이 연구에서는 물량저감 철근상세를 갖는 중공 철근콘크리트 교각 시스템의 전용 설계프로그램과 소성설계 적용 결과를 제시하였다. 개발된 물량저감 철근상세는 경제성과 합리성을 갖으며 공사기간의 단축을 가져올 수 있다. 물량저감 중공 철근콘크리트 교각의 적용을 통해 경제성 평가를 수행하였다. 평가 결과 개발상세가 기존상세에 비해 구조적 합리성, 시공성, 그리고 경제성 등이 우수함을 확인하였다.

This study is about determination of fire origin by using analysis of shadow that was recorded CCTV data at the fire scene. This analysis is based on straight and radiate nature of light. At fire experiment with about 1m flame, we conformed that 2-dimensional extension line is focused at the bottom of the fire. If the fire is burning at the same level with shadow, it indicate the point of origin exactly. In 3-dimensional analysis that connect extensional line between distinctive points the shadow and the objet, the line focused in the Ø 50cm-circle. We estimate the reason of that is because of the character of combustion of gases. The line indicate not the point of origin but the flame that is over the point of origin. thus, you have to consider the line indicate the flame when you do 3-dimensional analysis.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the seismic performance of hollow RC bridge columns with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction. The proposed reinforcement details provide economy, are rational and shorthen the construction periods. The accuracy and objectivity of the assessment process can be enhanced by using a sophisticated nonlinear finite element analysis program. Solution of the equations of motion is obtained by numerical integration using Hilber-Hughes-Taylor (HHT) algorithm. The adopted numerical method gives a realistic prediction of seismic performance throughout the input ground motions for several test specimens investigated. As a result, the proposed reinforcement details for material quantity reduction develop equal performance to that required for existing reinforcement details.

곰은 겨울철 혹독한 기후 조건, 먹이 부족 및 적을 피하 기 위해 동면이라는 생리·생태적 매커니즘을 가지고 있으 며, 동면장소는 곰의 중요한 서식지이자 은신처이다. 반달 가슴곰(Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus ussuricus)의 겨울철 최적서식지인 동면장소의 특성 연구는 2004년 반달 가슴곰복원사업 이후 지속적인 연구중에 있으며, 서식지 관 리의 기초 자료로 활용하고 있다. 지리산국립공원 반달가슴곰 복원(Re-inforcement)을 위해 러시아 연해주, 북한 등에서 도입한 개체들 대상으로 2007년 12월부터 2013년 4월까지 21개체(♂:11, ♀:10) 55 개 동면장소 특성을 분석하였다. 전 개체를 대상으로 한 동면장소 유형은 바위굴(n=32, 58%)>나무굴(n=14, 25%)>탱이(n=7, 13%)>토굴(n=2, 4%)의 순으로 4가지 형태로 나타났다. 암컷 대상 동면장소 유형은 바위굴(n=19, 66%)>나무굴(n=5, 17%)>탱이(n=3, 10%)>토굴(n=2, 7%)의 순이며, 수컷은 바위굴(n=13, 5 0%)>나무굴(n=9, 35%)>탱이(n=3, 15%) 순으로 나타났다. 바위굴은 여러 개의 큰 바위들이 모여 자연적으로 공간 이 형성되었거나, 큰 암벽지대에 자연적으로 공간이 형성된 바위틈 모양에 가까운 바위굴 형태를 취하였다. 나무굴은 나무구멍(동공)이 존재하는 흉고직경 1m 이상의 나무와 안 쪽 공간이 존재하는 고사목의 형태를 취하였고, 수종은 신 갈나무(Quercus mongolica)와 찰피나무(Tilia mandshurica) 두 종이었으며, 나무비율은 신갈나무(n=13, 92.9%) > 찰피 나무(n=1, 7.1%)순으로 나타났다. 탱이는 조릿대(Sasa bore alis)와 주변 나뭇가지와 낙엽을 이용해서 만든 새둥지 모양 의 유형이었고, 토굴은 쓰러진 나무 밑이나, 조릿대 밑 흙을 파서 공간을 확보한 형태였다. 동면장소 환경은 사면방향, 고도, 경사도 및 주변식생을 조사하였다. 전 개체 사면방향은 동향(n=20, 36%)>남향(n =19, 35%)>서향(n=10, 18%)>북향(n=6, 11%) 순으로 나 타났다. 암컷 경우는 동향(n=13 ,49%)>남향(n=9, 31%)>서 향(n=5, 17%)>북향(n=2, 13%) 순으로 나타났고, 수컷은 남 향(n=10 ,38%)>동향(n=7, 27%)>서향(n=5, 19%)>북향(n= 4, 15%) 순으로 나타났다. 전 개체 고도는 평균고도 1,025± 229m, 범위 494m∼1,605m이었으며, 암컷은 평균고도 940 ± 187m, 범위 494∼1460m이었고, 수컷 경우에는 평균고 도 1120± 233m, 범위는 798∼1605m로 나타났다. 전 개체 경사도는 평균 44± 15°였으며, 암컷 42± 13°, 수컷 46± 16° 로 나타났다. 동면장소 주변식생은 2007∼2009년 동안 13 개체 27개 장소를 대상으로 조사하였는데, 신갈나무-조릿 대군락(Sasa borealis - Quercus mongolica community, n= 11, 41.7%), 혼합림(mixed forest, n=11, 41.7%) > 신갈나 무-생강나무군락(Lindera obtusiloba - Q. mongolica comm unity, n=2, 7.4%) > 신갈나무-졸참나무군락(Q. serreta - Q. mongolica community, n=1, 3.7%), 서어나무-신갈나무 군락(Q. mongolica - Carpinus laxiflora community, n=1, 3.7%), 서어나무-조릿대군락(S. borealis - C. laxiflora com munity, n=1, 3.7%) 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 지리산에 방사한 반달가슴곰이 동면기간 동 안 혹독한 추위와 많은 위협요인을 피할 수 있는 동면장소 를 선택하는 기준에 대한 서식환경요소를 분석함으로써, 반 달가슴곰의 동면 생태 기작을 밝히는데 기초적 자료를 제공 하는 바이다.

When developing games run in different web browsers, people have connected outer Plug-in with games. With the appearance of HTML5, now it becomes more convenient to develop games using HTML5 and Javascript as Multimedia like audio, video, SVG and 2D/ 3D graphic operation using Canvas are possible. However, it’s not easy to directly convert mobile games from iOS, Android, Window mobile environment to HTML 5. This paper proposes we’d like to suggest the method which could convert games made from XNA, window mobile game developing environment to cross-platform games working in the web browser based on HTML5.

우리나라는 겨울철에 미세조류가 성장하기에 적합하지 않은 기후조건을 가진다. 따라서, 차세대 바이오매스의 공급원료로서의 미세조류 배양을 겨울철에 이룩하기는 쉽지 않다. 본 연구에서는 적은 에너지를 이용하여 미세조류가 성장이 불가한 영외환경에서 미세조류를 성장시키기 위해서, 삼중막의 비닐하우스를 설치하였다. 또한 투명한 아크릴 재질로 수조를 제작하여 빛을 수조의 모든 면에서 받을 수 있게 함으로써, 빛의 이용성을 최대화하였다. 6가지의 다양한 실험조건을 설정하여 겨울철 영하의 기후조건에서 최소한의 비용으로 하수종말처리장 폐수를 사용하여 미세조류를 배양하였다. 또한 미세 조류 바이오매스를 증가시킴과 동시에 환경오염의 원인이 될 수 있는 영양염류 성분 중 질소를 최대 92%, 인을 최대 99%까지 제거시켰다. 본 연구에서 바이오디젤의 원료가 될 수 있는 가장 주된 지방산은 리놀렌산(C18 : 3n3)으로 총 지질량의 최대 61%까지 차지했다. 지방산의 생산성은 2.4 g m-2 day-1이었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구를 통하여 차세대 바이오매스 생산을 위한 미세조류 배양을 저온 시기에서도 이룩하였으며, 그에 따른 폐수처리에서도 좋은 성과를 이루었다.

In general, a wagering is deemed a form of gambling when it has the element of betting on properties. Also, any game that leads to financial loss or gain based on its outcome is also interpreted as a form of gambling. However, what if there is no loss or gain of profit in property? In Korea, this kind of non gambling game is widely called Web Board Game. In recent years, Korea’s game industry has become the new engine for economic growth and positioned itself as the symbol of a successful cultural content. However, despite all this, the popular media has accused game as the cause of gambling. And every year the government is coming out with new regulations that woule be seriously affecting the whole game industry and game developer's life. The most recent regulations are coming from Amendments of Game Industry Promotion Act's Implementing Ordinance in the year of 2013. This study examines and tests the Problem of "webboard-game's daily limit regulation" which is known as the most difficult for developers to materialize from these 2013 years amendments of regulations. And it shows the effectiveness and provides an alternative direction for game development.

In recent years, with the successful growth and rapid overseas expansion of Korean games, Korea’s game industry has become the new engine for economic growth and positioned itself as the symbol of a successful cultural content. However, despite all this, the popular media has accused game as the cause of gambling and also violence. And every year the government is coming out with new regulations that are seriously affecting the whole game industry. Therefore, right now there is a need to introduce regulation to the game developers not as an object of condemnation or an object to be evaded. Regulation should be rethought and also measures should be taken to minimize it side effects. This study examines and tests the most recent regulations that were not suitable for games. And it shows the effectiveness and provides an alternative direction for game development.

최근 급속성장 하고 있는 게임 산업은, 역기능으로 지적 받고 있는 사행성 문제로 인해 사회적 논란의 대상이 되고 있다. 다른 역기능보다 특히 게임 사행성의 문제가 게임 개발자의 입장에서 더욱 주목 받는 것은, 합법적인 게임이 불법적 게임이용자들의 위법행위에 의해 사행성이 덧씌워진다는 점에 있다. 이렇게 '덧씌워진' 사행성을 두고 오히려 '게임자체'에 대한 규제가 가해지면, 게임성의 변질과 함께 예상치 못한 부작용으로 인해 규제도 게임도 모두 실패하는 상황에 직면하기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 위에 언급한 게임 규제의 적절성과 효과성을 게임 개발자의 입장에서 검토하였으며, 게임 산업이 받고 있는 규제와 규제 적용이 게임성 변화에 미치는 실제사례를 연구하여 정리했다. 이와 같은 연구는 앞으로의 게임개발과 게임에 대한 법적 규제의 실효성에 대한 고찰과 함께 새로운 시각을 열어 주리라 기대한다.

Fire scene is mostly destroyed by the flames but fire fighter's fire suppression and rescue activities also destroys a substantail portion. Structures and furnitures which has already become weaken can be easily damaged. Or when structures built up by moving to another location, it's very hard to restore the original state. Also if it is restored, the object has no evidence that it has existed. In all scenes, the scene can't be preserved when quick extinguishment, rescue activities and preventation of fire spread is needed. On this paper, it reviewed the notes about the possibility of field damage by fire suppression and rescue squad's activities. Also it has reviewed the notes how to minimize the field damage by putting out fires and rescue activities by observing the precautions. The reviewed information will help to make guidelines for preserving the scene. By this, it is expected to make a field study exactly by collecting more valid evidence.

한국 내 전국적으로 5곳의 담수에서 2010년 4월부터 2011년 6월에 걸쳐 담수시료를 채취한 후, 각 담수시료에서 Botryococcus braunii의 출현을 확인하고 microcapillary-pipetting method를 이용하여 5주를 분리하였다. 분리된 B. braunii의 18S rRNA sequencing 후, BLAST search를 통한 분석 결과는 B. braunii와 가장 높은 상동성을 나타낸 것으로 확인되어 형태적 동정결과와 일치하였다. 진화, 계통분류학적 분석결과, 분리된 5주의 B. braunii는 단일 계통인 Trebouxiophyceae으로 분류되었다. 18S rRNA sequence의 계통 분류학적 분석에서 B. braunii KNU6는 다른 분리된 B. braunii와 같은 분류군 내에서 거리의 차이가 있었고, 또한 세포크기, 점액질의 양 등의 형태적 특징도 차이를 보였다. 한국에서 분리된 5주의 B. braunii는 모두 race A type의 분류군에 포함되며, 탄소수 C23-C33의 지방산에서 유래된 alkadienes과 alkatrienes를 생산하는 것으로 사료되며, B. braunii를 이용한 바이오디젤을 생산하기 위한 최적의 배양조건을 찾는 연구가 필요하다.

The CdS thin film used as a window layer in the CdTe thin film solar cell transports photo-generated electrons to the front contact and forms a p-n junction with the CdTe layer. This is why the electrical, optical, and surface properties of the CdS thin film influence the efficiency of the CdTe thin film solar cell. When CdTe thin film solar cells are fabricated, a heat treatment is done to improve the qualities of the CdS thin films. Of the many types of heat treatments, the CdCl2 heat treatment is most widely used because the grain size in CdS thin films increases and interdiffusion between the CdS and the CdTe layer is prevented by the heat treatment. To investigate the changes in the electrical, optical, and surface properties and the crystallinity of the CdS thin films due to heat treatment, CdS thin films were deposited on FTO/glass substrates by the rf magnetron sputtering technique, and then a CdCl2 heat treatment was carried out. After the CdCl2 heat treatment, the clustershaped grains in the CdS thin film increased in size and their boundaries became faint. XRD results show that the crystallinity improved and the crystalline size increased from 15 to 42 nm. The resistivity of the CdS single layer decreased from 3.87 to 0.26 Ωcm, and the transmittance in the visible region increased from 64% to 74%.

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) used in the antireflection layer and current spreading layer of heterojunction solar cells should have excellent optical and electrical properties. Furthermore, TCOs need a high work function over 5.2 eV to prevent the effect of emitter band-bending caused by the difference in work function between emitter and TCOs. Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) film is a highly promising material as a TCO due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. However, ITO films have a low work function of about 4.8 eV. This low work function of ITO films leads to deterioration of the conversion efficiency of solar cells. In this work, ITO films with various Zn contents of 0, 6.9, 12.7, 28.8, and 36.6 at.% were fabricated by a co-sputtering method using ITO and AZO targets at room temperature. The optical and electrical properties of Zn-doped ITO thin films were analyzed. Then, silicon heterojunction solar cells with these films were fabricated. The 12.7 at% Zn-doped ITO films show the highest hall mobility of 35.71 cm2/Vsec. With increasing Zn content over 12.7, the hall mobility decreases. Although a small addition of Zn content increased the work function, further addition of Zn content over 12.7 at.% led to decreasing electrical properties because of the decrease in the carrier concentration and hall mobility. Silicon heterojunction solar cells with 12.7 at% Zn-doped ITO thin films showed the highest conversion efficiency of 15.8%.

The overexpression of Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes (PEA15) gene is commonly found in human diabetic patients. The overexpression of this gene in skeletal muscle and fat tissues have been reported to cause insulin resistance, thereby impairing insulin stimulated glucose uptake. We introduced a gene of mouse PEA15 (mPEA15) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into fertilized one cell pig zygotes using microinjection, and produced a piglet that showed overexpression of mPEA15 in the muscle tissues and expression of EGFP in the ear tissues and hooves. RT-PCR RFLP, southern blot and FISH analysis showed that the tissues carried the transgene. Real-time RT-PCR and western blots demonstrated that PEA15 gene was overexpressed in the various tissues and muscle tissues, respectively. These facts suggest that expression vector system is normally expressed in the trnasgenic (TG) pigs. To use as animal diseases model for type 2 diabetes, further study is necessary to confirm whether diabetes occur in these TG pigs, especially insulin resistance.

The present study aimed to verify the effects of DFO on PDL cells, with particular emphasis on focusing on osteoblastic differentiation. Its mechanisms related to heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway were also analyzed. DFO increased the expression of HO-1 and early osteoblastic differentiation markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). DFO upregulated heme oxygenase-1. Treatment with HO-1 siRNA blocked the DFO-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation and HO-1 expression. The NF-kB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor Wortmannin, and p38 MAPK inhibitor U0126 blocked the effects of DFO on HO-1 expression and osteoblastic differentiation in PDL cells. Collectively, these data suggest that DFO promotes osteoblastic differentiation and induces the expression of defense protein HO-1 probably via PI3K, p38 MAPK, and NF-kB signalling pathways in PDL cells.

We have studied methods to save Si source during the fabrication process of crystalline Si solar cells. One way is to use a thin silicon wafer substrate. As the thickness of the wafers is reduced, mechanical fractures of the substrate increase with the mechanical handling of the thin wafers. It is expected that the mechanical fractures lead to a dropping of yield in the solar cell process. In this study, the mechanical properties of 220-micrometer-solar grade Cz p-type monocrystalline Si wafers were investigated by varying saw-damage etching conditions in order to improve the flexural strength of ultra-thin monocrystalline Si solar cells. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution were used as etching solutions. Etching processes were operated with a varying of the ratio of KOH and TMAH solutions in different temperature conditions. After saw-damage etching, wafers were cleaned with a modified RCA cleaning method for ten minutes. Each sample was divided into 42 pieces using an automatic dicing saw machine. The surface morphologies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and 3D optical microscopy. The thickness distribution was measured by micrometer. The strength distribution was measured with a 4-point-bending tester. As a result, TMAH solution at 90˚C showed the best performance for flexural strength.

The end shape of tube for automobile power steering system has influence on the ability of performance. In this case study, we attempted to optimize the forming process of a small tube using Taguchi experimental design methodology. A preliminary experimen