This study is to develop a diagnostic model for the effective introduction of smart factories in the manufacturing industry, to diagnose SMEs that have difficulties in building their own smart factory compared to large enterprise, to identify the current level and to present directions for implementation. IT, AT, and OT experts diagnosed 18 SMEs using the "Smart Factory Capacity Diagnosis Tool" developed for smart factory level assessment of companies. They analyzed the results and assessed the level by smart factory diagnosis categories. Companies' smart factory diagnostic mean score is 322 out of 1000 points, between 1 level (check) and 2 level (monitoring). According to diagnosis category, Factory Field Basic, R&D, Production/Logistics/Quality Control, Supply Chain Management and Reference Information Standardization are high but Strategy, Facility Automation, Equipment Control, Data/Information System and Effect Analysis are low. There was little difference in smart factory level depending on whether IT system was built or not. Also, Companies with large sales amount were not necessarily advantageous to smart factories. This study will help SMEs who are interested in smart factory. In order to build smart factory, it is necessary to analyze the market trends, SW/ICT and establish a smart factory strategy suitable for the company considering the characteristics of industry and business environment.

동절기에 제주도 지역에서 도래하는 떼까마귀의 유전적 특성과 집단 간 유연관계를 구명하기 위해, 미토콘드리아 COI 유전자 서열의 다형성에 기반한 모계 계통 구조와 계통 유연관계를 분석하였다. 떼까마귀 DNA는 우도와 제주도 내에서 발견된 깃털과 사체 시료에서 분리하였다. 결정된 COI 서열들(n=41)은 떼까마귀(Corvus frugilegus)에서 기존 에 보고된 서열들과 97.0% 이상 일치하였다. 제주도 떼까마귀 COI 서열들은 3가지 haplotype(J01-J03)으로 구분되었으 나 지역-특이적인 양상을 보이지 않아, 이들이 하나의 모계 기원에서 유래한 집단임을 알 수 있었다. 떼까마귀 전체 COI 서열에서 8개의 COI haplotype들이 발견되었다. 이 중 3가지 haplotype들은 러시아 동부, 몽골, 한국 등 동북아시 아의 COI 서열들을 포함하였고, 나머지 5가지는 중앙아시아, 중동아시아, 러시아 서부, 유럽국가의 떼까마귀에서 발견 되었다. 계통수 상에서 떼까마귀의 COI 서열들은 측소적 종분화 단계인 2아종, C. f. frugilegus와 C. f. pastinator인 2개의 모계 계통으로 뚜렷하게 구분되었다. DNA barcoding 분석을 통한 연구결과는 모계 계통의 구조, 계통 유연관계 및 분자생태를 이해하는 데 중요한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

A low thermal expansion ceramic, cordierite (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2), was synthesized using pyrophyllite. Pyrophyllite usually consists of SiO2 and Al2O3, which are the main components of cordierite. MgCO3 and Al(OH)3 were added in various amounts to pyrophyllite and fired for synthesis and sintering. α-cordierite crystallized from 1000 oC with mixing of 20 wt% MgCO3 and 1.7 wt% Al(OH)3, and un-reacted cristobalite was also detected with the cordierite. As the temperature was increased to 1400 oC, the cordierite yield was gradually increased. Powder compacts of the synthesized cordierite were sintered between 1250 oC ~ 1400 oC; the sintered samples showed a low thermal expansion coefficient of 2.1 × 10−6/ oC and typical sintering behavior. It is anticipated that it will be possible to synthesize cordierite ceramics on a mass production scale using the mineral pyrophyllite.

[6]-Gingerol, a major polyphenol of ginger(Zingiber officinale), exhibits a variety ofbiological properties including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. However,the radioprotective effect of [6]-gingerol is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigatethe radioprotective effect of [6]-gingerol against radiation-induced cell cytotoxicity and oxidativestress in HepG2 cells. [6]-Gingerol pretreatment attenuated radiation-induced cell cytotoxicitycaused by 5Gy(half lethal dose, LD50of HepG2 cells). The measurements of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activity were also performed. The results showed that [6]-gingerol pre-treatment reduced increasing SOD and CAT activity after exposure of IR, indicating that [6]-gin-gerol protected oxidative stress by regulating cellular antioxidant enzyme(SOD and CAT) activity.These findings suggest that [6]-gingerol acts as a radioprotector by attenuating cell cytotoxicityand oxidative stress.

이 연구는 2009년 3월에서 2012년 7월까지 한라산에 설치한 인공둥지에서 번식하는 박새류(Titmouse)의 고도변화에 따른 번식생태학적 특징을 밝히기 위하여 이루어졌다. 박새류의 최초산란일은 고도가 높아짐에 따라 늦어지는 양상을 보였고, 고도상승에 따른 기온감소가 최초산란일에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 결과를 종합해보면, 번식기(4~6월)의 평균기온과 산란일 간에는 유의한 상관을 보이지는 않았다(p>0.05). 인공둥지 이용률은 지역과 연도별 차이는 없었으나 박새(Parus major)와 곤줄박이(Parus varius) 두 종간에는 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한배산란수는 종간에 차이가 있었으나(p<0.05) 고도와 연도별 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 부화성공률, 이소성공률, 번식성공률은 각각 2011년 67.3%, 99.5%, 67.0%이었고, 2012년에는 71.3%, 96.8%, 69.0%로 이소성공률은 높았고, 부화성공률과 번식성공률은 비슷하게 나타났다. 고도 차이에 따른 기온의 변화가 번식시기에 영향을 미치는 것은 확인되었으나 다른 번식생태학적 특성과의 상관관계는 확인할 수 없었다. 따라서 고도에 따른 기온변화가 박새류의 번식에 미치는 영향을 보다 명확하게 밝히기 위해서는 미기후요인과 먹이원 등의 조사를 통한 장기적인 연구가 필요할 것이라 판단된다.

  In this paper, we proposed the SCM logistics roadmap in other that the "Northeast Asian Distribution Hub" policy of the government can be realized more effectively. First, we analysed the requirements of SCM roadmap by examining the situation of Northea

‘Hwaweon 6’ was developed from a cross between ‘Hwaseongbyeo’ and a wild species, Oryza minuta L. (Acc. No. 101154) based on marker-assisted selection and backcrossing. The recurrent parent ‘Hwaseongbyeo’ is a high grain quality cultivar with medium maturity. Hwaweon 6 is nearly isogenic to Hwaseongbyeo except a small O. minuta introgressed segment on chromosome 7 harboring genes related with spikelets per panicle. The preliminary and replicated yield trial was conducted at Chungnam National University and Chungcheongnamdo Agricultural Research & Extension (CARES), Yesan in 2009 and 2010. The local adaptability test was carried out by the National Seed Management Office (NSMO) in 2011 and 2012. This cultivar was registered to NSMO with a cultivar designated as Hwaweon 6. This cultivar averaged 80cm in culm length and has a medium growth duration. Milled rice of Hwaweon 6 is translucent and the grain quality traits are comparable to those of the recurrent parent. The average yield potential of Hwaweon 6 in grain was about 6.57 MT/ha at the ordinary fertilizer level for two years about 3.0% higher than that of Hwaseongbyeo due to an introgression of the quantitative trait locus (QTL) for spikelets per panicle (qSPP7) from O. minuta. This variety is comparable to Hwaseongbyeo in low temperature germinability and cold tolerance. The qSPP7 QTL would be useful in enhancing yield potential in rice breeding program.

‘Hwaweon 7’ was developed from a cross between the African upland cultivar, ‘Moroberekan’ and ‘Ilpumbyeo’ based on marker-aided backcross selection. The recurrent parent, Ilpumbyeo is a high grain quality cultivar with medium to late maturity. Hwaweon 7 is nearly isogenic to Ilpumbyeo except a small Moroberekan introgressed segment on chromosome 6 harboring genes related with spikelets per panicle and internode diameter. The preliminary and replicated yield trial was conducted at Chungnam National University and Chungcheongnamdo Agricultural Research & Extension (CARES), Yesan in 2010 and 2011. The local adaptability test was carried out by the National Seed Management Office (NSMO) in 2012 and 2013. This cultivar was registered to NSMO with a cultivar designated as “Hwaweon7”. This cultivar averaged 80cm in culm length and has a medium growth duration. Milled rice of “Hwaweon7” is translucent and the grain quality traits are comparable to those of the recurrent parent. The average yield potential of Hwaweon 7 in grain was about 6.48 MT/ha at the ordinary fertilizer level for two years about 5.1% higher than that of Ilpumbyeo due to increase in spikelets per panicle. This variety is tolerant to lodging and the tolerance is due to the APO1 gene controlling the base internode diameter on chromosome 6 introgressed from the donor parent, Moroberekan. The Apo1 gene would be useful in enhancing resistance to lodging in rice breeding program.

This study investigated the association between PM2.5 concentrations obtained with portable real-time monitors and those obtained with gravimetric methods in national urban air-quality monitoring sites in Seoul, South Korea. We used the SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor (TSI Inc., 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN) and DustTrak DRX 8533 (TSI Inc., 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN) as portable real-time monitors for measuring PM2.5 concentrations and compared these values with those measured with the PMS-103 or SEQ 47/50 models operated by Federal Reference Method (FRM) or the European Committee for Standardization(ECS), respectively, in national urban air-quality monitoring sites in Seoul. Measurements were conducted every other day in the winter and spring seasons of 2014. The estimated daily mean concentrations of PM2.5 ranged between 13.4 and 161.9 μg/m3 using AM 510 and between 22.0 and 156.0 μg/m3 using DustTrak. The Spearman correlation coefficient for PM2.5 concentrations between AM 510 and gravimetric results was 0.99, and the correlation between DustTrak and gravimetric results was 0.87. The correction factor suggested was 0.42 and 0.29 for AM 510 and DustTrak, respectively. We found that PM2.5 concentrations measured with real-time monitors could overestimate true PM2.5 concentrations and therefore the application of a correction factor (0.43) is strongly suggested for quantification when Real-time monitors were operated of PM2.5 levels at urban atmospheric environment of South Korea.

Grain weight is the most important target not only as a major component of grain yield, but also of the cooking qualities in rice breeding program. In a previous study, a high-resolution physical map targeting a cluster of yield-related QTLs for grain weight, spikelets per panicle has been constructed using series of BC3F4 nearly isogenic lines (NILs) derived from a cross between the Korean japonica cultivar Hwaseong and O. rufipogon. The QTLs including grain weight trait have been mapped in a 25.5kb region containing three genes. Based on GenBank database, these genes include male sterility 5 (OsMs5, LOC_Os09g36740), similar ascorbate peroxidase (OsApx, LOC_Os09g36750) and glutelin family protein (OsGlu, LOC_Os09g36760). Their endogenous expression patterns were analyzed in various rice tissues (2-week seedling, flag leaf, root and panicle) from the parental lines, Hwaseong and NIL-gw9. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were performed using gene specific primer sets. The cDNAs of the similar OsApx gene of Hwaweong and NIL-gw9 were cloned. Over-expression and RNAi knock-down transgenic plants using three genes are under construction for the functional characterization of the genes. The results will be discussed.

Drought stress is one of the major stresses affecting growth and productivity in rice. Drought tolerance is a complex trait governed by quantitative trait loci(QTLs) making it difficult to understand mechanisms underlying it. We generated a set of 55 introgression lines via backcrosses using Milyang23, the Korean Tongil-type rice variety as the recurrent parent and Oryza glaberrima (IRGC Acc. No. 103544) as a donor parent. 139 SSR markers were used to genotype 55 introgression lines. The 55 introgression lines with Milyang23 were evaluated for physiological traits such as fresh shoot weight (FSW), fresh root weight (FRW) and dry shoot weight (DSW) under the control and 30% PEG-treated condition. Three lines (IL9, IL12, and IL55) showing significant difference with Milyang23 were selected for further analysis. Genotyping revealed that three lines had four, four and two O. glaberrima homozygous segments, respectively. IL9 performed better than Milyang23 in all traits measured in the 30% PEG-treated condition. IL9 possessed four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 1, 2, 6 and 7. IL12 performed better than Milyang23 in FSW and FRW and contains four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 3 and 6. IL55 contains two O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 2 and 6. Three lines shared the O. glaberrima segment delimited by markers RM133-RM225 at chromosomes 6. This region corresponds to the QTL region for drought tolerance reported by other previous studies. Although IL9 and IL12 showed improved drought tolerance at the seedling and vegetative stage, they performed poor under the drought stress at the reproductive stage implying that the level of drought tolerance differs according to the growth stage in rice. IL55 was not significantly different from Milyang 23 in SPP and FER and had significantly higher no. of the total grain than Milyang 23. This result seems to indicate that IL55 will be a good resource for drought tolerance breeding. The population would be useful not only in developing drought tolerant lines in the breeding program but also in fine-mapping the genes/QTLs for drought tolerance.

본 연구에서는 밀양23호의 배경에 O. glaberrima의 특정 염색체단편을 가지는 55 이입계통의 내건성 관련 형질을 조 사하여 변이를 검정하고 내건성이 향상된 4 계통을 선발하였 다. 특히 IL55는 유묘기, 영양생장기 그리고 생식생장기에서 반복친인 밀양23호에 비해 조사된 내건성 형질에서 우수한 특성을 보였으며 내건성 관련 유전자의 분석 및 교배모본으 로 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 이입계통들은 밀양23호의 유전적 배경에 각 계통마다 서로 다른 O. glaberrima 단편이 이입된 계통으로, 이 집단은 O. glaberrima에서 유래된 내재해성 및 작물학적으로 유용한 유전자의 탐색에 효율적인 도구가 될 것이다.

‘화원 3호’는 종간교잡을 통해 화영벼의 근동질계통을 육성하고자 ‘97년 화영벼와 O. rufipogon을 교배하고, 계속적인 여교배와 MAS를 병행 실시하여 CR1112-5-2-1 계통을 선발하였다. 생산력검정 시험 결과 조사 형질 중 이삭추출도, 적고를 제외한 기타 형질에서는 화영벼와 유사한 근동질계통이었으며, 품종보호원 출원 조건에 부합하여 ‘화원 3호’로 명명하고 품종보호원을 출원하였다. 출수기는 보통기재배에서 8월 14일로 화영벼와 동일한 중생종 품종이다. 천립중은 22.1 gr으로 화영벼보다 1 gr 정도 무겁다. 흰잎마름병과 줄무늬잎 마름병에는 저항성이나 충해에는 약하다. 도정 특성, 아밀로스 함량은 화영벼와 비슷한 수준이었다. ‘화원 3호의 정조수량은 ’06～’07년 2개년간 실시한 생산력검정 시험에서 평균 7.23 MT/ha로 화영벼와 유사하였다. ‘화원 3호’는 화영벼와 근동질계통으로 자포니카 계통의 내냉성을 증진시키는 중간 모본 그리고 내냉성 유전자의 특성 분석을 위한 육종재료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

Rice mesocotyl is the region between the coleoptile node and point of union of the culm with the root. The mesocotyl is one of the important factor contributing to rice seedling emergence from soil in direct seedling. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for mesocotyl elongation of rice had been reported in few studies. However, association mapping of mesocotyl elongation QTL was not conducted. For that reason, we detected QTLs for mesocotyl elongation in agar and soil conditions and confirmed the potentials of QTLs using chromosome substitution lines (CSSLs). Backcross inbred line (BILs) and chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a cross between Kasalath and Nipponbare were employed to detect QTLs for mesocotyl elongation in rice. A total of 12 QTLs for mesocotyl elongation were detected on chromosome 1, 3, 6, 7, 9 and 12 using 98 BILs in agar and soil conditions. Two QTLs, qMel-1 and qMel-3 were consistently detected in both conditions. For substitution mapping of qMel-1 and qMel-3, across was made between 2 CSSLs, CSSL-6 and CSSL-15. Our results showed that the qMel-1 was located between two markers RM5448 and RM5310 on chromosome1 and the qMel-3 was located between RM15859-RM15974 on chromosome3. To understand factors controlling mesocotyl elongation, cell expansion and division of rice mesocotyl were investigated. Moreover, microarray analysis was conducted to select candidate genes using near-isogenic lines for two QTLs. 194 genes were up- and down regulated in rice mesocotyl.

Drought stress is one of the major stress affecting growth and productivity in rice. Drought tolerance is a complex trait governed by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) making it difficult to understand mechanisms underlying it. We generated a set of 55 introgression lines via a backcrossing using Milyang23, a Korean Tongil-type rice variety as the recurrent parent and O. glaberrima (IRGC Acc. No. 103544), an exotic collection from Mali, West Africa as donor parent. 141 SSR markers were used to genotype 55 introgression lines. The 55 introgression lines with the Milyang23 were evaluated for physiological traits such as Fresh shoot weight (FSW), Fresh root weight (FRW) and Dry shoot weight (DSW) under control and 20% PEG-treated condition. Three lines (IL9, 12, 55) showing significant difference with Milyang23 were selected. The genetic background of the three lines were similar to Milyang23 and it has four, four and two O. glaberrima homozygous segments, respectively. IL9 performed better than Milyang23 in all traits measured in the 20% PEG-treated condition. IL9 possessed four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 1, 2, 6 and 7. IL12 performed better than Milyang23 in FSW and FRW. IL12 contains four O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 3 and 6. And IL55 contains two O. glaberrima introgressions on chromosomes 2 and 6. O. glaberrima segment delimited by markers OSR19-RM225 at chromosomes 6 was commonly present in these three lines. This region corresponds to the QTL region for drought tolerance reported by other previous studies. A set of introgression lines are being developed containing only few chromosomal segments from O. glaberrima in the Milyang23 background. These would be useful not only in developing drought tolerant lines in the breeding program but also in fine-mapping the genes/QTLs for drought resistance.

Using a series of BC8F4 nearly isogenic lines(IL-20) derived from a cross between Hwaseongbyeo, as the recurrent parent, and wild rice Oryza minuta (IRGC Acc. No. 101144) as the donor parent we constructed a high-resolution physical map for the days to heading (dth9)-QTL. dth9 QTL was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 9 across a 34.74-kb region containing 8 predicted genes. Heading date of Japonica rice variety Hwaseongbyeo was one week earlier than a near-isogenic line (NILs) IL-20 under natural field (NF) conditions and 3-4 days under short-day (SD) conditions implying that the dth9-QTL is involved in photoperiod sensitivity in rice. Of the 8 predicted genes three were protein-coding genes in dth9-QTL region. According to RiceXpro published data, micro-array analysis of different leaf developmental stages of Nipponbare showed a higher level of LOC_Os09g36700 mRNA expression during panicle initiation stage. This data further supported our prediction that dth9 locus is responsible for delayed heading in IL-20. Previous studies showed that RNase T2 family proteins are involved in photoperiod sensitivity. Based on these findings we sequenced two candidate genes, which encoded for RNase T2 family proteins. Interestingly, we found the existence of a missense mutation in LOC_Os09g36700 gene suggesting that dth9-QTL might control difference in days to heading between Hwaseongbyeo and IL-20. The QTL for days to heading had not been detected in previous QTL studies between Oryza cultivars, indicating the existence of potentially novel allele from O. mimuta.

While a wealth of genetic diversity can be found from traditional rice varieties, wild rice species and wild relatives of rice, transfer of useful genes to modern varieties are often hampered by linkage drag. In this study, the previously identified blast resistance locus Pi45(t) from a cross between ‘Ilpumbyeo’ and ‘Moroberekan’ was showed to be linked with the spreading-type panicle caused by the SPR3 locus. Using InDel4 and RM17579 linked to the Pi45(t) and the SPR3, respectively, the distance between the two loci was estimated to be 6.9cM. This suggests a tight, yet incomplete linkage and provides the opportunity to utilize Pi45(t) in breeding programs without including SPR3. Two groups based on the genotype at the SPR3 locus were assembled; the CLosed Panicle (CLP) and SPReading panicle (SPR) groups with lines, which were homozygous for the Ilpumbyeo and Moroberekan alleles, respectively. A comparison between the traits of CLP and SPR groups revealed a decrease in 1000-grain weight and length and an increase in spikelets per panicle and secondary branches in the SPR group. This complicates selection against SPR3 as it is not clear whether these quantitative trait loci are linked to either SPR3 or Pi45(t). Re-evaluation of these traits using lines recombinant at the two loci would be necessary to clarify this issue.

High grain yield is one of the most important traits for improvement in rice breeding program. Much attention has been given to the genetic bases of spikelets per panicle (SPP) and grain weight (GW) because of their imporftance in rice yield. In this study, IL28, near isogenic line (NIL) developed by introgressing chromosomal segments from Moroberekan into Ilpumbyeo, showed significant increase in number of spikelets per panicle and 1,000 grain weight compare to the recurrent parent Ilpumbyeo. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in 1150 F2 plants derived from a cross between IL28 and Ilpumbyeo, indicated that both qspp6 and qgw6 were located in the interval RM3430 – RM20580. To map the QTL more precisely, substitution mapping of qspp6 and qgw6 using F4 lines was conducted. As a result of substitution mapping with fifty F4 lines, qspp6 was mapped to an 429kb interval between RM20521 and RM20562 while qgw6 was mapped to a 267kb interval between RM20562 and RM20572 based on the japonica genome sequence. This result seems to indicate that qspp6 and qgw6 are two different genes. It is notable that these QTL, qspp6 and qgw6 are independence from undesirable height and flowering time. Moreover, there was no negative correlation between qspp6 and qgw6 when two genes are pyramided in the genetic background of Ilpumbyeo. SSR markers tightly linked to the qspp6 and qgw6 will facilitate cloning of the gene underlying these QTLs as well as marker assisted selection for variation in SPP and TGW in an applied breeding program.

In previous studies, we reported that a QTL for 1000-grain weight (TGW), qTGW3 was located in the interval between RM60 and RM523 (1.2Mb) on chromosome 3 using advanced backcross lines derived from a cross between Oryza sativa ssp. Indica cv. Milyang 23 and O. glaberrima. The O. glaberrima alleles at this locus increased TGW and GL in the Milyang 23 background. To further confirm and narrow down the position of the QTLs on chromosome 3, twenty lines with different O. glaberrima segments in the target region were selected. Twenty lines were evaluated for seven agronomic traits including 1,000 grain weight and grain length and also genotyped with ten SSR markers. Sixteen lines(A, B, C groups) with the O. glaberrima segment flanked by SSR markers, RM60 and RM7332 displayed significantly higher values than Milyang 23 in TGW and GL whereas four lines(D, E groups) without the O. glaberrima segment displayed no difference in TGW and GL. The result indicates that two QTL, qTGW3 and qGL3 are located near RM60 and RM7332.