of sophisticated navigation using the area navigation (RNAV) procedure based on performance-based navigation (PBN). Takeoff toward the south connects the flight path to the South Sea which has comparatively low noise impact, relieving noise damage on the densely packed housing areas (apartment complexes in Naeoe-dong of Gimhae-si, etc.) near the northern end of the runway. The operation of the runway displaced threshold is currently being implemented on the west runway (36L/18R) of Gimhae international airport. It has been found that swing landing in spring and summer when the wind blows from the south has a noise reduction effect on the noise sensitive areas at the side and end of the west runway (Gangdong-dong and Jukdong-dong of Gangseo-gu and Buram-dong of Gimhae-si, etc.).

In this study, we evaluated the effect of the type of sewage sludge (digested, non digested) on drying efficiency according to the polymer injection rate. The drying characteristics were shown using a near-infrared ray (NIR) and a microwave. As a result of the drying characteristics with NIR at a polymer dose ratio of 8%, the heating up period is up to 6 minutes after the start of the drying experiment. Afterwards, the constant rate drying period of the digested sludge (A, C and G sites) was 6 minute → 18 minute, showing a rapid decrease in moisture. On the other hand, non digested sludge (B, D, E, F, H, I, J and K sites) showed gradual drying characteristics compared to digested sludge until complete drying (10%). As the polymer dose ratio of 10% and 12%, the heating up period for digested sludge is up to 6 minute after the start of the experiment. Afterwards, the constant rate drying period of the digested sludge was 6 minute → 20 minute, showing a rapid decrease in moisture. On the other hand, the heating up period of non digested sludge was up to 10 minute after the start of the experiment, and the constant rate drying period was 10 minute → 22 minute, which was shorter than digested sludge. As a result of the drying characteristics with microwave at a polymer dose ratio of 8%, 10% and 12%, the constant rate drying period the digested sludge was 4 minute → 20~22 minute, showing a rapid decrease in moisture. On the other hand, non digested sludge of the constant rate drying period was 4 minute → 22~30 minute, which was longer than digested sludge.

This study executed evaluation of drying characteristics based on the polymer injection rate (8%, 10% and 12%) and the drying method[NIF(near-infrared ray). According to this study analyzed VS, VS/TS, and calorific value compared with ‘the auxiliary fuel standard of the thermoelectric power plant and the combined heat & power plant’. The results are as follows. In the case of NIR, the VS was slightly changed at the early stage of the material preheating period and the constant drying rate period with low moisture evaporation. But VS reduction was shown higher as moisture was dried. In the case of non-digested sludge with high VS content, the VS reduction rate by drying was shown lower than that of digested sludge. As the flocculant injection rate increased, the VS loss due th drying was found to be small. Also, the higher the flocculant injection rate was the longer the drying time. Especially, in the case of the NIR drying equipment, as the moisture content of sewage sludge decreased(moisture content 20∼40%), the loss of net VS also showed a tendency to increase sharply. It is shown that the high calorific value according to the drying time of the non-digested sludge was changed from 590 ㎉/㎏ to 3,005 ㎉/㎏ and from 539 ㎉/㎏ to 2,796 ㎉/㎏.

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the removal characteristics of COD, Ni, and P and to derive appropriate operating conditions for the plating wastewater according to NaOCl reaction time and pH operating conditions in the BPC unit process during the plating wastewater treatment process. As a results of evaluating the removal characteristics for raw wastewater by each BPC unit process, the removal efficiencies of COD, Ni and P in BPC 1-1 unit process were 72.8%, 99.1%, and 100.0%. Therefore, the proper reaction time of NaOCl was derived as 21.1 minutes. In order to maintain the +800 mV ORP and the reaction time of 20 minutes, the temporary injection and continuous injection of NaOCl in the BPC unit process were 13.7 mL and 18.7 mL, respectively. It was found that the temporary injection method of NaOCl reduced the chemical cost by 36.5% compared to the continuous injection method. Also, Ni showed the highest removal efficiency of 97.8% at pH 10.5. On the other hand, P showed a removal efficiency of 57.4% at pH 10.0.

In this research, heavy metals and T-P removal characteristics of plated wastewater are derived using BPC(Break Point Chlorination) process. AA sedimentation pond outflow(Influence) was evaluated for the removal efficiency of heavy metal(Ni) and T-P at a reaction time of 25 minutes by NaOCl input volume(9, 11, 13 and 15 mL). In the case, the higher the NaOCl input volumes, the higher the ORP values were maintained and the higher the removal efficiency tended to be. On the other hand, T-P was judged to have a low relationship between the ORP value and the removal efficiency. In addition, the efficiency of removal heavy metals and T-P in the plated wastewater by injecting 10 mL, 15 mL, 20 mL and 25 mL NaOCl, increased as the amount of NaOCl injected increased, the amount of NaOH input for pH increased. It was found that suspended solid in effluence also increased. It was also observed that the color of the plating wastewater changed from yellowish green to green to charcoal gray to black as the amount of NaOCl injected increased. Treatment characteristics of the reaction time, the longer the reaction time with the substance to be treated after the input of NaOCl, the more the heavy metal removal efficiency tended to increase. Through XRF analysis of the sludge, the constituents in the sludge such as NaCNO, CNCl, Na3PO4, CrO4, 2Na2CrO4 and 2NaNO3 will be analyzed in detail, and the mechanisms of the reaction between the plated wastewater and the complex compound will be elucidated.

Using the waste(sand wastr and boiler ash) in fluidized bed inciverator, lightweight aggregate concrete was produced and a recycling plan was prepated. The first, the result of the leaching test shows that the waste fluid sand and boiler ash did not exceed the effluent standard. This indicates that there is no harmful effect for recycling. The second, in the lightweight aggregate test using waste fluid sand and boiler ash, the sample that combined cement, waste fluid sand, and sand showed the highest compressive strength, and the mix proportion was 10: 7: 3. Lightweight aggregate concrete that combined cement, waste fluid sand, boiler ash, and sand had a low compressive strength by and large. The third, the same results were identified in the relation between the content of SiO2 and that of Na2O. As the SiO2 content is lowered, the overall viscosity and plasticity of the concrete also decrease, which is not a good condition to form concrete. As for Na2O, as the content increases, the viscosity of the sample and the viscosity of the cement are remarkably lowered, and the strength of the finished concrete is lowered. Therefore, it was concluded that the higher the content of SiO2 and the lower the content of Na2O, the more suitable it is to mix with cement to produce concrete. Fourth, from the fluidized bed incinerator currently operated by company A in city B, a total of 14,188 tons/year were discharged as of 2016, including 8,355 tons/year of bottom ash (including waste fluid sand) and 5,853 tons/year of boiler ash. The cost for landfill bottom ash and boiler ash discharged is 51,000 won/ton, and the total annual landfill cost is 723,588,000 won/ year. Assuming that the landfill tax to be applied from the year 2018 is about 10,000 won/ton, and if there is no reduction in waste disposal charge, an additional landfill tax of 141,880,000 won/year will be imposed. Consequently, the sum total of the annual landfill cost will be 865,468,000 won/year. Therefore, if the entire amount is used for recycling, the annual savings of about 8.7 billion won can be expected.

The Korean environmental impact assessment(EIA) system, and explored ways to improve it as a more efficient and viable institution relevant to the demand of our time and conditions in study. The first problem this study identified is found in the fact that the party to write up the assessment report is itself the business operator or the one who is planning to work out the business plan. This structure translates into placing an order with an agent for EIA report. The reporting job may br subcontracted to the agent at a cost far below the rate specified in the ‘Standard for Estimate of Agency Fee for Environmental Impact Assessment.’ This practice also causes the vicious circle of producing a report that is written to justify the project or business in question or it leads to rough-and ready and poor documentation to minimize the time required. Second, in order to achieve the goal of the plan or business, which is the target of EIA, the local residents tend to ve regarded as an obstacle. This means elimination of the local people from participating in the EIA or their opinion being frequently ignored. This is the seed of distrust and hostility that sometimes provoke disagreements or fierce conflicts. The first proposal to improve these problem is to improve the factors that cause poor documentation of the assessment report as well as improve the understanding of the EIA system. This study proposes the following measures for improvement. The agency cost for EIA should be paid by the business operator or a third party that can ensure faithful implementation of the payment. A system should be established to verify transparent estimation of the agency cost. In order to enhance the professional quality of EIA agents, there should be implementation of qualification test for industrial engineer of related engineers in addition to the current EIA Qualification Test. The second proposal for improvement is to improve the citizen participation process by instituting a legal framework to make clear the purpose of the briefing session for local residents, which is held as a procedure of EIA, and to ensure more positive publicity during the stage of listening to the opinion of the local community. For a smooth and rational communication process, a moderator and a communicator of opinion, as is the case in a public hearing, could be instituted to clearly get the purpose of the briefing session across to the residents and to help to carry out the explanation and Q & A sessions according to the categories of the opinion of the residents. At present, the notification of the public inspection of the draft of the assessment report and briefing session for the residents is made on the newspaper and internet network. But some people have difficulty with access to this method of announcement. A higher participation rate could be secured if a legal provision is added to specify putting up placards in specific places such as the entrance to the place for the briefing session for residents or the building of administrative agencies of the area concerned.

우리나라에서 폐기물을 처리하는 방법에는 크게 매립, 소각, 재활용이 있으며 일반적으로 폐기물을 수거하여 재활용 할 수 있는 부분을 제외한 나머지는 소각한 뒤 매립을 하는 방식을 택하고 있다. 매립은 계속적인 매립지 확보에 어려움을 겪고 있으며 폐기물의 배출량이 갈수록 증가됨에 따라 예상되는 매립지의 기대수명이 점점 감축되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 우리나라에서는 폐기물을 짧은 시간 안에 매우 안정적으로 처리할 수 있는 소각기술로 시야를 넓혀야 한다. 소각은 대부분 재활용할 수 있는 폐열 및 고형화연료를 확보할 수 있을뿐더러 매립지의 수명도 효과적으로 늘릴 수 있다. 또한 소각이 완료된 후의 소각재는 수분까지도 거의 제거된 상태이기 때문에 바로 매립이 가능한 정도에 이르렀다. 환경부에서 발행한 ‘전국 폐기물 발생 및 처리 현황(2015년도 수정본)에 따르면 소각과정에서 발생된 연소재의 일일배출량은 점점 증가하는 추세이다. 따라서, 소각재를 매립하는 방법 외에 재활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색하여 매립지의 수명연장은 물론 효율적인 재활용자원으로 사용할 수 있게 만드는 것이 필요하다. 그러나 소각재는 현행 폐기물 관리법상 중금속 농도가 비교적 낮기 때문에 일반폐기물로 관리되고 있었으나 유해성 논란이 끊이질 않고 있다. 따라서, 소각재에 들어있는 유해중금속의 농도를 효과적으로 처리하여 낮추면 다른 분야에서 즉각 활용할 수 있는 좋은 재료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 소각재의 처리 실태를 알아보고 재활용되고 있는 방법들을 검토, 비교하고 현재 유동상식 소각로에서 배출되는 폐유동사의 재생골재로의 재활용 가능성에 대해 알아보았다. 추가적으로 유동상식 소각로에서 배출되는 보일러재와의 배합 가능성, 그리고 성분분석을 이용한 함유성분의 함량과 재활용 목표의 관계도 연구하였다. 이는 기존에 활용되고 있는 재활용 방법과 새롭게 이용할 수 있는 방법에서 원재료로 사용되고 있는 것들을 대체할 수 있는가에 대한 것이다. 기존에 사용되고 있는 원재료만큼의 효율이 나온다면 원가절감은 물론 폐기물 재활용, 나아가서는 자원재이용에 따른 환경문제 감소에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

This study carried out first a component survey on the domestic waste shipped into a waste disposal facility in B city, and then heavy metal analysis of each component according to the SRF standards. Based on this, this study explored the problems with domestic waste and measures to improve them. The results are as follows. The result of the survey of physical components show that paper accounted for the largest proportion with 20.5 %~59.9 %, metals (including batteries) among incombustibles accounted for 0.0~8.3 %, other inorganic substances, glass and ceramics accounted for 0.0~43.7 % and 0.0 %~19.6 % respectively. However, the proportion of coated viny and plastics, which have high lead and cadmium content, was rather high with 2.9 %~30.9 %. This suggests the possibility that actual concentration of lead and cadmium within SRF is likely to be higher. Among the 15 components contained in the waste brought into the waste disposal facility, 10 components (food waste, textiles, vinyl, plastics, wood, rubber and leather, paper, metals, electronic substrates, and nail polish) were analyzed according to assay samples (approximately 0.1 g and 0.3 g). The result of analysis shows that the amount of Cd and Pb detected in coated vinyl for 0.109 g of assay sample was 98.6 mg/kg and 20.6 mg/kg respectively; 117.0 mg/kg and 29.0 mg/kg respectively for 0.313 g of assay sample. This is high contents exceeding the Cd standard. As for wooden component, the amount of Pb was 480.0 mg/kg for 0.3 g of assay sample. This suggests that there always exists the possibility of exceeding the exposure level of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) in SRF as long as coated wood and vinyl·plastics with high contents of Pb and Cd are shipped into the waste disposal facility; and the local government and the residents need to work hard to improve the situation including development of the machine to sort electronic substrates and batteries for separate collection of the waste of coated vinyl and plastics within domestic waste.

Research was conducted on the characteristics of waste discharge in apartment houses with less than 200 households. Implementation of the meter-rate system of food waste for apartment houses was also investigated and an economic evaluation was carried out to reach the following conclusions. First, for the monthly characteristics of the overall amount of food waste in apartment houses with less than 200 households, December and January exhibited the maximum amount while February and March exhibited the minimum amount of discharge. The average amount of waste discharge per household was the lowest at 0.51 kg/day · household in apartment houses with 20 to 50 households, followed by 0.80 kg/day · household in apartment houses with less than 20 households and in apartment houses with 50 to 100 households. Apartment houses with 100 to less than 200 households had 0.71 kg/day · household of average waste discharge. The results showed that the amount of food waste discharge is dependent upon the economic conditions or environment of the regions concerned rather than upon the number of households. Second, two meter-rate systems of food waste were compared: the RFID system and the Chip system. When the comparison was made under the same conditions for the number of households in apartment houses in which meter-rate system was being implemented, the average reduction rate in the Chip system was 21.1% and that in the RFID system was 57.1%. A comparison of apartment houses under the meter-rate system and of apartment houses with less than 200 households with apartment houses with less than 20 households, 20 to 50 households, 50 to 100 households, and 100 to less than 200 households showed that the average reduction rates of the Chip system and the RFID system was 35.3% and 61.9%, respectively. Last, a comparison of the results of the field study and the rate of food waste reduction in regions where the meter-rate system was being implemented showed that the average reduction was 35.3% for the Chip system and 61.9% for the RFID system, with a difference in reduction of about 35.5%. In the case that the RFID system is adopted, the disposal cost of about 62.7 billion won per year would be reduced by about 19.4 billion won, which leads to a prediction of a reduction in disposal cost to about 43.3 billion won per year.

Recently, demand for systematic and scientific management system is increasing as national consciousness of safety improved. Various studies on monitoring and management techniques of important facilities are being carried out, but it is difficult to conduct swift countermeasures in case of real disasters. Specially, damage inflicted by disasters would be preventable when stability of construction sites as in downtown area or tunnel construction sites where human and material damage is expected to be high can be identified promptly. This study developed a scene visualization measurement sensor using LED and applied on the safety management of structures. The scene visualization measurement technique can change the paradigm of existing measurement methods. The technique will allow users to determine safety of structures promptly and easily in real time without professional help. Also, it will reduce professional manpower for structure management during or after completing the construction, and it can minimize damage from disaster occurrence through quick response when unusual symptoms occur.

정부에서는 2012년부터 음식물쓰레기 종량제를 시범실시하고 2013년부터 전체적으로 시행하는 법을 개정하여 시행하고 있으며, 부산시의 경우 2012년 칩 방식을 도입하여 200세대 이상 공동주택에서 월별 30 ~ 35%의 저감 비율을 나타내었다. 그러나 현행 시행하고 있는 칩 방식의 경우 시행 1년 정도에 단점들이 주민들에 의해 민원으로 제기되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 2013년부터 200세대 이상 부산시 공동주택 음식물쓰레기 종량제 시행 방식(칩 방식, RFID 방식, 일반수거 방식)에 따른 음식물쓰레기의 감량실태를 조사하고, 이를 위해 부산지역 대표성이 있는 공동주택을 선정하여 실제 현장조사 및 분석을 통하여 본 정책이 조기 정착될 수 있도록 수행하였다. 또한 계절별로 현장조사 및 분석을 통하여 음식물쓰레기가 다른 경로로 배출되고 있는 부분 역시 일부 조사하여 결과를 도출하였으며, 공동주택 주민들에게 음식물쓰레기 종량제에 따른 설문조사를 실시하여 주민들의 의식을 반영하였다. 먼저 공동주택 표본조사의 경우 부산시에서 비교적 낙후된 기장군과 강서구를 제외한 14개 구 중 경제성을 고려하여 다양한 평형대와 부산시 공동주택 평균 세대 수인 500세대 전･후인 공동주택을 선정하였으며, 이중 음식물쓰레기 수거방식인 일반수거방식, 칩 방식 및 RFID 방식으로 나누어 선정하였다. 칩 방식 및 RFID 방식의 음식물쓰레기 저감량을 비교해보면 칩 방식 및 RFID 방식의 저감량 및 저감비율은 0.72 kg/(일･세대), 0.64 kg/(일･세대) 및 저감비율은 32.2% 및 36.2%로 RFID 방식에서 다소 높은 음식물쓰레기 저감률을 나타내었다. 음식물쓰레기 겉보기 밀도(비중)의 경우 일반수거방식이 평균 92.5 kg/m³로 가장 높게 발생하였으며, 칩 방식이 가장 낮은 평균 82.3 kg/m³로 조사되었다. 칩 방식의 경우 가정에서 일정용량이 되기까지는 음식물을 음식물보관용기에 일정기간 보관해야하는 시스템으로 음식물 내 수분제거율이 다른 타 처리방식에 비해 다소 높아 비중이 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 3성분 결과 역시 겉보기 밀도(비중)와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 주민설문조사 결과 일반수거 방식 및 칩 방식에 비해 RFID 방식으로 음식물쓰레기를 처리하는 주민들의 만족도가 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 이는 주민들의 주관적인 위생도 및 경제성 만족도 등이 매우 높은 것으로 판단된다.

For the seismic retrofit of the underground box structures, the seismic retrofit method using pressure members was developed. By the applied pressure on the reinforcing members, the size of the reinforcing members are reduced and the performance of seismic retrofit is imp