The Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Units 1, commercial reactors in South Korea, were permanently shut down due to the expiration of their design lifetime. Therefore, nuclear power plants that have been permanently shut down must be dismantled, and the site must be finally released after removing the remaining radionuclides. Domestic regulatory standards for site remediation should not exceed 0.1 mSv per year based on effective dose. In addition, it is necessary to calculate the preliminary Derived Concentration Guideline Levels (DCGL) to prove that the conditions are met. Therefore, in this study, the input factor considering the geological characteristics of the site of Kori Unit 1 was investigated, and the preliminary Derived Concentration Guideline Levels were calculated and compared with the results of previous studies. As a result of comparative analysis, 60Co, 134Cs, and 137Cs, which are gamma-ray emitting radionuclides, had similar values to DCGL of previous studies A and B. However, 63Ni, a beta-rayemitting nuclide, was 5.94×104 Bq·g−1 in this study and 8.47×101 Bq·g−1in previous study B, resulting in a difference of about 700 times. In addition, in the case of 90Sr, this study and previous study A were derived similarly, but this study was 5.34×101 Bq·g−1 and previous study B was 1.18×10−1 Bq·g−1, resulting in a difference of about 450 times. This difference is judged to be because, unlike this study using only the industrial worker scenario, in the case of previous study B, the resident farmer scenario was mixed and used, which considers the internal exposure caused by ingestion of food produced in the contaminated area. In this study, it was confirmed that DCGL according to the change of geological factors of the site did not have a significant effect on gamma-ray-emitting nuclides. However, it was confirmed that considering the intake of food affects the DCGL of beta-ray-emitting nuclides. Therefore, there is a need to conduct future studies applying intake input factors that meet domestic conditions.

Hanon Crater is the largest crater with a diameter of more than 1km and the only maar type crater in the Korean Peninsula. It is like a ‘time capsule of the Earth’s environment’, preserving the invaluable scientific information that reveals the process of the Earth’s climatic and ecological environmental changes over the past 5 million years. However, the value of the crater has been unattended and the crater itself has been damaged and neglected. About 550 years ago, as people tore down the wall of the crater to use the crater as farmland, the crater lake disappeared. In recent years, damage has been done to the crater under the threat of development without thought for the environment. This study verifies the climate and environmental value of Hanon Crater and the value of the maar lake sedimentary layers of the crater as a key national asset and the necessity of its reatoration as presented in the recommendations of the 2012 WCC and provides supportable reasons for making the restoration project as a national one in conjunction with IUCN and the international community. In particular, this study, in which the Commission on Ecosystem Management of IUCN also participated, suggests the objectives, strategies and alternatives in restoring the crater wall, lake, and vegetation based on Ecological Restoration for Protected Areas: Principles, Guidelines and Best Practices (Keenleyside et al., 2012) and ways to utilize the cater as a national resource after the restoration such as establishing a center for studying ancient organisms and climate and setting up a maar museum.”

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference of the pinch strength according to testing posture(standing and sitting) and elbow flexion degree(0。, 45。, 90。and 135。). Forty normal young adults(male: 20, female: 20, mean age: 22.68±2.91 years) participated in this study. The methods of this study were categorized as follows: 1) One set of measurement was performed on four elbow flexion degrees(0。, 45。, 90。and 135。) in two testing postures(standing and sitting) and all subjects were measured for 3 sets testing procedures in every experimental sessions. 2) Pinch strength in various elbow flexion degree was measured after 2 min rest time, and then each test set was repeatedly performed with 5 min rest time to prevent fatigue of muscles involved in the elbow joint. The result was obtained as follow: 1) In standing posture, there was statistically significant difference at 0。and 45。, 0。and 90。, 0。and 135。, 45。and 90。, 45。and 135。, 90。and 135。. 2) In sitting posture, there was statistically significant difference at 0。and 45。, 0。and 90。, 0。and 135。, 45。and 90。, 45。and 135。, 90。and 135。. 3) Statistically, there was no significant difference between standing and sitting posture in same elbow flexion degree, however pinch strength in standing posture was higher than sitting posture.

Monitored anesthesia care (MAC) has been described as a specific anesthesia service for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures performed under local anesthesia along with sedation and analgesia, titrated to a level preserving spontaneous breathing and airway reflexes. Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) is a kind of methods to remove benign thyroid nodules (BTNs) by inducing the irreversible injuries with the use of an ultrasound-guided RF electrode placed inside the nodules. A 37 years old, 157 cm, 81 kg woman underwent RFA of BTNs under MAC. We present with a case report where laryngospasm under MAC was resolved by the use of positive pressure ventilation without any complications.

Background : Arctii Radix (the dried roots of Arctium lappa L., AR) is used in traditional medicine to treat oxidative stress related diseases including cancer. Therefore, this study focuses on the antioxidant potential of AR as extraction solvents. Methods and Results : To increase the extraction amount of active ingredient, the AR were extracted by ethanol (ARE) and water (ARW). In order to determine active ingredient content of AR, we were carried out total polyphenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) analyses. As a result, TPC (47.74 ± 1.02 g․GAE/㎏ extract) and TFC (19.34 ± 0.30 g․CTE/㎏ extract) of ARE were found significantly higer as compared to ARW. The IC50 values based on the DPPH (59.00 ± 3.25 ㎍/㎖), ABTS (93.20 ± 1.30 ㎍/㎖), ROS (57.78 ± 3.44 ㎍/㎖) and ONOO- (14.56 ± 1.24 ㎍/㎖) for ARE were generally stronger showing potential antioxidant properties compared to ARW. Conclusion : Data from results revealed Arctii Radix ethanol extracts act as an antioxidant agent due to its free radical scavenging activity.

Background : Cellular damage caused by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generations has been implicated in several human diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro ROS and ONOO- scavenging activities of Cirsium japonicum parts. Methods and Results : The dried Cirsium japonicum parts (whole plant, leaf, seed coat) were extracted by EtOH, at room temperature. In order to determine antioxidant activity of Cirsium japonicum parts, we were carried out ROS and ONOO- scavenging analyses. As a result , the IC50 in ROS scavenge were showed 203.99 ± 22.04 μg/ml, 174.44 ± 7.78 μg/ml, 86.77 ± 7.02 μg/ml. The IC50 in ONOO- scavenge were showed 15.68 ± 0.57 μg/ml, 12.99 ± 0.15 μ g/ml, 10.33 ± 0.19 μg/ml, respectively. Active compound content in C. japonicum was determined using a HPLC/UV, reverse-phase column with gradient elution program (water in 0.5% formic acid : acetonitrile = 100:0 to 0:100 for 45 min, 0.8 ml/min). UV detection was conducted at 340 nm. The content of apigenin was measured in whole plant (1.04±0.06 mg/g), leaf (0.91±0.02 mg/g), seed coat (33.33±0.93 mg/g). Conclusion : Each part of Cirsium japonicum was analyzed antioxidant activity and the content of apigenin with EtOH extract. In result antioxidant activity, seed coat > leaf > whole plant. Seed coat were showed a very strong antioxidant activity. The comparative patterns between the antioxidant capacity and HPLC analysis results for the apigenin contained in Cirsium japonicum may also prove to be significant.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Optiscope video system for anesthesia. Intubation was successful in all 60 patients. The first attempt success rate was 85%. The median time (IQR) [range] to intubation was 20 sec (14-43) [8- 420]. Seven patients required two attempts and in two patients, intubation of the trachea was achieved on a third attempt. The Optiscope video system is an effective and safe device for use in endotracheal intubation in adult patients with normal airways. Conduct of further clinical studies will be necessary to evaluate its role in patients with anticipated difficult airways.

Polyethyleneglycol-adsorbed–superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), has been proposed as an effective agent for reducing free radical-mediated injury. The objective of this study was to investigate a protective effect of PEG-SOD supplementation on ovarian tissue during transplantation. Ovaries from F-1 mice were collected and vitrified. After warming, ovaries were autotransplanted under kidney capsule. Mice were randomly divided into four groups according to dose of PEG-SOD, (0 U/ml, 100 U/ml, 1,000 U/ml and 10,000 U/ml respectively). Grafted ovaries were retrieved 2, 7 and 21 days later. PEG-SOD was treated by intraperitoneal injection once every 48 hours and especially for 21 days group, after first week treatment, PEG-SOD was treated once every 4 days. Morphology of ovaries was assessed histological analysis and ELISA for FSH was performed to evaluate restoration of ovarian function. In 2 days groups, morphologically intact follicle ratio of 10,000 U/ml group was significantly higher than other groups. In 7 days groups, morphologically intact follicle ratio was significantly higher in all treatment groups. In 21 days groups, there was no significant difference of intact follicle ratio in total follicles in all groups but intact primordial, primary and secondary follicles ratio was higher in 10,000 U/ml group. FSH levels in blood serum were decrease as time goes on, but there is no statistical difference in each groups. In conclusion, the data of the present study show that PEG-SOD has a beneficial effect on preservation of the morphologically intact follicle.