Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the preimplantation embryo. Human ES cells have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells in the body. Human ES cells are indefinite source of cells for cell therapy in various degenerative disorders including neuronal disorders. Directed differentiation of human ES cells is a prerequisite for their clinical application. The objective of this study is to develop the culture condition for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells. Neural precursor cells were derived from human ES cells in a stepwise culture condition. Neural precursor cells in the form of neural rosette structures developed into neurospheres when cultured in suspension. Suspension culture of neurospheres has been maintained over 4 months. Expressions of nestin, soxl, sox2, pax3 and pax6 transcripts were upregulated during differentiation into neural precursor cells by RT-PCR analysis. In contrast, expression of oct4 was dramatically downregulated in neural precursor cells. Immunocytochemical analyses of neural precursor cells demonstrated expression of nestin and SOX1. When induced to differentiate on an adhesive substrate, neuro-spheres were able to differentiate into three lineages of neural systems, including neurons, astrocytes and oligo-dendrocytes. Transcripts of sox1 and pax6 were downregulated during differentiation of neural precursor cells into neurons. In contrast, expression of map2ab was elevated in the differentiated cells, relative to those in neural precursor cells. Neurons derived from neural precursor cells expressed NCAM, Tuj1, MAP2ab, NeuN and NF200 in immunocytochemical analyses. Presence of astrocytes was confirmed by expression of GFAP immuno-cytochemically. Oligodendrocytes were also observed by positive immuno-reactivities against oligodendrocyte marker O1. Results of this study demonstrate that a stepwise culture condition is developed for the derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells.

소아의 선천적 심장질환 진단을 위해 High Pitch Mode를 사용하여 획득한 소아 심장 CT 영상과 Wide Co verage Volume Axial Mode를 사용하여 획득한 소아 심장 CT 영상으로부터 환자의 피폭선량과 각 영상의 화질을 비교 및 분석하여 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode의 유용성을 평가해보고자 한다. 소아 심장 CT 검사 시 High Pitch Mode와 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode를 각각 50명 총 100명의 환자를 대상으로 시행하였으며, 각 프로토콜로부터 얻은 영상을 이용하여 환자의 피폭선량을 비교하였다. 각 영상에 ROI를 설정해 SNR과 CNR을 산출하여 영상의 화질을 비교하였다. High Pitch Mode에 비해 Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode를 사용하여 검사하였을 때 환자의 피폭선량이 13.07% 감소하였고, SNR과 CNR이 향상되었다. Wide Coverage Volume Axial Mode는 고속 회전 스캐너를 이용하여 조사시간을 줄이고, 저선량 기술인 ASi R-V를 통해 High Pitch Mode를 사용했을 때보다 환자의 피폭선량이 감소하고 영상의 화질 또한 향상되는 유용한 검사라 할 수 있다.

자기공명영상검사는 조직의 대조도 와 해상력이 우수하지만, 인공물이 발생 될 경우 진단에 영향을 주어 판독이 불가능한 영상을 생성하기도 한다. 치아에 삽입된 금속은 강자성체 또는 상자성체로 되어있는 경우 가 대부분이며 자화율 차이로 인하여 기하학적 왜곡을 유발하여 영상진단에 저해되는 경우가 많으며 이를 저감시킬 필요가 있다. 이에 본 연구는 반자성 물질을 사용에 따른 금속 인공물 분석을 실시하고자 한다. 자성 물질로는 치아교정용 와이어와 브라켓인 스테인리스 스틸이 사용되었고 반자성 물질은 구리, 아연, 비스무트를 사용하였다. 검사장비는 1.5T, 3T가 사용되었으며 사용된 시퀀스는 SE, TSE, GE, EPI을 사용하여 측정하였다. 자체 제작된 팬텀을 물질은 균등한 신호를 위하여 아가로스 겔(10%)을 사용하였으며 인공물 유발 물질은 스테인리스 스틸은 팬텀의 정중앙에 위치시켜 검사하고 각 길이 10mm의 정 육면체 반자성 물질의 씌워 검사하였다. 인공물 측정은 Image J를 사용하여 순수한 팬텀 영상에서 자성물질을 포함한 영 상을 감산하여 얻은 영상에서 Low Threshold 값을 10으로 설정 한 후 Wand tool을 사용하여 인공물 영역 설정 후 면적을 구하였다. 스테인리스 스틸에서 발생한 금속 인공물은 반자성 물질 중 비스무트를 사용한 영상에서 금속 인공물이 가장 많이 감소하였으며 구리와 아연은 약간은 감소하지만, 그 정도의 차이는 크지 않다고 하겠다. 이러한 이유는 비스무트의 반자성 자화율이 가장 작아서 강자성체에서의 자화율을 가장 많이 상쇄하였기 때문이라고 생각된다. 1.5T 와 3T 모두에서 비스무트를 사용한 영상의 인공물이 가장 적 게 나왔다. 시퀀스별 인공물 감소는 1.5T에서는 TSE에서 가장 많이 인공물이 감소하였으며 3T에서는 SE에 서 가장 많은 인공물이 감소하였다. 따라서 반자성물질의 따른 인공물 변화의 결과는 자화율(χ)이 가장 낮은 비스무트를 사용한 영상에서 금속인공물이 기준인 Implant 인공물 보다 줄어든 양상을 보여 자화율이 낮은 물질일수록 금속 인공물이 줄어든다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 기존 금속 인공물의 해결 방법의 단점으로 지적되어온 스캔 시간의 증가 등이 나타나지 않으면서도 인공물을 줄일 수 있는 방법으로 향후 치아 교 정 물질뿐만 아니라 치아 보철물 전체에 대한 금속 인공물 저감에 관한 연구의 기초 자료로 사용될 것으로 사료된다.

의료용 사이크로트론은 방사성의약품을 생산하기 위해 양성자를 고속으로 가속시켜 핵반응을 일으키게 되며, 핵반응을 통해 불필요한 중성자가 발생하게 된다. 중성자는 사이클로트론의 부품에 방사화를 일으키는 원인으로 종사자들의 피폭의 원인이 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 핵반응이 일어나는 Targetry 부품들인 Aluminum body, Silver body, Havar foil의 방사화 정도를 분석하여 피폭선량을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험결과 Aluminum body와 Silver body는 방사화된 핵종들의 에너지가 작고, 반감기가 짧아 종사들에게 미치는 선량이 미미하였으며, 재사용하는데 문제가 없었다. 하지만 Havar foil의 경우 방사화된 핵종들의 에너지가 높고 반감기가 길어 종사자들에게 미치는 영향이 매우 높았으며, 방사성폐기물로써 특별한 관리가 필용한 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 완주에서 재배된 세계 주요 11개 적포도 품종으로 제조된 적포도주의 향기 성분을 headspace-solid phase microextraction 분석법으로 확인하였다. 향기성분은 총 75종이 확인되었다. 아로마화합물은 그들의 OAV 값에 의해 5 그룹으로 나뉘었다. 알콜, 알데하이드, 에스테르, C6 화합물이 11개 적포도주의 주요한 향기성분이었다. Isoamy alcohol 알콜과 phenylethyl 알콜은 11개 포도주에서 공통적으로 꽃향기, 달콤한 향을 나타내는데 중요한 물질이었다. Octanoic acid, ethyl ester, hexanoic acid ethylester은 모든 레드와인에서 과실향과 꽃향, 달콤한 향을 내는 중요한 성분이었다. 1-Hexanol은 모든 포도주에서 분석되었으나 풀향을 나타내는 향으로 나타났다. Chanceller, Malbec, marchel, Nsrsha, Pinot Meunier, Sangiovetto 포도주의 주요 향기성분은 과실 향인 것으로 나타났으며 Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Vert 포도주의 주요 향기성분은 풀향인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, MBA와 Narsha 포도주의 경우 꽃향이 주요 향인 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 적포도주용 품종을 육성할 때 선발기준으로 향기성분 분석을 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

의료수준의 향상과 더불어 환자들의 첨단의료장비에 대한 기대수준이 증가하고 있으며 특히 자기공명영상(Magnetic Resonance Image : MRI)은 현재 모든 임상 분야에서 가장 핵심적인 영상진단 도구로서 사용되고 있다. 그러나 검사 중에 발생하는 심각한 소음으로 많은 환자가 심리적인 불안을 경험한다고 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 자기공명영상검사실의 기존 헤드셋 흡음재에서 차음재를 추가한 헤드셋의 소음저감평가와 차음재별 영상 아티팩트(artifact) 유무를 알아보고자 하였다. 3D 프린팅한 헤드셋 내부에 흡음재(스펀지)와 차음재(아크릴판, 구리판, 3D copper plate)를 교차 배열하여 MRI 검사소음을 녹음하여 스피커로 같은 dB 값의 소음을 발생시키며 3D 프린팅 된 두부모형의 내부에 소음측정기로 dB 값을 측정하여 정량분석을 하며 자체 제작한 헤드셋을 물팬텀에 밀착시킨 후 MRI영상 아티팩트 유무를 검사한다. 드셋의 정량평가를 한 결과, 헤드셋 평균 dB 값은 81.8 dB 로 나타났으며, 차음재를 추가한 헤드셋에서 가장 방음효과가 뛰어난 재료조합(구리, 아크릴판, 스펀지, 스펀지) 헤드셋의 평균 dB 값은 70.4 dB 값이 측정되었지만 MRI 시뮬레이션 결과 구리가 반자성체이기 때문에 아티팩트가 나타나 배제하였고 두 번째로 방음효과가 뛰어난 (스펀지, 아크릴판, e-copper plate, 스펀지) 헤드셋의 평균 dB 값은 70.6 dB 값이 측정되었고 MRI 시뮬레이션 결과 인공물 나타나지 않았다. 구리분말이 약 40%가 포함된 e-copper PLA로 출력한 재료를 동일하게 시뮬레이션을 한 결과 인공물 나타나지 않았으므로 3D 프린팅 재료의 사용이 적합하였고 구리보다 경제성이 우수하며 가공이 용이하므로 적합한 재료로 선정하였다. MRI관련 연구에 있어 3D 프린팅을 이용한 상호발전이 매우 기대된다.

Background : Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a multipurpose small tree with unique berries of high nutritional and pharmaceutical values has wide spread distribution from Eurasia to South east Asia. In recent times the medicinal benefits of vitamin tree are inclining, hence, efforts were taken to propagate them in vitro to exploit their medicinal property. Methods and Results : The tissue culture potential of them was investigated for the ability to induce shoot organogenesis in leaf explant, and induction of direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf tissue. Moreover, we also determined the effective induction medium for callus and somatic embryo production from H. rhamnoides. To induce the callus form leaf tissue, several phytohormone combinations such as α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BA), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzyladenine (BA), and Kinetin (K) were tried with the Murashige and Skoog (MS) as well as woody plant medium (WPM). In MS basal medium, the combination of 2,4-D and K showed the best callus induction rate of 71%, whereas in WPM basal medium the combination of NAA and BA showed the best callus induction rate of 91%. The adventitious root induction form callus was also attempted by using MS and B5 medium with the phytohormone combinations of IBA 1 – 5 g/ℓ. In MS medium, root was induced only at 4 g/ℓ of IBA and 64%, 51% and 55% root induction results were obtained at 3 g/ℓ, 4 g/ℓ and 5 g/ℓ in B5 basal medium, respectively. The somatic embryos were induced only in half strength MS with the triple phytohormone ratio of 2:1:2 of NAA, BA, and K. Conclusion : The in vitro propagation of sea buckthorn was successfully employed by generating callus, adventitious roots as well as the induction of somatic embryos form the leaf tissues derived callus. Our results provided a valuable addition to the utilization of H. rhamnoides thus enabling their propagation.

The study compared the juice and wine odorants of the Cheongsoo grape cultivar with those of Chardonnay and Reisling wines. The volatile compounds of the three grape varieties were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most common volatile compounds in the juices from the three cultivars were terpenes, C13-norisoprenoids, etones, alcohols, and aldehydes. Terpenes were established as the most abundant group of volatiles in Cheongsoo grape juice, where as aldehydes predominated in Chardonnay and Riesling juices. Forty-two volatile compounds (acids, alcohols, esters, and others) were detected in the three white wines. The concentration of esters was about four times higher in Cheongsoo wine than in Chardonnay and Riesling wines. Five esters found in the Cheongsoo wine, namely, isoamyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl decanoate, exhibited high odor activity values (OAV) of >1. Furthermore, only Cheongsoo wine had a high OAV for isoamyl acetate odorant, which is associated with banana and sweet aromas. Therefore, the abundant and varied esters are believed to be key volatile fruity/sweet odorants in Cheongsoo wine.

Background: This study was conducted to acquire basic information on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the germplasm of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer collected from China and Korea, and identify the variations that can be utilized in ginseng breeding programs. Methods and Results: Quantitative parameters were evaluated, and used to compare and analyze on genetic polymorphisms in the germplasm. The genetic characteristics and classifications were compared and analyzed for each character. Stem length followed a normal frequency distribution ranging from 15.5 ㎝ to 40.5 ㎝, with showing approximately 40% having a stem length of 20 - 30 ㎜. Stem diameters ranged from 2.7 ㎜ to 11.3 ㎜. Stem number per plant ranged from 1 to 3; approximately 50% had a single stem, and 45% had two stems. A non-normal frequency distribution was observed for petiole number, with approximately 60% of the germplasm having 3 - 5 petioles. Petiole length exhibited a normal frequency distribution, raging from 4.5 to 10.6. Petiole angle in the germplasm ranged from 28° to 89° and seedstalk length ranged from 5.6 ㎝ to 27.3 ㎝. Conclusions: The genetic polymorphisms identified by complete linkage clustering based on the quantitative characteristics of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer collected from Korea and China were classified to 6 groups, namely I, II, III, IV, V, and VI with frequencies of 6.7%, 20.0%, 31.7%, 8.3%, 6.7%, and 26.7%, respectively.

본 연구는 일반인을 대상으로 시대성이 반영된 각종 잠재적 위험요소와 원자력(방사선)발전의 위험성 대 한 인식을 분석하였다. 설문 대상은 다양한 계층으로 하고 그 중에 총 293부를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 잠재 적 위험요소 중에서 화재에 대한 위험도 인식이 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 방사선 테러와 핵(원자력)에너 지의 위험도를 다른 위험요소들에 비해 비교적 높게 인식하였다. 연령별, 학력별, 정치 이념 성향에 따른 분석에서 원자력발전의 필요성과 위험성, 안전성에 대해서 상반된 결과를 나타내었다. 정치이념의 성향에 따른 잠재적 위험요소와 원자력발전에 대한 인식은 보수적 이념집단에서 긍정적인 인식을, 진보적 집단에 서는 부정적인 인식을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 정치 이념의 성향에 따라 원자력발전 인식 분석에서 통계적 차이를 보였다. 따라서 원자력(방사선)발전 정책 방향 설정과 방사선 이용 관련 산업에 있어서 전문 가 의견과 일반인의 다양한 의견을 반영해서 결정되어져야 할 것으로 판단되고, 일반인도 사실을 바탕으로 객관적이고 과학적인 근거에 입각해 각종 잠재적 위험과 원자력(방사선)에 대해 막연한 불안감을 가지지 말고 유연한 대처를 할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

MRI검사는 조직의 대조도가 우수하여 근골격계 진단에 유용한 검사방법이다. 근골격계 검사 시 환자상태에 따라 보조기구가 이용되는 보조기구의 종류가 다양하지 않을 뿐 아니라 비용도 비싸다. 이에 본 연구는 3D 프린팅 기술의 활용하여 MRI 검사 보조기구를 제작하였다. 보조기구 제작과정으로는 3D 모델링(3D MAX.2014, Fusion360)을 사용해 STL파일로 변환 후 슬라이싱 프로그램(Cubicreater 2.1ver., Cura 15.4ver)을 통해 G-code로 변환시킨 후 FDM방식의 프린트(Cubicon Style, MICRO MAKE)로 출력하였다. 출력물이 MRI영상에 미치는 SNR을 평가하기 위해 FDM에서 사용하되는 PLA, ABS, TPU를 두께 3mm로 된 Water Phant om 케이스를 제작하여 case 사용 전, 후를 시험을 실시하여 비교하였으며, 보조기구 사용 전, 후의 임상영상을 정성적으로 평가 하였다. 영상을 획득하여 나타난 Warter Phantom의 SNR은 T1 NON 123.778 ± 28.492, PLA 123.522 ± 28.373, ABS 124.461 ± 25.716, TPU 124.843 ± 27.272 로 평가되었다. T2 NON 127.421 ± 26.949, PLA 124.501 ±2 7.768, ABS 128.663 ± 26.549, TPU 130.171 ± 25.998 로 평가되었다. 그 결과 통계 적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 보조기구의 사용 전, 후의 임상영상 평가 결과 고식적 방법 3.20 ± 0.88, 보조기구 사용 3.95 ± 0.76 으로 보조기구 사용 후 영상의 질이 향상되었다. 향후 3D프린팅을 이용한 보조기구의 제작은 임상적으로 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각되고, 환자들의 검사 시 보다 안전하고 편안한 보조기구제작을 할 수 있어 기존에 쓰이는 보조기구의 문제점들을 개선하는 대안이 될 것으로 전망된다.

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a slow-growing perennial herb that is cultivated in shading condition. Climate change occur around the world that make a lot of problem such as damage of high temperature, drought, salinity and disease. The problems lower the ginseng productivity that cause income reduction of farmers. To achieve stable ginseng production, development of elite varieities resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses is consistently required. It is very time consuming process in order to develop new ginseng varieties because ginseng flowers after 3 years of growth. So, early selection system of elite line must be established. This study was conducted to develope efficient ginseng breeding techniques for early identification of heat or salinity resistance. Methods and Results : Ginseng petioles was soaked in mixed salts solution consisting of KNO3, KH2PO4, MgSO4․H2O in order to test resistant or susceptible salinity. The degree of resistance was quantified according to damage size. Also, ginseng lines transplanted in pot were treated 46℃ for 1 hour and then chlorophyll fluorescence reaction were measured in order to test resistant or susceptible high-temperature. The measured values such as Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm, Rfd were differentiated between resistant and susceptible line. Conclusion : Several lines showed that they are resistance to high temperature or salinity. The selected lines will be utilized for parents to develop new varieties.

Background : This study was investigated the effect of organic fertilizer application and stem training methods on the growth and yield of Cynanchum willfordii. Methods and Results : Traditional species, C. willfordii conducted the test to the field in Chungbuk ARES, Korea. Two methods, non-supporting (custom) and I-shape supporting was used for stem training method. Planting spacing was adjusted to 30 (interrow spacing) x 20 cm (intrarow spacing) and other key management is the followed the cultivation manual for standard medicinal crops. Organic fertilizer application is conducted in mid-March before planting of C. willfordii. Registered organic agricultural materials such as fungal cultures (CC), mixed organic materials (MO), fermented and mixed expeller cake (EC), and fermented fowl dropping (FD) was used. Application rate is based on the nitrogen application rate after soil testing. Plant height was both good in all at I-shape supporting (266.7 ㎝) and all in non-supporting (160.8 ㎝); however, stem diameter was more thicker in custom (4.6 ㎜) of I-shape supporting and EC (4.8 mm) of non-supporting. Number of branched stem were good at EC from I-shape supporting and non-supporting, as well as leaf growth. SPAD value was evaluated in MO (52.7) of I-shape supporting and EC (52.3) of non-supporting. Number of branched root per organic fertilizer were showed 7.0 at MO from I-shape supporting, but 7.3 at FD from non-supporting. While length of main root were 27.0 cm in MO of I-shape supporting and 31.3 ㎝ in FD of non-supporting. Root weight also more heavier in EC (66.3 g) of I-shape supporting and FD (53.0 g) of non-supporting. When applied organic fertilizer, total density of soil microorganisms were changed into 38.4 ppm in custom; however, it more plentiful of 90.7 ppm in MO, it showed good effect on the replication of soil microbiota. Conclusion : From the investigated results, MO of I-shape supporting was good at overall growth, including good tendency of roots growth.

Background : This study was carried out to survey the effect of IBA (indole-3-butric acid) concentration on root development characteristics in Viburnum dilatatum cuttings. Methods and Results : The cuttings were collected on July 28, 2016 from plants growing in Korea National Arboretum. Cuttings were treated with different IBA concentrations [0 (control), 10, 100, 1000, 2000 ㎎⋅L-¹] for 10 seconds. Rooting parameters (root number, the longest root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, rooting percentage, and survival rate) were observed at 8 weeks after cuttings. Rooting percentage was 43, 33, 17, 47, and 40 % at 0, 10, 100, 1000, and 2000 ㎎⋅L-¹ of IBA, respectively. Root number (13.4) was highest under 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA. Root length (9.4 ㎝) and Root weight (fresh and dry) were highest under 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA. Conclusion : According to the results, 1000 ㎎⋅L-¹ IBA was the best treatment for increasing percentage rooting percentage and other root development characteristics of V. dilatatum cuttings.

The optimum concentrations of clove oil as an anesthetic for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and the stress response of the fish to clove oil anesthesia were determined over a range of water temperatures, and investigated in a simulated transport experiment using analysis of various water and physiological parameters. While the time for induction of anesthesia decreased significantly as both the concentration of clove oil and water temperature increased, the recovery time increased significantly (P<0.05). The plasma cortisol concentration in fish at each temperature increased significantly up to 12 h following exposure (P<0.05), then decreased to 48 h (P<0.05). The DO dissolved oxygen concentrations, pH values, and the fish respiratory frequencies decreased over 6 h following exposure to clove oil in all experimental groups (P<0.05), whereas the NH4 + and CO2concentrations in all experimental groups increased up to 6 h (P<0.05). The pH values and DO concentrations increased with increasing clove oil concentration (P<0.05) in the 6 h following exposure, and the CO2 and NH4 + concentrations and the respiratory frequencies decreased with increasing clove oil concentration (P<0.05). The results of this experiment suggest that clove oil reduced the metabolic activity of olive flounder, thus reducing NH4 + excretion and O2 consumption. In conclusion, clove oil appears to be a cost-effective and efficient anesthetic that is safe for use and non-toxic to the fish and users. Its use provides the potential for improved transportation of olive flounder.

Background : Water uptake and flow across cellular membranes is a fundamental requirement for plant growth and development, and plant water status is important not only for plant growth under favorable conditions but also for ability of a plant to tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Thus identification of plasma membrane water channel genes (aquaporins) in ginseng provides extensive information for functional studies and the development of markers for salinity stress tolerance. Methods and Results : For salinity treatment, the plants were grown for 4 weeks in culture medium gelled with 0.8% Phytoagar, and the old media were replaced with the fresh medium containing NaCl at 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mM, respectively. The samples for stress treated and non-stressed plants were collected from 6h to 72h, and frozen immediately into liquid nitrogen. According to the sequence information from the assembled transcripts, four primer pairs were designed from the aquaporin gene regions. In order to determine the pattern of aquaporins expression in ginseng seedlings to salinity stress, we conducted semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Conclusion : A tonoplast intrinsic protein 1 (TIP1)-type aquaporin is not only believed to be essential for plant life, but also to be beneficial for growth under salinity stress. Therefore, a deeper understanding of aquaporin genes in ginseng will be essential for crop improvement, which could help us to understand the molecular genetic basis for the ginseng genetic improvement and also provide the functional genetic resources for selective breeding and transgenic research.

Background : This study was carried out to understand the effect of seedling weight (SW) on growth and flowering in Panax ginseng. Methods and Results : The testing materials were Chunpoong (CP), Yunpoong (YP) and Jakyeongjong (JK). The increase of seedling (1yr) weight led to an increase in ratio of flowering plant and in number of flower per plant. The seed setting rate of two year-old plant (CP, YP, JK) increased with increase of SW at the planting time (PT) and number of flower per plant of three year-old plant (CP, YP) increased also. In the two year-old plant (JK), the ratio of three leaves per plant was 8.8, 19.6, 31.0, 42.0, 44.7 and 58.2%, respectively, in the SW of >0.6, 0.6~0.8, 0.8~1.0, 1.02~1.2, 1.2~1.4 and 1.4g<. The growth of ginseng plant was good with increase of SW at the PT. Conclusion : There was a highly positive correlation between seedling weight and flowering characteristics.

Background : Clematis trichotoma is a deciduous climber belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of shading levels on growth characteristics in Clematis trichotoma seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in October 2013, and they were sown to 96 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with four different shading levels (0, 30, 60, 90%) at July, 2015. According to the experiment, plant height was the highest under 90% of shading. It was found that fresh weight and dry weight of clematis trichotoma were the highest under 90% of shading. The leaf number was the highest under 30% of shading. The leaf number decreased as the shading level increased. Root number and length were the highest under 90% of shading. Conclusion : According to the results, Clematis trichotoma seedling showed the highest growth under 90% shading.

Background : Scrophularia koraiensis is a herbaceous perennials belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. This study was carried out to survey the effect of LED on root develop characteristics in Scrophularia koraiensis seedling. Methods and Results : Seeds were collected from plants growing in the Mt. Kariwang Jeongseon, Gangwon-do in September 2014, and they were sown to 128 cell plug tray filled with Peatmoss (TKS-2) soil at March, 2015. The experiment was performed with three different LED (Blue, Red, Blue + Red) at July, 2015. Morphological characteristics of root (total root length, root projet area, root surface area, root diameter and root volume) were analyzed with WinRHIZO software. Seedling root growth of scrophularia koraiensis was surveyed to be the highest at the Blue + Red LED in all measuring. Total root length was measured high in the order of Blue + Red, Red, Blue LED. Conclusion : According to the results, Scrophularia koraiensis seedling showed the highest root growth in Blue + Red LED.

Background : Due to immature development of embryo in ripened berries, dehiscence process is required for the proper germination of ginseng seeds. Such process involves the preparation of the container with alternating layers of seed and moist sand. In order to make sand fully moist, water sprayer has been usually used by farmers, which is labor intensive, time consuming and causing uneven sand moisture. Methods and Results : In this study, we investigated the effects of different stratification methods on dehiscence ratio of ginseng seeds. Ginseng seeds were stratified for 90 days in a total of 12 different treatments and the dehiscence ratios were compared; drainage methods, drainage time, the ratio between ginseng seeds and sand, and etc. Seed stratification process was performed according to the guideline of ginseng GAP. One thousand ginseng seeds were used for each treatment. It was found that the average of dehiscence of the 12 treatments was 84.6 %. The highest dehiscence ratio (90.3 %) was observed in the seeds that were treated with water soaking, immediately followed by drainage. Higher ratio was also observed in the seeds that were soaked for 60 min, followed by drainage. Therefore, our findings indicate that ginseng seeds soaked in water less than 60 min could dehisce more efficiently than traditional method. Conclusion : Our study demonstrated that ginseng seeds that are subjected to water soaking and then drainage showed better ration of dehiscence. This method will eventually decrease the time and labor used for seed stratification.