30KV 전자빔리소그래피 장치를 사용하여 PMMA 3000Å/P(MMA/MAA) 6000Å의 이중구조에서 foot width 0.1μm이하, head width 0.4μm의 T-gate를 형성하였다. PMMA/P(MMA/MAA)/GaAS 구조에 대한 Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션 결과, 산란반경 0.1μm에서 전방산란전자와 후방산란전자의 에너지 비는 19.5:1로 나타났다. 전자빔리소그래피 공정에 필요한 PMMA 및 P(MMA/MMA)의 열처리 조건, 설게 선폭에 대한 패턴감도를 구하였다. MIBK : IPA = 1 : 1 현상액에 대한 PMMA 및 P(MMA/MAA)의 감마값(gamma value)은 2.3이었다. 광 및 전자빔리소그래피 장치의 혼합사용(mix-and-match) 결과 층간정렬도 (alignment accuracy)는 0.1μm(3σ) 이하를 얻었다.

All the activities and physical properties including surface tension' foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power, dispersion effect of 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxyY-1-propane sulfonate (HSB)류와 3-CN-alkylamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamm-onjo)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate (APSB) aquous solution were measured and critical micelle concentration was evaluated. Their cmc of hydroxy sulfobetaine derivatives evaluated by the surface tension method was 1.0×10-3~1.0×10-4 mol/l, and surface tension of the aquous solution was decreased to 27~38dyne/cm. The experimental results for foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power in liquid paraffin showed a good surface active properties, especially, dispersion effect in ferric oxide exhibited some efficient surface active properties, and then it would be expected to application as detergent and dispersion agent.

In order to review industrial application of amphoteric surfactants, new types of hydroxy sulfobetaine, 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-dimethyl-N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate and 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-acylammonio)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate were prepared by the reaction of quaternized sodium 1-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-propane sulfonate with N, N-dimethyl-N-alkylamine and N, N-dimethyl N-acylamido propylamine that have a straight chain radical of 12, 18 carbon atoms respectively in the presence of alkali catalyst. All the reaction products could be separated by means of column and thin layer chromatography, and the yields of all products ranged in 85~90%, the structure of them could be confirmed from IR and 1H-NMR spectra.

The Surfactants composed of acylated aterocollagen which is produced by the acylation of the side chain amino radicals of aterocollagen with an aliphatic acid having 12 to 18 carbon atoms will be discussed in this study. This condensation is done at moderate reaction temperature (〈25℃) in aqueous alkaline solution. The products of this reaction were identified by UV/VIS spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. For these compounds, surface active properties and physical properties including isoelectric point, Krafft point, surface tension, critical micelle concentration(cmc), foaming power, viscosity behaviour, water holding capacity, skin irritation and emulsifying power were measured respectively. The experimental results received that the products have a good emulsifying power, excellent water holding capacity while having low skin irritation. Thus, these derivatives will be expected to be used as an emulsifying agent for O/W type cosmetic emulsion.

The syntheses of urocanic acid esters was optimized, starting from p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of this acid and long chain fatty alcohols in the organic solvent and extracting water from it by means of azeotropic Compound. The salts of these urocanic acid esters showed amphoteric properties, but their micellization enhances their rate of hydrolysis leading to the free amine. Nevertheless the long chain gives to the esters themselves an amphoteric character allowing their solubilization in micellar media and in microemulsions the result, yield could enhanced.

In order to effectively control the Ricania sp., we investigated the light response to adults and developed an adult capturing device using light with superior attractiveness. The preference among six light sources such as daylight color, green, etc. for the Ricania sp. adult was favored with daylight color 97 > black 79 = red 79 = blue 79 > green 24 > yellow 13. We have developed an adult catching device using the most preferred daylight colors and behavioral habits of the Ricania sp.. The capture device consisted of two daylight compact lamps (30W, 20W), a yellow plate, and a catcher using water, and caught about 700 individuals a day. The capturing device has a large amount of capturing because adult is activity at high nighttime temperatures, but the capturing amount decreased significantly when the temperature dropped below 23℃. More than 85% of the Ricania sp. adults were trapped for 3 hours from 19:00 to 23:00. Therefore, it is considered that the adult capturing device for the control of Ricania sp. is used from mid July to late August when the night temperature is over 23℃, and lights up from 19:00 to 23:00.

The developmental ecology and temperature-dependent growth model were calculated to develop the Scotinophara lurida control technology, which is mainly affected by environmentally friendly rice cultivation. The survival rate of S. lurida after overwintering in 2019 showed that 167 of 224 survived and the survival rate was 72.8%. Overwintering adult of S. lurida occur in rice fields in mid-June, spawn in early July, and first-generation adults develop in mid-August. In order to determine the temperature-dependent growth model, the growth periods by temperature and development stage were investigated in a incubator at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30℃ and 14L: 10D. The period from egg to adult at the temperature of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30℃ was 119.8, 73.1, 53.5, 39.4, and 82.0 days, respectively. The best development temperature was at 27℃. The regression curve was obtained by analyzing the relationship between temperature and growth rate using the Excell program, and the base temperature threshold and effective cumulative temperature for each development stage were calculated. From eggs to 5 nymphs of S. lurida the base temperature threshold was 17.9℃ and the effective cumulative temperature was 380.2 DD.

본 시험은 전남지역에서 갈색날개매미충(Ricania shanthungensis) 발생현황을 조사하고 친환경 방제체계 확립을 위하여 2016년부터 2017년까지 2년간 수행하였다. 광주, 전남 도내 갈색날개매미충은 15시군 61읍면의 1,344 ha에 발생하였다. 정점지역 4개소 조사 결과 난괴나 약충밀도는 2016년에 비해 2017년에 낮아지고 부화율은 감소하고 첫 부화시기나 성충 출현, 산란 시작시기는 더 늦어지는 경향이었다. 갈색날개매미충의 알기생봉인 검정알벌류(Telenomus sp.)는 대부분의 지역에 발생하고 있으며, 기생률은 순천이 46.1%로 가장 높았고, 무안 40.6, 곡성 29.2, 구례 25.8, 광주 17 순이었다. 갈색날개매미충알 방제를 위한 살포적기는 3월 상순이었다. 살포자재와 희석배수는 친환경재배는 기계유 유제 10배액, 일반재배는 클로르피리포스수화제 500배액을 살포하면 95%가 부화하지 못했다. 기계유유제, 고삼+미생물추출물제, 피마자유제의 유기농업자재가 약충에 대하여 80% 이상의 살충효과가 있었고, 성충에는 고삼+미생물추출물제, 님추출물제, 기계유유제가 좋았다. 디노테퓨란수화제 등 4종의 화학농약은 모두 약충과 성충방제에 효과적이었다. 갈색날개매미충이 가장 선호하는 주광색 등과 행동습성을 이용하여 성충 유인포획장치를 개발하였다. 포획장치 구성은 주광색 컴팩트램프 2개(30W, 20W), 황색판, 포집수반으로 구성되었으며 하루에 700마리정도 포획되었다. 이상의 조사결과를 이용해 전남지역에서 갈색날개매미충 생활환과 친환경 방제체계를 확립하였다.

Hazardous metals leaching experiment was carried out in accordance with various usage environments for camping cooking utensils distributed in the market. There was a significant difference in the degree of migration for lead, arsenic, cadmium and nickel defending on the solvent and how to use, although they were all appropriate for criteria. In general, the migrated amount of aluminum was increased in acidic condition, and the migrated amount of arsenic was increased in salty condition. Physical scratches increased the overall release of hazardous metals from the portable pots and pans for camping in all solvents. Especially, in 0.5% citric acid solution, cadmium was migrated by physical scratch in stainless steel and hard aluminum pots and pans. The longer the leaching time, the higher the migration of aluminum in acid condition and arsenic in basic condition. From these results, it is desirable to use the cooking utensil for camping without being exposed to strong acidic or basic solution and scratches in order to reduce the migration of hazardous metals from them.

본 연구는 국내 단감 유기재배 선도농가의 병해충 방제 실태조사, 주요 병해충에 대한 친환경 방제자재 선발, 수립한 방제시스템의 현장실증시험을 2013년부터 2015년까지 3년 동안 수행하였다. 유기재배 선도농가의 주 재배품종은 부유였으며, 병해충 방제를 연간 9~17회 유기농업 자재를 살포하였다. 피해가 가장 심한 병해충은 탄저병, 노린재, 감꼭지나방, 깍지벌레 등 이었으며, 사용한 방제자재는 결정석회황합제, 황토유황, 유화제, 보르도액 그리고 마늘, 은 행, 소나무를 이용한 자가제조 식물추출물제를 이용하였다. 탄저병 방제에 효율적인 자재 는 결정석회황, 황토유황이었고, 마늘유+ 시트로넬라유제, 고삼종자 추출물+차추출물제가 톱다리개미허리노린재와 독나방에 효과적이었다. 감꼭지나방 교미교란트랩을 60개/10a 설 치하면 감 착과율을 30% 향상시켰다. 유기재배 단감에 연간 10회 방제하는 방제시스템의 현장실증시험 결과 70.7%의 과일을 수확할 수 있었다. 그러나, 수확기 즈음인 9월, 10월에는 약제를 살포할 수 없기 때문에 이 때 가해하는 노린재류의 피해는 감소하지 않았으며, 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

In this study, green design introducing nature into the commercial place is viewed how it gives not only psychological and emotional values to the customers but also economic value to commercial business self. Because economic value is to be difficult, complex and inaccurate in figure, this study was investigated for economic values of introduction of naturality by conversions of brand values. Also this study investigated how customers give economic benefits to the brand attitude and brand royalty when they were conscious of the introduction of the naturality in family restaurant and how customers expressed brand loyalty by revisits and recommended to others. For the analogical interpretation, it were clarified with three hypotheses. The first hypothesis was visual factors will have positive effects to brand attitude and brand loyalty and the second hypothesis was that, among customer evaluation factors, introductions of naturality will affect more to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than visual factors. The third hypothesis was family restaurants of natural stlye would have introduced green design factors which were represented by plants and naturality. The results of this study were as follows: The first hypothesis was verified that visual factor was influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. The second hypothesis was investigated that recognition of natural elements were influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. Thirdly, the restaurants of natural stlye were explained by natural elements factors and has more positive relations to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than other type for introducing plants. Finally, this study was propsed that introducing natural plants in commercial family restaurant was to estimate brand asset values and to have motive to practice green design with natural elements, speciality natural plants.

The role of rural towns as a leisure space has recently been increasing with changes in the consumption trends in domestic tourism. Based on the tourists visiting the town of Sunheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, a rural Village in Jeju Island, this study categorized the market according to the images formed by the tourists of rural towns, and analyzed the preferred mode of participation in rural field activities for each category. We analyzed the characteristic factors of the images of rural tourism formed by the tourists, extracted three factors for cluster analysis, and then formed three groups: “Group of Rural Experience Activity” “Group of Rural Environment and Service” and “Group of Rest in the Rural” After analyzing the preferred activity in each image-category group, we found no significant differences among the groups in ordinary activities such as viewing the scenery, experiencing and learning about the natural environment, and culinary experiences. However, there were significant differences among the groups regarding participation in experiential tour programs with the purpose of active tourism. The “Group of Rural Experience Activity” sought to actively participate in various activity programs, whereas the “Group of Rest in the Rural” comparatively had a weaker preference for such active programs. We thus learnt that tourists’ preferred activities are different according to the types of images formed by the tourists visiting rural towns. Therefore, to strengthen the competitive advantage of the rural tourist destinations of Jeju Island, it is necessary to provide various activity programs that are appropriate for the rural regions of Jeju and to accord with the expectations associated with each market segment category by positioning the programs according to the characteristics of the images held by the tourists.

This study explores views of mothers whose child attends a private kindergarten regarding the way their children learn English in kindergarten. We recruited eight participants in City A. We collected data through semi-structured interviews, and suggestions based on our findings are as follows. First, the level of difficulty for the English education programs in normal kindergartens are based on the parents' needs rather than the practical level for the children of early childhood. Also the English classes in Kindergartens that are allegedly specialized with English Education focus on memorizing more than the child can bear, which is not appropriate for the development of children in their early childhood. Second, without a proper goal in English education, a manual for appropriate English education for early childhood was in need. Third, while in a dilemmatic situation in choosing a proper early childhood education establishment, mothers’ would choose a normal kindergarten, focusing on whole-rounded education, and Kindergartens that are allegedly specialized with English Education for the English education. And for further level of education, they preferred the Natural approach and Phonics approach, which were appropriate for their level of difficulty. This research implies that dialogues among stakeholders and studies on teaching strategies relevant for young children should take place for more meaningful and appropriate English education in early childhood programs.

As rural development projects, mostly carried out in a top-down development method in the past came to take a bottom-up development method in earnest, entering the 2000s, resident participation became an essential element of a rural community design project, to the extent that it can influence the success or failure of a rural community design project. It is taken for granted that rural residents independently participate in community design projects, but as they are accustomed to various subsidy projects carried out by the government and become increasingly aging, it is not easy to induce their spontaneous participation in farming areas with such problems. Especially, to prevent the distrust between administrative agencies and residents from serving as an obstacle in the residents' spontaneous participation, it is necessary to construct horizontal governance among the village residents, administrative agencies and the group of experts supporting for the project. This study attempted to verify the mediating effect of governance in the relationship between resident participation and the performance of the rural community design project based on this problem recognition, and for this purpose, the results of a survey with residents in Utturu Village, Hangyeong-myeon, Jeju-si, which was completed by carrying out a comprehensive rural development project, the typical bottom-up community design project was used for an empirical analysis. The results of the study can provide implications for setting directions, establishing strategies and constructing governance of rural community design projects in the future, and especially, it can be said that this study has academic significance in that governance is recognized as an important variable related to the project performance.

본 연구에서는 물환경 정책 및 계획의 추진과정에서 발생할 수 있는 갈등을 풀어나갈 수 있도록 다양한 이해당사자들의 참여, 투명한 정보공개, 객관적 의사결정과정, 개별 이해당사자들의 의견 반영 등 합의형성을 위한방법론 또는 도구로서 합의형성 지원시스템을 제안하였다. 개발된 합의형성 지원시스템은 물환경 문제에 대하여 영향력을 가진 특정 집단이 해결안을 제시하여 강요하거나 설득하는 구조 대신에 다양한 이해당사자의 참여를 바탕으로 한 공동적 문제해결 방식을 기반으로 하였다. 즉, 합의에 도달하기 위해서 협상 및 조정과 같은 상호작용을 통해 이해관계를 조정하여 이해당사자들 스스로 갈등을 해결할 수 있는 환경을 제공한다는 것이다. 개발된 합의형성 지원시스템의 적용성을 검증하기 위하여 한탄강댐 건설 사례에 대한 제한적인 롤플레잉 모의실험을 수행하였다. 본 연구는 합의형성 지원시스템의 적용을 통해 정부가 지역사회나 NGO 등과 공론의 장을 마련하여 적극적으로 합의형성을 이룰 수 있도록 노력한다면 협상의 효과를 한층 높일 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.