Haemaphysalis longicornis는 사람과 동물에게 여러 심각한 병원체를 전달하는 주요 매개체로, 한반도에 널리 분포하고 있다. H. longicornis는 Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., Francisella spp., Coxiella spp., 그리고 중증열성혈소판 감소증후군 바이러스 (SFTS virus) 등을 매개하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 국내에 서식하는 H. longicornis의 미생물 군집과 관련된 연구는 많이 진행되지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구는 한반도 내 다양한 지역에서 채집된 H. longicornis의 미생물군집 다양성을 지역별, 성장 단계 및 성별에 따라 분석하였다. 2019년 6월부터 7월까지 질병관리청 권역별기후변화매개체감시거점센터 16개 지역에서 채집한 H. longicornis의 16S rRNA 유전자 V3-V4 영역을 PCR로 증폭 후 Illumina MiSeq 플랫폼으로 시퀀싱하였다. Qiime2를 활용한 미생물 다양성 분석을 통해 총 46개의 샘플에서 1,754,418개의 non-chimeric reads를 얻었으며, 평균 126개 의 operating taxonmic unit (OTU) 을 식별하여 총 1,398개의 OTU를 확인하였다. 대부분의 지역에서 Coxiella spp.가 우점종으로 나타났으며, 특히 Coxiella endosymbiont는 가장 높은 우점도를 보이며, Coxiella burnetii와 계통 발생 학적으로 유사한 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구를 통해 분석된 결과는 각 지역의 H. longicornis 미생물군집 데이터 베이스 구축에 활용되었으며, 이를 통해 지역별 미생물군집의 특이성을 식별할 수 있게 하였다. 이는 한반도의 H. longicornis에 의한 질병 전파 연구와 이를 통한 공중보건 개선에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This peptide has antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. BmCecB1 is antimicrobial peptides from Bombyx mori and belongs to cecropin family. Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the innate immune systems in all living organism. To produce the BmCecB1 antimicrobial peptide, we constructed transgenic silkworm that expressed BmCecB1 gene under the control BmA3 promoter using piggyBac vector. The use of the 3xP3-driven EGFP cDNA as a marker allowed us to rapidly distinguish transgenic silkworm. Mixtures of the donor vector and helper vector were micro-injected into 600 eggs of bivoltin silkworms, Baegokjam. In total, 49 larvae (G0) were hatched and allowed to develop into moths. The resulting G1 generation consisted of 22 broods, and we selected 2 broods containing at least 1 EGFP-positive embryo. The rate of successful transgenesis for the G1 broods was 11%. We identified 9 EGFP-positive G1 moths and these were backcrossed with wild-type moths. With the aim of identifying a BmCecB1 as antimicrobial peptide, we investigated the Radical diffusion Assay (RDA) and then demonstrated that BmCecB1 possesses high antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria.

Silkworm transgenesis is now a routine method leading to a satisfactory yield of transformed animals and the reliable expression of transgenes during multiple successive generations. However, the screening of G1 transgenic individuals from numerous progeny has proved to be difficult and time-consuming work. Previously, we characterized the promoter of heat shock protein 70 from Bombyx mori (bHsp70), which is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and developmental stages. To investigate the utilization of the bHsp70 promoter to screen transgenic individuals, the EGFP marker gene was inserted into the piggyBac vector under the control of the bHsp70 promoter. Mixtures of the donor and helper vectors were micro-injected into 3,060 eggs of bivoltine silkworms (Keomokjam). EGFP fluorescence was observed in 17 broods of transgenic silkworms under a florescence stereomicroscope. Interestingly, this fluorescent marker protein was detected not only in parts of the embryo segments on the seventh day of the G1 embryonic developmental stage but it was also detected in a part of the body of G1 hatched larvae, in the middle silk gland of G1 fifth instar larvae, and in the wings of seven-day-old G1 pupae and G1 moths. Therefore, we suggest that the bHsp70 promoter can be used for the rapid and simple screening of transgenic silkworms.

To product the blue fluorescent protein (AmCyan) expressed cocoon, we were fused AmCyan cDNA to the heavy chain gene and injected the gene into a silkworm. AmCyan was one of the existing violet fluorochromes and originally derived from the fluorescent protein amFP486. AmFP486 was cloned from the sea anemone Anemonia majano (GenBank accession number AF168421), and belongs to the family of fluorescent proteins (FPs) isolated from coral reef organisms. The AmCyan fusion protein, each with N- and C- terminal sequences or the fibroin H-chain, were designed to be secreted into the lumen of the posterior silk glands. The expression of the AmCyan/H-chain fusion gene was regulated by the fibroin H-chain promoter. The use of the 3xP3 EGFP as a marker allowed us to rapidly distinguish transgenic silkworm. Mixtures of the donor and helper vectors were micro-injected into 300 eggs of bivoltine silkworms (Baegokjam). EGFP fluorescence was observed in 3 broods of transgenic silkworms under a florescence stereomicroscope. The cocoon was displayed strong blue fluorescence, proving that the fusion protein was present in the cocoon. Accordingly, we suggest that the AmCyan gene expressed cocoon will be enable the production of the novel biomaterials based on the transgenic silk.

To product the blue fluorescent protein (AmCyan) expressed cocoon, we were fused AmCyan cDNA to the heavy chain gene and injected the gene into a silkworm. AmCyan was one of the existing violet fluorochromes and originally derived from the fluorescent protein amFP486. AmFP486 was cloned from the sea anemone Anemonia majano (GenBank accession number AF168421), and belongs to the family of fluorescent proteins (FPs) isolated from coral reef organisms. The AmCyan fusion protein, each with N- and C- terminal sequences or the fibroin H-chain, were designed to be secreted into the lumen of the posterior silk glands. The expression of the AmCyan/H-chain fusion gene was regulated by the fibroin H-chain promoter. The use of the 3xP3 EGFP as a marker allowed us to rapidly distinguish transgenic silkworm. Mixtures of the donor and helper vectors were micro-injected into 300 eggs of bivoltine silkworms (Baegokjam). EGFP fluorescence was observed in 3 broods of transgenic silkworms under a florescence stereomicroscope. The cocoon was displayed strong blue fluorescence, proving that the fusion protein was present in the cocoon. Accordingly, we suggest that the AmCyan gene expressed cocoon will be enable the production of the novel biomaterials based on the transgenic silk.

BmCecB1 are antimicrobial peptides from Bombyx mori and belongs to cecropin family. Antimicrobial peptides are important components of the innate immune systems in all living organism. This peptide has antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. To produce the BmCecB1 antimicrobial peptide, we constructed transgenic silkworm that expressed BmCecB1 gene under the control BmA3 promoter using piggyBac vector. The use of the 3xP3-driven EGFP cDNA as a marker allowed us to rapidly distinguish transgenic silkworm. Mixtures of the donor vector and helper vector were micro-injected into 600 eggs of bivoltin silkworms, Baegokjam. In total, 49 larvae (G0) were hatched and allowed to develop into moths. The resulting G1 generation consisted of 22 broods, and we selected 2 broods containing at least 1 EGFP-positive embryo. The rate of successful transgenesis for the G1 broods was 11%. We identified 9 EGFP-positive G1 moths and these were backcrossed with wild-type moths. With the aim of identifying a BmCecB1 as antimicrobial peptide, we investigated the Radical diffusion Assay (RDA) and then demonstrated that BmCecB1 possesses high antibacterial activities against Gram-negative bacteria.

Immune-inducible antimicrobial peptides were produced using transgenic silkworms that expressed Rel family transcription factor, truncated BmRelish1 (BmRelish1t) genes under the control of the BmA3 promoter using the piggyBac vector. BmRelish1t gene contains all domains of Bmrelish: a Rel homolog domain (RHD), nuclear localization signal (NLS), acidic and hydrophobic amino acids (AHAA) rich region except the Ankyrin repeat domain (ANK) and the death domain (DD). (1:1) Mixtures of the donor vector (pG-3xP3EGFP-BmA3BmRelish1t) and helper vector were micro-injected into 1,800 eggs of bivoltin silkworms, Baegokjam and EGFP-induced fluorescence was observed for 25 broods of transgenic silkworms under a florescence stereomicroscope. Analysis by real-time PCR indicated that transgenic silkworms expressing BmRelish1t recombinant proteins displayed higher mRNA expression levels of the Bombyx mori antimicrobial peptides such as lebocin, moricin, and nuecin than the normal silkworms. Moreover, transgenic silkworms expressing BmRelish1t showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. We suggest that transgenic expression of BmRelish1t may find useful applications for the production of various antimicrobial peptides at the same time in transgenic silkworms.

Silkworm transgenesis is now a routine method leading to a satisfactory yield of transformed animals and the reliable expression of transgenes during multiple successive generations. However, the screening of G1 transgenic individuals from numerous progeny has proved to be difficult and time-consuming work. Previously, we characterized the promoter of heat shock protein 70 from Bombyx mori (bHsp70), which is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and developmental stages. To investigate the utilization of the bHsp70 promoter to screen transgenic individuals, the EGFP marker gene was inserted into the piggyBac vector under the control of the bHsp70 promoter. Mixtures of the donor and helper vectors were micro-injected into 3,060 eggs of bivoltine silkworms (Keomokjam). EGFP fluorescence was observed in 17 broods of transgenic silkworms under a florescence stereomicroscope. Interestingly, this fluorescent marker protein was detected not only in parts of the embryo segments on the seventh day of the G1 embryonic developmental stage but it was also detected in a part of the body of G1 hatched larvae, in the middle silk gland of G1 fifth instar larvae, and in the wings of seven-day-old G1 pupae and G1 moths. Therefore, we suggest that the bHsp70 promoter can be used for the rapid and simple screening of transgenic silkworms.

The anti-inflammatory effects of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) derived from cricket (G. bimaculatus, Gb) were investigated in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) treated chronic arthritis rat model. This GAG produced a meaningful anti-edema effect showing inhibition of C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor. This GAG also inhibited the atherogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of VEGF production in HUVEC cells, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 stimulated lipopolysaccharide in LAW 264.7 cells and TNF-α production in normal splenocytes, with dose dependent manner. This GAG was also found to be an inducer of NO production from the HUVEC cells and a stimulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In the histological finding, the LV dorsal root ganglion, linked to the paw treated Gb GAG, was repaired against CFA induced cartilage destruction. The combined Indomethacin (5 mg/kg)-Gb GAG (10 mg/kg) also more effectively inhibited CFA-induced paw edema at 3h, 2nd and 3rd day to levels comparable to anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin.

The purpose of this study was performed to determine the whitening effect of organic solvent extracts from the centipede, Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans. We prepared different concentrations (50%, 70% and 100%) of ethanol, methanol, 100% ethyl acetate and water extracts. We tested melanin inhibitory effect and tyrosinase activity using B16/F10 melanoma cell. As a result, treatment of organic solvent extracts is decreased the biosynthesis of melanin and tyrosinase activity to 30~60%. Especially the 70% ethanol extracts was the most effective in B16/F10 melanoma cells. In the study on melanogenic protein expression, 70% ethanol extracts of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans blocked glycosylation of tyrosinase. Therefore this result suggests that 70% ethanol extracts could be developed as a skin whitening agents.

The centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans has been a medically important arthropod species by using it as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this study, we derived a novel lactoferricin B like peptide (LBLP) from the whole bodies of adult centipedes, S. s. mutilans, and investigated the antifungal effect of LBLP. LBLP exerted an antifungal and fungicidal activity without hemolysis. To investigate the antifungal mechanism of LBLP, a membrane study with propidium iodide was first conducted against Candida albicans. The result showed that LBLP caused fungal membrane permeabilization. The assays of the three dimensional flow cytometric contour plot and membrane potential further showed cell shrinkage and membrane depolarization by the membrane damage. Finally, we confirmed the membrane-active mechanism of LBLP by synthesizing model membranes, calcein and FITC-dextran loaded large unilamellar vesicles. These results showed that the antifungal effect of LBLP on membrane was due to the formation of pores with radii between 0.74 nm and 1.4 nm. In conclusion, this study suggests that LBLP exerts a potent antifungal activity by pore formation in the membrane, eventually leading to fungal cell death.

Disulfide bond formation, reduction and isomerization are important posttranslational modification in proteins that occur in most, if not all, living organisms. In eukatoyes, disulfide bond in substrate proteins are primarily formes by ERO1 and PDI. ERO1, oxidized by molecular oxygen, acts as a specific oxidant of PDI, which then makes disulfide bonds in folding proteins oxidized directly. It means that ERO1 plays an essential role in setting the redox potential in the ER, and the regulation of Ero1p activity is critical to maintain redox homeostasis and proper ER folding activity. We have isolated and analysed a endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase (ERO1) from Bombye mori. It apperas that both an N-terminal CxxxxC motif and a C-terminl CxxCxxC motif are necessary for Ero1p fuction. In vivo, the result of the 5day of 5th instar larvae by RT-PCR and Real-Time PCR shows that posterior silkgland, skin and mid silkgland are revealed more than rhose of other tissues. The same result for tissue distribution of transcripts is appeared about ERO1 and PDI. In Bombyx mori, ERO1 is also supposed to correlate with PDI. Afterwards, more experiments are needed to figure out accurate interrelation between ERO1 and PDI.

Recently Transgenesis was achieved in Bombix mori. For stable and effective transgenesis in B.mori, B.mori cytoplasmic actin gene (BmA3) promoter was used to expression of marker gene, the green fluorescent protein(GFP). Green fluorescent protein expression for selection of transformants was visible in all larval, pupal, and adult tissues but, unexpectdly, was not detectable in embryos. So, it spend times and money on rearing of silkworm. Furthermore, the BmA3 promoter is predominantly active in the midgut, which makes it difficult to reliably identify transformants since autofluorescence of many insect foods can mask low-level fluorescence and only allows the detection of strongly expressing individuals with potentially multiple insertions. Therefore, we need more intensely promoter than BmA3 promoter for selected by expression of GFP in embryos and selected by reliable expression of GFP in larvae. We performed dot blot hybridization to develop strong promoter. Nine differentially expressed clones were isolated and we focused one clone of them which has high similarity with heat shock protein 70 gene from D.melanogaster. We named it as bHSP70 (Bombyx mori heat shock protein 70). Expression from the hsp70 promoter was strong and heat shock-dependent. And Drosophila hsp70 promoter appears useful for regulating expression of Exogenous DNA. So, we analyzed transcriptional activity of promoter with bHSP70 gene by using dual luciferase assay system. bHSP70 promoter has about 264 folds more intensely than BmA3 promoter. Also, when bHSP70 promoter treated heat shock(42℃), transcriptional activity incresed 2 times more than normal condition. Therefore, we suggest that bHSP70 promoter is more effective candidate for stable transformation and selection of transformants.

Peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) catalyze the slow cis/trans isomeraization of proline peptide (Xaa-Pro) bonds in oligopeptides and accelerates slow, rate-limiting steps in the folding of several proteins. We studied the characterization of Cyclophilin A (bCyp A) isolated from Bombyx mori . The cDNA of bCyp A is 947 bp. There is a 5´-untranslated region of 91 nucleotides followed by an initiating ATG codon. The TAA termination codon occurs at nucleotide 588. Thus translation of the sequence from nucleotides 91 to 588 would produce a protein of 166 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 18.2kDa. The 'AATAAA' consensus polyadenylation signal and poly A tail are present in the 3´-untranslated region. To analysis of PPIase activity, we expressed the bCyp A protein in Sf9 cell by using baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the molecular weights of intracelluar expressed protein was approximately 28.2 kDa. The PPIase activity assay was monitored by proteolytic cleavage of the chromophore p-nitroanilide byα-chymotrypsin. As substrate the synthetic tetrapeptide succinyl-Ala-Ala- Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide was used.

The insect baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is useful for the production of biologically active recombinant proteins. However, the overexpression of foreign proteins in this system often results in misfolded proteins and the formation of protein aggregates. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a versatile baculovirus expression and secretion system using the Bombyx mori protein disulfide isomerase (bPDI) as a fusion partner. bPDI gene fusion improved the secretion and antibacterial activity of recombinant nuecin proteins. Thus, bPDI gene fusion is a useful addition to the BEVS for the large-scale production of bioactive recombinant proteins.

‘Seohong’ was bred within the potato breeding program of National Institute of Highland Agriculture (NIHA). It was originated from a cross made in 1997 between ‘Jashim’ as a female and 93K65-1 as a male parent. Seohong was evaluated as a seedling number 97S05-1 for tuber characteristics, growth and yielding ability from 2001 to 2002, and than this clone was renamed as Daegwan 1-82. This clone was evaluated in the regional yield trial and the disease resistance in the five locations for three years. Finally, this clone was named as ‘Seohong’ and registered a new recommended potato cultivar in 2006. This cultivar has a round, shallow eye depth, light red-skinned tuber characteristics and low to medium dry matter content. It showed high resistance to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) and potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), however it was susceptible to potato virus Y (PVY) and late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Its mean tuber yields from the regional yield trial and winter cropping trial were 12 and 49 percent higher than that of ‘Superior’, respectively.

“Haryeong” was bred through the potato breeding program at the National Institute of Highland Agriculture (NIHA). Itin1996. It has a round, smooth, light yelow-skined tuber characteristics and high dry mater content. It showed high resistance tolate bligh

Gahwang is an excellent chipping cultivar with yellow flesh, short oval tuber shape and mid-early maturity. Its yields were a little higher than Atlantic through the regional trials with five locations. It has a lower incidence of internal brown spot comp

Shinnamjag is a round, smooth, white-skinned, and fleshed potato cultivar with erect plant shape and early maturity. It has excellent table quality. Its yields are high, especially with prominent marketable yield compared to Superior, a leading potato cul